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РНК-связывающий белок FUS / TLS (плавленый в саркомы / транслоцируется в липосаркома), также известный как гетерогенной ядерная рибонуклеопротеидного P2 является белком , который в организме человека кодируется FUS гена . [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]

Открытие [ править ]

Первоначально FUS / TLS был идентифицирован как гибридный белок (FUS-CHOP), вызываемый хромосомными транслокациями при раковых заболеваниях человека, особенно липосаркомах . [4] [7] В этих случаях промотор и N-концевая часть FUS / TLS перемещается в C-концевой домен различных ДНК-связывающих факторов транскрипции (например, CHOP ), обеспечивая домен сильной транскрипционной активации гибридным белкам. . [9] [10]

FUS / TLS был независимо идентифицирован как белок hnRNP P2, субъединица комплекса, участвующего в созревании пре-мРНК. [11]

Структура [ править ]

FUS / TLS является членом семейства белков FET, которое также включает белок EWS , фактор, связанный с TATA-связывающим белком (TBP) (TAFII68 / TAF15 ) и белок Drosophila cabeza / SARF. [12] [9]

FUS / TLS, EWS и TAFII68 / TAF15 имеют аналогичную структуру, характеризующуюся N-концевой областью, богатой QGSY, высококонсервативным мотивом распознавания РНК (RRM), множественными повторами R GG , которые сильно диметилированы по остаткам аргинина [13] и мотив цинкового пальца на С-конце. [5] [7] [12] [14]

Функция [ править ]

N-концевой конец FUS - видимому, участвует в активации транскрипции, в то время как С-концевой конец участвуют в белках и РНК связывания. Кроме того, в FUS были идентифицированы сайты узнавания для факторов транскрипции AP2 , GCF , Sp1 . [15]

Соответственно, исследования in vitro показали, что FUS / TLS связывает РНК, одноцепочечную ДНК и (с более низким сродством) двухцепочечную ДНК. [5] [7] [16] [17] [18] [19] Специфичность последовательности связывания FUS / TLS с РНК или ДНК не установлена; однако с помощью селекции in vitro (SELEX) общий мотив GGUG был идентифицирован примерно в половине последовательностей РНК, связанных FUS / TLS. [20]Более позднее предположение состояло в том, что мотив GGUG распознается доменом цинкового пальца, а не RRM (80). Кроме того, было обнаружено, что FUS / TLS связывает относительно длинную область в 3'-нетранслируемой области (UTR) мРНК актин-стабилизирующего белка Nd1-L, что позволяет предположить, что вместо того, чтобы распознавать конкретные короткие последовательности, FUS / TLS взаимодействует с несколькими РНК. -связывает мотивы или распознает вторичные конформации. [21] FUS / TLS также был предложен для связывания теломерной РНК человека (UUAGGG) 4 и одноцепочечной теломерной ДНК человека in vitro. [22]

Помимо связывания нуклеиновых кислот, FUS / TLS также ассоциируется как с общими, так и с более специализированными белковыми факторами, влияя на инициацию транскрипции. [23] Действительно, FUS / TLS взаимодействует с несколькими ядерными рецепторами . [24] и с ген-специфическими факторами транскрипции, такими как Spi-1 / PU.1. [25] или NF-κB . [26] Он также связан с общим механизмом транскрипции и может влиять на инициацию транскрипции и выбор промотора, взаимодействуя с РНК-полимеразой II и комплексом TFIID. [27] [28] [29]Недавно было также показано, что FUS / TLS подавляет транскрипцию генов RNAP III и коиммунопреципитирует с TBP и комплексом TFIIIB. [30]

FUS-опосредованная репарация ДНК [ править ]

FUS appears at sites of DNA damage very rapidly, which suggests that FUS is orchestrating the DNA repair response.[31] The function of FUS in the DNA damage response in neurons involves a direct interaction with histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1). The recruitment of FUS to double-strand break sites is important for DNA damage response signaling and for repair of DNA damage.[31] FUS loss-of-function results in increased DNA damage in neurons. Mutations in the FUS nuclear localization sequence impairs the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-dependent DNA damage response.[32] This impairment leads to neurodegeneration and FUS aggregate formation. Such FUS aggregates are a pathological hallmark of the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Clinical significance[edit]

FUS gene rearrangement has been implicated in the pathogenesis of both myxoid liposarcoma and low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma.

