Автономное административное деление

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States with at least one area labelled "autonomous" or defined as such by law

An autonomous administrative division (also referred to as an autonomous area, entity, unit, region, subdivision, or territory) is a subnational administrative division or internal territory of a sovereign state that has a degree of autonomy — self-governance — under the national government. Autonomous areas are distinct from the constituent units of a federation (e.g. a state, or province) in that they possess unique powers for their given circumstances. Typically, it is either geographically distinct from the rest of the state or populated by a national minority. Decentralization of self-governing powers and functions to such divisions is a way for a national government to try to increase democratic participation or administrative efficiency or to defuse internal conflicts. States that include autonomous areas may be federacies, federations, or confederations. Autonomous areas can be divided into territorial autonomies, subregional territorial autonomies, and local autonomies.

List of autonomous subdivisions by designation[edit]

Designation	Division	State	Notes
Territory	Azad Kashmir	Pakistan	Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan are self-governing territories associated with Pakistan but have not formally been annexed to Pakistan as the Kashmir conflict has not yet been resolved. Claimed by India.
	Gilgit-Baltistan
Banner	Oroqen	People's Republic of China	In effect, these are autonomous counties.
	Evenk
	Morin Dawa Daur
City	Buenos Aires	Argentina	Buenos Aires is the capital and largest city of Argentina
	Ceuta	Spain	The autonomous cities of Spain are two exclaves located on the north coast of North Africa surrounded by Morocco, separated from the Iberian peninsula by the Strait of Gibraltar.
	Melilla
	Tashkent	Uzbekistan	Tashkent is the capital of Uzbekistan
Commune	Bangui	Central African Republic	Bangui is the capital and the largest city of the Central African Republic
Community	There are 17 autonomous communities of Spain
Country	Northern Ireland  Scotland  Wales	United Kingdom	Three of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom, namely Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, each have an elected devolved, non-permanent, legislature which has the ability to legislate in devolved matters. The Parliament of the United Kingdom which retains sovereignty (the United Kingdom is a unitary state), can dissolve the devolved legislatures at any time, and legislates in matters that are not devolved, as well as having the capacity to legislate in areas that are devolved (by constitutional convention, without the agreement of the devolved legislature). Formerly, both Scotland and England were fully sovereign states.
	Faroe Islands  Greenland[1]	Kingdom of Denmark	The two autonomous countries[1] (Danish: land, Faroese: land, Greenlandic: nuna) of the realm of the Kingdom, the Faroe Islands and Greenland, each have an elected devolved legislature which has the ability to legislate in devolved matters. The Kingdom Parliament 'Folketinget' retains sovereignty (The Kingdom of Denmark is a unitary state) and legislates in matters that are not devolved, as well as having the capacity to legislate in areas that are devolved (this does not normally occur without the agreement of the devolved legislature).
Authority	Palestinian Authority	West Bank and Gaza Strip	In 1947, the United Nations (UN) adopted a Partition Plan for Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalised Jerusalem. The plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency, and rejected by Arab leaders. The following year, the Jewish Agency declared the independence of the State of Israel, and the subsequent 1948 Arab–Israeli War saw Israel's establishment over most of the former Mandate territory, while the West Bank and Gaza were held by neighboring Arab states. Israel has since fought several wars with Arab countries, and since the Six-Day War in 1967 held occupied territories including the West Bank, Golan Heights and the Gaza Strip (still considered occupied after the 2005 disengagement, although some legal experts dispute this claim). It extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank. Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories is the world's longest military occupation in modern times. Efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in a final peace agreement. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have been signed. On 15 November 1988, Yasser Arafat, Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), in Algiers proclaimed the establishment of the State of Palestine. A year after the signing of the Oslo Accords in 1993, the Palestinian National Authority was formed to govern the areas A and B in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Gaza would later be ruled by Hamas in 2007, two years after the Israeli withdrawal from Gaza. The State of Palestine is recognised by 138 UN members and since 2012 has a status of a non-member observer state in the United Nations – which implies recognition of statehood. It is a member of the Arab League, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, G77, and the International Olympic Committee and other international bodies.
