Палата представителей является единственной палатой парламента Новой Зеландии . Палата принимает законы , предоставляет министров для формирования кабинета и контролирует работу правительства. Он также отвечает за принятие государственных бюджетов и утверждение государственных счетов.
Палата представителей Новой Зеландии | |
---|---|
53-й парламент | |
Тип | |
Тип | |
Лидерство | |
Спикер палаты | |
Лидер Дома | |
Теневой лидер дома | |
Состав | |
Сиденья | 120 |
Политические группы | Правительство (65)
в сотрудничестве с (10)
Кросс-скамейка (12) |
Срок | До 3 лет |
Выборы | |
Система голосования | Пропорциональное представительство смешанного состава с закрытым списком |
Прошлые выборы | 17 октября 2020 г. |
Следующие выборы | 13 января 2024 г. или ранее |
Место встречи | |
Дискуссионная палата, Дом Парламента | |
Веб-сайт | |
www |
Палата представителей - это демократический орган, состоящий из представителей, известных как члены парламента (депутаты). Обычно имеется 120 депутатов, хотя это число может быть больше, если есть выступ . [2] Выборы обычно проводятся каждые три года с использованием смешанной системы пропорционального представительства , которая сочетает в себе избранные места, прошедшие первый пост, с закрытыми партийными списками . 72 депутата избираются прямым голосованием в одномандатных избирательных округах, а последующие места заполняются депутатами по спискам на основе доли голосов каждой партии . Правительство может быть сформировано из партии или коалиции , которая имеет поддержку большинства депутатов. [2] Если большинство невозможно, может быть сформировано правительство меньшинства на основе договоренности о доверии и предложении . Если правительство не может поддержать доверие Палаты представителей, могут быть объявлены досрочные всеобщие выборы.
Палата представителей была создана Законом о Конституции Новой Зеландии 1852 года , актом британского парламента , который учредил двухпалатный законодательный орган; однако верхняя палата, Законодательный совет , была упразднена в 1950 году. [2] Парламент получил полный контроль над всеми делами Новой Зеландии в 1947 году с принятием Вестминстерского закона об усыновлении . Дискуссионный палата Палаты представителей находится в здании парламента в Веллингтоне , столице. Заседания Палаты обычно открыты для публики, но Палата может в любое время проголосовать за закрытое заседание. Слушания также транслируются через парламентское телевидение , сеть AM и Parliament Today .
Конституционная функция
Палата представителей Новой Зеландии берет за образец Палату общин Великобритании . Парламент Новой Зеландии на практике основан на Вестминстерской системе (то есть процедурах британского парламента). [3] Как демократический институт, основная роль Палаты представителей заключается в обеспечении представительства людей и принятии законов от имени народа ( см. § Принятие законов ). [3]
Палата представителей также играет важную роль в ответственном правительстве . Правительство Новой Зеландии (то есть исполнительная власть ), управляемое Кабинетом [4], набирает своих членов исключительно из Палаты. [5] Правительство формируется, когда партия или коалиция может показать, что она пользуется «доверием» Палаты представителей, что означает поддержку большинства членов парламента. Это может включать заключение соглашений между несколькими сторонами. Некоторые могут присоединиться к коалиционному правительству, в то время как другие могут оставаться вне правительства, но соглашаются поддержать его на вотум доверия . Премьер подотчетен, и должны поддерживать поддержку, Палаты представителей; таким образом, всякий раз, когда должность премьер-министра становится вакантной, генерал-губернатор назначает человека, пользующегося поддержкой Палаты, или человека, который, скорее всего, получит поддержку Палаты. В случае, если Палата представителей теряет доверие к кабинету и, следовательно, к правительству, она может распустить правительство, если будет вынесен вотум недоверия. [6]
Члены и выборы
Палата представителей обычно состоит из 120 членов, которые носят титул « Член парламента » (МП). Ранее они были известны как «члены Палаты представителей» (MHR) до принятия Закона о парламентских и исполнительных титулах 1907 года, когда Новая Зеландия стала доминионом , и даже раньше как «члены Генеральной Ассамблеи» (MGA). [7]