In 2009 two separate research groups analysed 26 unrelated families who presented with a type6 ALS phenotype, and found 14 mutations in the FUS gene.[33][34]

Subsequently, FUS has also emerged as a significant disease protein in a subgroup of frontotemporal dementias (FTDs), previously characterized by immunoreactivity of the inclusion bodies for ubiquitin, but not for TDP-43 or tau with a proportion of the inclusions also containing alpha-internexin (α-internexin) in a further subgroup known as neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease (NIFID). The disease entities which are now considered subtypes of FTLD-FUS are atypical frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitinated inclusions (aFTLD-U), NIFID, and basophilic inclusion body disease (BIBD), which together with ALS-FUS comprise the FUS-proteopathies.[35][36][37][38]

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration FTLD) is the pathological term for the clinical syndrome of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). FTD differs from the more common Alzheimer's dementia in that memory is relatively well preserved; instead, the disease presents with a more temporal-lobe phenotype. Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA) and semantic dementia (SD) are the three best-characterised clinical presentations. FUS positive FTLD tends to present clinically as a bvFTD but the correlation between underlying pathology and clinical presentation is not perfect.

Toxic mechanism in ALS[edit]

The toxic mechanism by which mutant FUS causes ALS is currently unclear. It is known that many of the ALS-linked mutations are located in its C-terminal nuclear localisation signal, resulting in it being located in the cytoplasm rather than the nucleus (where wild-type FUS primarily resides).[39] This suggests either a loss of nuclear function, or a toxic gain of cytoplasmic function, is responsible for the development of this type of ALS. Many researchers believe the toxic gain of cytoplasmic function model to be more likely as mouse models that do not express FUS, and therefore have a complete loss of nuclear FUS function, do not develop clear ALS-like symptoms.[40]

Interactions[edit]

FUS has been shown to interact with:

  • FUSIP1/SRSF10[29]
  • HDAC1[31]
  • ILF3,[41]
  • PRMT1,[42][43][44]
  • RELA,[26]
  • RNA polymerase II (C-terminal domain)[45]
  • SPI1,[25] and
  • TNPO1.[46][47]

References[edit]

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Further reading[edit]

  • Pereira DS, Dorrell C, Ito CY, Gan OI, Murdoch B, Rao VN, Zou JP, Reddy ES, Dick JE (July 1998). "Retroviral transduction of TLS-ERG initiates a leukemogenic program in normal human hematopoietic cells". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (14): 8239–44. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.14.8239. PMC 20960. PMID 9653171.
  • Yi H, Fujimura Y, Ouchida M, Prasad DD, Rao VN, Reddy ES (March 1997). "Inhibition of apoptosis by normal and aberrant Fli-1 and erg proteins involved in human solid tumors and leukemias". Oncogene. 14 (11): 1259–68. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201099. PMID 9178886.
  • Kaplowitz N, Ji C (2007). "Unfolding new mechanisms of alcoholic liver disease in the endoplasmic reticulum". J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 21 Suppl 3: S7–9. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04581.x. PMID 16958678. S2CID 40904794.
  • Panagopoulos I, Mandahl N, Ron D, Höglund M, Nilbert M, Mertens F, Mitelman F, Aman P (1995). "Characterization of the CHOP breakpoints and fusion transcripts in myxoid liposarcomas with the 12;16 translocation". Cancer Res. 54 (24): 6500–3. PMID 7987849.
  • Ichikawa H, Shimizu K, Hayashi Y, Ohki M (1994). "An RNA-binding protein gene, TLS/FUS, is fused to ERG in human myeloid leukemia with t(16;21) chromosomal translocation". Cancer Res. 54 (11): 2865–8. PMID 8187069.
  • Aman P, Panagopoulos I, Lassen C, Fioretos T, Mencinger M, Toresson H, Höglund M, Forster A, Rabbitts TH, Ron D, Mandahl N, Mitelman F (1997). "Expression patterns of the human sarcoma-associated genes FUS and EWS and the genomic structure of FUS". Genomics. 37 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0513. PMID 8921363.
  • Zinszner H, Sok J, Immanuel D, Yin Y, Ron D (1997). "TLS (FUS) binds RNA in vivo and engages in nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling". J. Cell Sci. 110 (15): 1741–50. PMID 9264461.
  • Powers CA, Mathur M, Raaka BM, Ron D, Samuels HH (1998). "TLS (translocated-in-liposarcoma) is a high-affinity interactor for steroid, thyroid hormone, and retinoid receptors". Mol. Endocrinol. 12 (1): 4–18. doi:10.1210/me.12.1.4. PMID 9440806.
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