County	There are 117 autonomous counties of the People's Republic of China
District council	There are 25 autonomous district councils in India	India	Autonomous district councils are formed under the provisions of the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India
Island	Tobago	Trinidad and Tobago	The Tobago House of Assembly is an autonomous legislature that is responsible for the island of Tobago.[2]
Okrug	There are 4 autonomous okrugs of Russia
Oblast	Jewish Autonomous Oblast	Russia
Prefecture	There are 30 autonomous prefectures of the People's Republic of China
Province	Jeju	South Korea
	Kosovo and Metohija	Claimed by:  Serbia	In 2008, the Republic of Kosovo declared independence. While Serbia has not formally recognised Kosovo's independence and still has an administrative apparatus for the Autonomous Province, its independence is recognised by 97 UN member states.
		Controlled by:  Kosovo
	South Tyrol	Italy
	Trentino
	Vojvodina	Serbia
	Aceh	Indonesia	Aceh is the only Indonesian province practicing Sharia law officially
	Papua		Papua and West Papua are the only Indonesian provinces where the indigenous people have privileges in their local government
	West Papua
	Yogyakarta		Yogyakarta is the only officially recognised monarchy within Indonesia
	Malampa Penama Sanma Shefa Tafea Torba	Vanuatu	The provinces of Vanuatu are autonomous units with their own popularly elected local parliaments.
Region	Åland Islands	Finland
	Aosta Valley	Italy
	Azores	Portugal
	Bangsamoro	Philippines
	Bougainville	Papua New Guinea
	Friuli-Venezia Giulia	Italy
	Guangxi	People's Republic of China
	Hong Kong  Macau	People's Republic of China
	Hopi Reservation	United States
	Cherokee Nation	United States
	Choctaw Nation	United States
	Oglala Lakota of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation	United States
	Inner Mongolia	People's Republic of China
	Iraqi Kurdistan	Iraq	Iraqi Kurdistan is the only region that has gained official recognition internationally as an autonomous regional entity.
	Jakarta	Indonesia	Jakarta is the capital and the largest city of Indonesia
	Puntland  Jubaland Hirshabelle State  Galmudug South West State of Somalia	Somalia	Somaliland is a self-declared state, It is internationally considered an autonomous region independent in northwestern Somalia. Puntland Territory is the only autonomous region within Somalia. States and regions of Somalia.
	Madeira	Portugal
	Mount Athos	Greece
	Navajo Nation	United States
	Ningxia	People's Republic of China
	Nisga'a Nation	Canada
	Nunatsiavut
	RAAN	Nicaragua
	RAAS
	Politics of Mayotte Comoro Islands	Claimed by:  Comoros	The islands are politically divided between Union of the Comoros (pop. 850,688) and two territories of France: the department of Mayotte (pop. 270,372) and the Glorioso Islands, a part of the Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean, the 5th district of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. This change was approved by 73% at a referendum on Mayotte. After the constitutional reform of 2003 it became a collectivité d'outre-mer while keeping the title collectivité départementale de Mayotte. Mayotte became an overseas department of France (département d'outre-mer, DOM) on 31 March 2011 following the result of the March 2009 Mahoran status referendum, which was overwhelmingly approved by around 95% of voters.
		Controlled by:  Mayotte
	Rodrigues	Mauritius
	Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria	Syria
	Sardinia	Italy
	Sicily
	Tibet	People's Republic of China
	Tłı̨chǫ	Canada
	Xinjiang	People's Republic of China
	Zanzibar	Tanzania
Republic	Nakhchivan	Azerbaijan
	Adjara	Georgia
	Abkhazia	Claimed by:  Georgia	In 1999, the Republic of Abkhazia declared its independence from Georgia after the 1992–1993 war. Georgia and most of the U.N. member states have not recognized Abkhazia's independence and still has an administrative apparatus for the Autonomous Republic; its independence is recognized by Russia and three other U.N. member states.
		Controlled by:  Abkhazia
	Awdal Woqooyi Galbeed Togdheer Sool Sanaag	Claimed by:  Somalia
		Controlled by:  Somaliland
	Gorno-Badakhshan	Tajikistan
	Crimea	Claimed by:  Ukraine
		Controlled by:  Russia
	Karakalpakstan	Uzbekistan
	Western Sahara Southern Provinces Madrid Accords	Claimed and controlled by:  Morocco
		Claimed by:  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Sector	Bissau	Guinea-Bissau	Bissau is the capital and largest city of Guinea-Bissau.
Territorial unit	Gagauzia	Moldova
	Transnistria	Claimed by:  Moldova	In 1990, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic declared its independence from the Soviet Union. While Moldova has not formally recognized Transnistria's independence and still has an administrative apparatus for the Autonomous Province, its independence is recognized by 3 other non-UN member states.
		Controlled by:  Transnistria
Entity	Republika Srpska Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina	Bosnia and Herzegovina

Other autonomous regions include, Somaliland, Puntland, Jubaland, Ethiopian Controlled Somalia, The Netherlands (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands), Aruba (Kingdom of the Netherlands), Curaçao (Kingdom of the Netherlands), and Saint Maarten (Kingdom of the Netherlands).