Все члены избираются демократическим путем и обычно входят в палату после всеобщих выборов . После принесения присяги члены обычно продолжают исполнять свои обязанности до следующего роспуска парламента и последующих всеобщих выборов, которые должны проводиться не реже одного раза в три года. [8] Досрочные всеобщие выборы (иногда называемые « внеочередными ») возможны по усмотрению премьер-министра [9], особенно в том случае, если правительство меньшинства не может сохранить доверие Палаты представителей. Если член умирает или уходит в отставку, его или ее место становится вакантным. Члены, которые меняют свою партийную принадлежность в течение срока, известного как « прыжки в вака », могут быть исключены из палаты. [10] Члены также могут быть исключены в случае преступной деятельности или других серьезных проступков. Некоторые исключения были обжалованы в суде. [11] Вакансии избирателей, возникающие в период между всеобщими выборами, заполняются путем дополнительных выборов ; если место члена списка становится вакантным, то на эту должность назначается следующее доступное лицо в списке его партии . Члены списка могут свободно баллотироваться на дополнительных выборах электората, и в случае успешного проведения выборов их места будут заполнены «по очереди». [12]
Чтобы быть членом парламента, человек должен быть гражданином Новой Зеландии (по рождению или натурализации) на момент выборов и не быть лишенным права участвовать в голосовании; банкротство не является основанием для отстранения от должности. [13] Кандидаты по партийным спискам всегда выдвигаются политическими партиями.
Текущий состав
Пятьдесят третьей Парламент Новой Зеландии является текущим заседание Палаты. Последние всеобщие выборы состоялись 17 октября 2020 года ( см. § Результаты последних выборов ), а парламент 53-го созыва впервые заседал 25 ноября. [14] Он состоит из 120 членов, представляющих пять парламентских партий. [15] Из нынешних депутатов 57 (48%) - женщины - это наибольшее число с тех пор, как женщинам впервые разрешили баллотироваться в парламент в 1919 году . [16] [17]
Согласно британской традиции, самый продолжительный член Палаты, непрерывно действующий в течение длительного времени, носит неофициальный титул « Отец (или Мать) Дома ». [18] Нынешний отец Дома - Ник Смит , впервые избранный в 1990 году . Смит унаследовал титул 14 марта 2018 года после ухода бывшего премьер-министра Билла Инглиша , который также вошел в Палату представителей в 1990 году [19].
Количество участников
В 1854 году Палата насчитывала 37 членов, а к 1882 году их число постепенно увеличивалось до 95, а в 1891 году их число сократилось до 74. К 1993 году их число снова медленно увеличилось до 99. [20] В 1996 году число членов увеличилось по крайней мере до 120 с введением новых членов. Выборы MMP (то есть 120 плюс любые нависающие места ; [21] было по крайней мере одно нависшее место на четырех из семи выборов MMP, проведенных с 1996 года). Год, в котором каждое изменение количества членов вступало в силу, показан в следующей таблице.
Год | Количество мест |
1854 г. | 37 [22] |
1860 г. | 41 [23] |
1861 г. | 53 [24] |
1863 г. | 57 [25] |
1866 г. | 70 [26] |
1868 г. | 74 [27] |
1871 г. | 78 [28] |
1876 г. | 88 [29] |
1882 г. | 95 [30] |
1891 г. | 74 [31] |
1902 г. | 80 [32] |
1970 г. | 84 1 |
1973 | 87 1 |
1976 г. | 92 2 |
1984 | 95 2 |
1987 г. | 97 2 |
1993 г. | 99 2 |
1996 г. | 120 + сиденья с любым свесом [33] |
Примечания к таблице 1 Общее количество мест с 1969 по 1975 год было рассчитано по формуле, изложенной в Законе о внесении избирательных поправок 1965 года: 4M + (PN / (PS / 25)), где: 4M = 4 места для маори; PN = европейское население Северного острова; PS = европейское население Южного острова. [34] 2 Общее количество мест с 1976 по 1995 год рассчитывалось по формуле, изложенной в Законе о внесении избирательных поправок 1975 года: (PM / (PS / 25)) + (PN / (PS / 25)), где: PM = население маори; PN = европейское население Северного острова; PS = европейское население Южного острова. [35] |
Избирательная система
Всеобщее избирательное право существует для лиц старше 18 лет; Граждане Новой Зеландии и другие лица, постоянно проживающие в Новой Зеландии, обычно имеют право голоса. [36] Однако есть несколько дисквалификаций; [37] с 2010 года все заключенные лишены права голоса . [38] Новая Зеландия была первой самоуправляющейся страной, предоставившей избирательные права женщинам , начиная с выборов 1893 года . [39]
