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Crime is present in various forms in China.
History[edit]
The People's Republic of China was established in 1949 and, from 1949 to 1956, underwent the process of transferring the means of production to common ownership.[1] During this time, the new government worked to decrease the influence of criminal gangs[2] and reduce the prevalence of narcotics[1] and gambling.[3] Efforts to crack down on criminal activity by the government led to a decrease in crime.[3]
Between 1949 and 1956, larceny, arson, rape, murder, and robbery were major nonpolitical offenses.[3] The majority of economic crimes were committed by business people who engaged in tax evasion, theft of public property, and bribery.[3]
Government officials also engaged in illegal economic activity, which included improperly taking public property and accepting bribes.[3] Between 1957 and 1965, rural areas experienced little reported crime.[3] Crime rates increased later. The year 1981 represented a peak in reported crime.[4] This may have been correlated to the economic reform in the late 1970s, which allowed some elements of a market economy and gave rise to an increase in economic activity.[4] Below is a comparison of reported cases of crime from 1977 to 1988 (excluding economic crimes):[5]
| Year | 1977[5] | 1978[5] | 1979[5] | 1980[5] | 1981[5] | 1982[5] | 1983[5] | 1984[5] | 1985[5] | 1986[5] | 1987[5] | 1988[5] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of cases | 548,415 | 535,698 | 636,222 | 757,104 | 890,281 | 748,476 | 610,478 | 514,369 | 542,005 | 547,115 | 570,439 | 827,706 |
| Incidents of criminal case per 10,000 people | 5.8 | 5.6 | 6.6 | 7.7 | 8.9 | 7.4 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 7.5 |
Crime by youth increased rapidly in the 1980s. Crime by youths consisted 60.2% of total crime in 1983, 63.3% in 1984, 71.4% in 1985, 72.4% in 1986, and 74.3% in 1987.[5] The number of fleeing criminals increased over the years.[6] Economic crimes have increased in recent years.[6] From 1982 to 1988, the total number of economic crimes were 218,000.[6]
In 1989, a total of 76,758 cases of economic offenses were registered, which included bribery, smuggling, and tax evasion.[6] The changes in economic policy had an influence on the characteristics of criminality.[7] Since the Second Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, crime has increased and diversified.[7]
Crime by type[edit]
Murder[edit]
In 2011, the reported murder rate in China was 1.0 per 100,000 people, with 13,410 murders. The murder rate in 2018 was 0.5.[8][9] The reported murder rates have been criticized for under-reporting unsolved murders due to police salaries being based on the rate of solved cases.[10]
Corruption[edit]
The PRC is a one-party state ruled by the Communist Party of China.[11] Corruption exists in China,[12][13] and the resulting costs to the economy are significant. Between 1978 and 2003, an estimated $50 billion was smuggled out of the country by corrupt officials.[14]
Human trafficking[edit]
There are instances of human trafficking reported in China for various purposes.[15] The majority of trafficking in PRC is internal, and this domestic trafficking is the most significant human trafficking problem in the country.[15]
Domestic and transnational criminal organizations carry out sex trafficking in China.[16][17] Women are lured through false promises of legitimate employment into commercial sexual exploitation in Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Japan.[15] Chinese men are smuggled to countries throughout the world for exploitative labor.[15] Women and children are trafficked into PRC from Mongolia, Burma, North Korea, Russia, and Vietnam for forced labor and sexual slavery.[15]
Drug trade[edit]
PRC is a major transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden Triangle.[15] Growing domestic drug abuse is a significant problem in PRC.[15] Available estimates place the domestic spending on illegal drugs to be $17 billion.[18]
Domestic violence[edit]
China has a high rate of domestic violence.[19] In 2004, the All-China Women’s Federation compiled survey results to show that thirty percent of the women in China experienced domestic violence within their homes.[20]
In 2015, the Chinese government enacted the Anti-domestic Violence Law.[21]
Crime dynamics[edit]
Illegal guns[edit]
From January to July 1996, approximately 300,000 illegal small arms were seized from fourteen provinces of the country.[11]
See also[edit]
- Crime in Hong Kong
- Law enforcement in China
- Prostitution in China
- Terrorism in China
References[edit]
- ^ a b Hans-Günther Heiland; Louise I. Shelley; Hisao Katō (1992). Crime and Control in Comparative Perspectives. Walter de Gruyter. p. 241. ISBN 3-11-012614-1.
- ^ Wang, Peng (2013). "The increasing threat of Chinese organised crime: national, regional and international perspectives". The RUSI Journal. 158 (4): 6–18. doi:10.1080/03071847.2013.826492.
- ^ a b c d e f Hans-Günther Heiland; Louise I. Shelley; Hisao Katō (1992). Crime and Control in Comparative Perspectives. Walter de Gruyter. p. 242. ISBN 3-11-012614-1.
- ^ a b Borge Bakken (2007). Crime, Punishment, and Policing in China. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-7425-3574-9.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Hans-Günther Heiland; Louise I. Shelley; Hisao Katō (1992). Crime and Control in Comparative Perspectives. Walter de Gruyter. p. 245. ISBN 3-11-012614-1.
- ^ a b c d Hans-Günther Heiland; Louise I. Shelley; Hisao Katō (1992). Crime and Control in Comparative Perspectives. Walter de Gruyter. p. 246. ISBN 3-11-012614-1.
- ^ a b Hans-Günther Heiland; Louise I. Shelley; Hisao Katō (1992). Crime and Control in Comparative Perspectives. Walter de Gruyter. p. 249. ISBN 3-11-012614-1.
- ^ https://knoema.com/atlas/China/Number-of-homicides#:~:text=In%202018%2C%20number%20of%20homicides,1999%20to%207%2C525%20in%202018.
- ^ "Global Study on Homicide" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2013. p. 127. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
- ^ June Cheng. The puzzle of China’s low crime rates. Archived 2019-09-05 at the Wayback Machine 2018-10-25. Accessed 2019-09-05
- ^ a b Susan Debra Blum; Lionel M. Jensen (2002). China Off Center: Mapping the Margins of the Middle Kingdom. University of Hawaii Press. p. 29. ISBN 0-8248-2577-2.
- ^ Wang, Peng (2013). "The rise of the Red Mafia in China: a case study of organised crime and corruption in Chongqing". Trends in Organized Crime. 16 (1): 49–73. doi:10.1007/s12117-012-9179-8.
- ^ Wedeman, Andrew (2013). "The challenge of commercial bribery and organized crime in China". Journal of Contemporary China. 22 (79): 18–34. doi:10.1080/10670564.2012.716942.
- ^ "4,000 corrupt officials fled with US$50b". www.chinadaily.com.cn. China Daily. 18 August 2004. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g "CIA World Factbook - China". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
- ^ "Vietnam's Human Trafficking Problem Is Too Big to Ignore". The Diplomat. November 8, 2019. Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ "2018 Trafficking in Persons Report: China". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 2020-03-18. Retrieved 2020-03-22.
- ^ "International Crime Threat Assessment". www.fas.org. Federation of American Scientists. December 2000. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
- ^ "Draft of anti-domestic violence is pushed to Chinese People's council". Archived from the original on 2015-07-11. Retrieved 2015-02-13.
- ^ McCue, Margi Laird (2008). Domestic violence: a reference handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 100–102.
- ^ "China - Anti-domestic Violence Law of the People's Republic of China (Order No. 37 of the President of the PRC)". www.ilo.org. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
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