List of other entities considered autonomous[edit]

Overseas territories[edit]

British Overseas Territories and Crown dependencies[edit]

Guernsey, the Isle of Man, and Jersey are self-governing Crown dependencies which are not part of the United Kingdom; however, the UK is responsible for their defence and international affairs. Gibraltar is a self-governing overseas territory of the UK. Most of the other 13 British Overseas Territories also have autonomy in internal affairs through local legislatures.

Dutch constituent countries[edit]

Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten are autonomous countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, each with their own parliament. In addition they enjoy autonomy in taxation matters as well as having their own currencies.

French overseas collectivities, New Caledonia, and Corsica[edit]

The French Constitution recognises three autonomous jurisdictions. Corsica, a region of France, enjoys a greater degree of autonomy on matters such as tax and education compared to mainland regions. New Caledonia, a sui generis collectivity, and French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity, are highly autonomous territories with their own government, legislature, currency and constitution. They do not, however, have legislative powers for policy areas relating to law and order, defense, border control or university education. Other smaller overseas collectivities have a lesser degree of autonomy through local legislatures. The five overseas regions, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Réunion, are generally governed the same as mainland regions; however, they enjoy some additional powers, including certain legislative powers for devolved areas.

New Zealand overseas territories[edit]

New Zealand maintains nominal sovereignty over three Pacific Island nations. The Cook Islands and Niue are self-governing countries in free association with New Zealand that maintain some international relationships in their own name. Tokelau remains an autonomous dependency of New Zealand. The Chatham Islands—despite having the designation of Territory—is an integral part of the country, situated within the New Zealand archipelago. The territory's council is not autonomous and has broadly the same powers as other local councils, although notably it can also charge levies on goods entering or leaving the islands.^[3]

Ethiopian special woredas[edit]

In Ethiopia, "special woredas" are a subgroup of woredas (districts) that are organized around the traditional homelands of an ethnic minority, and are outside the usual hierarchy of a kilil, or region. These woredas have many similarities to autonomous areas in other countries.

Areas designated for indigenous peoples[edit]

Other areas that are autonomous in nature but not in name are areas designated for indigenous peoples, such as those of the Americas:

• Aboriginal (First Nation or Native American or Indian) Indian reserve and Indian reservation, in, respectively, Canada and the United States.^[discuss]
• the five comarcas indígenas ("indigenous regions") of Panama.

List of historical autonomous administrative divisions[edit]

• Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship
• Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao in the Philippines (1989–2019)
• Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus in Albania (1914).
• Autonomous republics of the Soviet Union (1922–1990)
• Subcarpathian Rus and Slovakia within Czechoslovakia (1938–1939).
• Grand Duchy of Finland of the Russian Empire.
• Jammu and Kashmir in India (1954–2019); claimed by Pakistan.
• Magyar Autonomous Region of Socialist Republic of Romania (1952–1968)
• Southern Ireland (1921–22) and Northern Ireland (1921–72) within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

See also[edit]

• Devolution
• List of autonomous areas by country
  • Autonomous administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China
  • Autonomous administrative divisions of India
  • Autonomous administrative divisions of Russia
  • Autonomous administrative divisions of Spain
• List of autonomous regions leaders
• Personal union
• Region (administrative)

References[edit]

Works cited[edit]

• M. Weller and S. Wolff (eds), Autonomy, Self-governance and Conflict Resolution: Innovative Approaches to Institutional Design in Divided Societies. Abingdon, Routledge, 2005
• From Conflict to Autonomy in Nicaragua: Lessons Learnt^{[permanent dead link]}, report by Minority Rights Group International
• P.M. Olausson, Autonomy and Islands, A Global Study of the Factors that determine Island Autonomy. Åbo: Åbo Akademi University Press, 2007.
• Thomas Benedikter (ed.), Solving Ethnic Conflict through Self-Government - A Short Guide to Autonomy in Europe and South Asia, EURAC Bozen 2009,
• Thomas Benedikter, The World's Modern Autonomy Systems, EURAC Bozen 2010; http://www.gfbv.at/publikationen/weitere_publikationen.php^{[permanent dead link]}