Парламентские выборы проводятся тайным голосованием - для европейских новозеландцев с 1871 года [40] [41] и мест для маори с 1938 года . [41] Почти все общие выборы между 1853 и 1993 были проведены в рамках первой пришедшей к финишу голосования системы. [42] С 1996 года используется форма пропорционального представительства, называемая смешанным пропорциональным представительством (MMP). [43] Согласно системе MMP каждый человек имеет два голоса; одно предназначено для мест электората (в том числе некоторые зарезервированы для маори ) [44], а другое - для партии. В настоящее время[Обновить]есть 72 места для электората (включая семь электоратов маори) [45], а остальные 48 мест распределяются (из партийных списков ) так, чтобы представительство в парламенте отражало голосование партии, хотя партия должна набрать один электорат или 5 процентов голосов. общее количество голосов партии до того, как она получит право на эти места. [46] После введения пропорционального представительства ни одна партия не получила абсолютного большинства [47] до выборов 2020 года, когда премьер-министр Джасинда Ардерн привела Лейбористскую партию к 65 из 120 мест. [48]
Результаты последних выборов
Party | Party vote | Electorate vote sum | Total seats | +/- | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Change (pp) | Seats | Votes | % | Change (pp) | Seats | ||||
Labour | 1,443,545 | 50.01 | 13.12 | 19 | 1,357,501 | 48.07 | 10.19 | 46 | 65 | 19 | |
National | 738,275 | 25.58 | 18.87 | 10 | 963,845 | 34.13 | 9.92 | 23 | 33 | 23 | |
Green | 226,757 | 7.86 | 1.59 | 9 | 162,245 | 5.74 | 1.17 | 1 | 10 | 2 | |
ACT | 219,031 | 7.59 | 7.08 | 9 | 97,697 | 3.46 | 2.45 | 1 | 10 | 9 | |
NZ First | 75,020 | 2.60 | 4.60 | 0 | 30,209 | 1.07 | 4.38 | 0 | 0 | 9 | |
Opportunities (TOP) | 43,449 | 1.51 | 0.94 | 0 | 25,181 | 0.89 | 0.14 | 0 | 0 | ||
New Conservative | 42,613 | 1.48 | 1.24 | 0 | 49,598 | 1.76 | 1.52 | 0 | 0 | ||
Māori | 33,630 | 1.17 | 0.01 | 1 | 60,837 | 2.15 | 0.04 | 1 | 2 | 2 | |
Advance NZ | 28,429 | 0.99 | new | 0 | 25,054 | 0.89 | new | 0 | 0 | new | |
Legalise Cannabis | 13,329 | 0.46 | 0.15 | 0 | 8,044 | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0 | 0 | ||
ONE | 8,121 | 0.28 | new | 0 | 6,830 | 0.24 | new | 0 | 0 | new | |
Vision NZ | 4,237 | 0.15 | new | 0 | 2,139 | 0.08 | new | 0 | 0 | new | |
Outdoors | 3,256 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0 | 7,982 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0 | 0 | ||
TEA | 2,414 | 0.08 | new | 0 | 2,764 | 0.10 | new | 0 | 0 | new | |
Sustainable NZ | 1,880 | 0.07 | new | 0 | 2,421 | 0.09 | new | 0 | 0 | new | |
Social Credit | 1,520 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0 | 2,699 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0 | 0 | ||
Heartland | 914 | 0.03 | new | 0 | 8,462 | 0.30 | new | 0 | 0 | new | |
Unregistered parties | — | — | — | — | 3,391 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0 | 0 | ||
Independent | — | — | — | — | 7,299 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0 | 0 | ||
Valid votes | 2,886,420 | 98.88 | 0.34 | 2,824,198 | 96.75 | 0.58 | |||||
Informal votes | 21,372 | 0.73 | 0.32 | 57,138 | 1.96 | 0.80 | |||||
Disallowed votes | 11,281 | 1.04 | 0.65 | 37,737 | 2.66 | 1.37 | |||||
Total | 2,919,073 | 100 | 48 | 2,919,073 | 100 | 72 | 120 | ||||
Eligible voters and Turnout | 3,549,580 | 82.24 | 2.49 | 3,549,580 | 82.24 | 2.49 |
Чиновники и офицеры
The House of Representatives elects one of its members as a presiding officer, known as the speaker of the House,[50] at the beginning of each new parliamentary term, and also whenever a vacancy arises. It is the speaker's role to apply the rules of the House (called the Standing Orders),[51] and oversee procedures and the day-to-day operation of the chamber. He or she responds to points of order from other members of the House.[4] When presiding, the speaker is obliged to remain impartial.[52] Additionally, since 1992, the House elects a deputy speaker from amongst its members; the deputy may preside when the speaker is absent. Up to two assistants are also appointed from amongst the members of the House.[53]
Several partisan roles are filled by elected members.[54] The prime minister is the parliamentary leader of the largest political party among those forming the government (which is usually the largest caucus in the House). The leader of the Official Opposition is the member of Parliament who leads the largest Opposition party (which is usually second-largest caucus). The leader of the House is a member appointed by the prime minister to arrange government business and the legislative programme of Parliament.[54] Whips (called musterers by the Green Party[55]) are organisers and administrators of the members in each of the political parties in the House. The whips make sure that members of their caucus are in the House during crucial votes.[54]
Officers of the House who are not members include the clerk of the House, the deputy clerk, the chief parliamentary counsel (a lawyer who helps to draft bills), and several other junior clerks. These are non-partisan roles.[56] The most senior of these officers is the clerk of the House, who is responsible for several key administrative tasks, such as "advising members on the rules, practices and customs of the House".[54]
Another important officer is the serjeant-at-arms,[54] whose duties include the maintenance of order and security in the precincts of the House. The serjeant-at-arms sits in the debating chamber opposite the speaker at the visitors door for each House sitting session.[57] The serjeant-at-arms is also the custodian of the mace, and bears the mace into and out of the chamber of the House at the beginning and end of each sitting day.[58]
Процедура
The House of Representatives usually sits Tuesday to Thursday when in session.[59] The House meets in a debating chamber located inside Parliament House, Wellington. The layout is similar to the design of the chamber of the British House of Commons.[60] The seats and desks are arranged in rows in a horseshoe pattern.[57] The speaker of the House sits in a raised chair at the open end of the horseshoe, giving them a clear view of proceedings. In front of the chair is a table, on which rests the mace. The House of Representatives cannot lawfully meet without the mace—representing the authority of the speaker—being present in the chamber.[58] (The current mace is an imitation of the one in the British House of Commons; it is over 100 years old, having been used since 7 October 1909.[61])
Various officers—clerks and other officials—sit at the table, ready to advise the speaker on procedure when necessary.[54] Members of the Government occupy the seats on the speaker's right, while members of the Official Opposition sit on the speaker's left. Members are assigned seating on the basis of the seniority in a party caucus; ministers sit around the prime minister, who is traditionally assigned the fourth seat along the front row on the speaker's right.[62] The Opposition leader sits directly across from the prime minister and is surrounded by Opposition spokespersons. A member who is not a Government minister or Opposition spokesperson is referred to as a "backbencher".[4] A backbencher may still be subject to party discipline (called "whipping"). Whips ensure that members of their party attend and vote as the party leadership desires. Government whips are seated behind the prime minister; Opposition whips are normally seated behind the leader of the Opposition.[63] Members from parties that are not openly aligned with either the Government or the Official Opposition are sometimes referred to as "crossbenchers".[64]
Debates and votes
Members have the option of addressing the House in English, te reo Māori,[65] or New Zealand Sign Language (with an interpreter provided).[66] Speeches are addressed to the presiding officer, using the words 'Mister Speaker', if a man, or 'Madam Speaker', if a woman.[67] Only the speaker may be directly addressed in debate; other members must be referred to in the third person, either by full name or office.[66] The speaker can "name" a member who he or she believes has broken the rules of conduct of the House; following a vote this will usually result in the expulsion of said member from the chamber.[68]
During debates, members may only speak if called upon by the speaker. No member may speak more than once on the same question (except that the mover of a motion is entitled to make one speech at the beginning of the debate and another at the end). The Standing Orders of the House of Representatives prescribe time limits for speeches.[59] The limits depend on the nature of the motion, but are most commonly between ten and twenty minutes. However, under certain circumstances, the prime minister and other party leaders are entitled to make longer speeches. Debate may be further restricted by the passage of "time allocation" motions. Alternatively, the House may end debate more quickly by passing a motion for "closure".[59]
A vote is held to resolve a question when it is put to the House of Representatives. The House first votes by voice vote; the speaker or deputy speaker puts the question, and members respond either "Aye" (in favour of the motion) or "No" (against the motion).[56] The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote, but if his or her assessment is challenged by any Member, a recorded vote known as a division follows. There are two methods of handling a division: party vote is used for most votes, but personal vote is used for conscience issues. In the party vote method, the clerk of the House reads out each party's name in turn. A member of the party (usually a whip) will respond to their party's name by stating how many members of the party are in favour and how many members are opposed. The clerk tallies up the votes and gives the results to the speaker, who announces the result. If the members of a party are not unanimous, a list of the members of the party and how they voted must be tabled after the vote.[69] In the personal vote method, members enter one of two lobbies (the "Aye" lobby or the "No" lobby) on either side of the chamber. At each lobby are two tellers (themselves members of Parliament) who count the votes of the Members. Once the division concludes, the tellers provide the results to the speaker, who then announces the result. In the event of a tie, the motion lapses.
Every sitting day a period of time is set aside for questions to be asked of ministers and select committee chairs.[70] Questions to a minister must related to their official ministerial activities, not to his or her activities as a party leader, for instance. Questions are allocated on a party basis. In addition to questions asked orally during Question Time, members may also make inquiries in writing. Written questions are submitted to the clerk, either on paper or electronically, and answers are recorded in Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) so as to be widely available and accessible.
Прохождение законодательства
Most parliamentary business is about making new laws and amending old laws. The House examines and amends bills—the title given to a proposed piece of legislation while under consideration by the House—in several formal stages.[71] The term for these stages is "reading", which originates from the practice in the British Parliament where bills were literally read aloud in the chamber. In New Zealand only a bill's title is read aloud. Once a bill has passed through all its parliamentary stages it is enacted and becomes an Act of Parliament,[72] forming part of New Zealand's law.
Bills become Acts after being approved three times by House votes and then receiving the Royal Assent from the governor-general. The majority of bills are proposed by the government of the day (that is, the party or coalition parties that command a majority in the House) to implement its policies. These policies may relate to the raising of revenue through taxation bills or the expenditure of money through appropriation bills (including those bills giving effect to the budget).[73] It is rare for government bills to be defeated—indeed the first to be defeated in the twentieth century was in 1998, when the Local Government Amendment Bill (No 5) was defeated on its second reading.[74]
Individual MPs who are not ministers may propose their own bills, called members' bills—these are usually put forward by opposition parties, or by MPs who wish to deal with a matter that parties do not take positions on. Local government and private individuals may also propose legislation to be introduced by an MP.[75]
Proxy voting is allowed, in which members may designate a party or another member to vote on their behalf. An excuse is required.[76]
First Reading
The first stage of the process is the First Reading. The MP introducing the bill (often a minister) will give a detailed speech on the bill as a whole. Debate on the bill generally lasts two hours, with 12 MPs making ten-minute speeches (although they can split their speaking time with another MP) on the bill's general principles. Speaking slots are allocated based on the size of each party, with different parties using different methods to distribute their slots among their MPs.[59]
The MP introducing the bill will generally make a recommendation that the bill be considered by an appropriate select committee (see § Committees). Sometimes, it will be recommended that a special committee be formed, usually when the bill is particularly important or controversial. The House then votes as to whether the bill should be sent to the committee for deliberation. It is not uncommon for a bill to be voted to the select committee stage even by parties which do not support it—since select committees can recommend amendments to bills, parties will often not make a final decision on whether to back a bill until the Second Reading.[59]
Prior to the First Reading, the Attorney-General will check the bill is consistent with the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. If the bill or part of it is not consistent, the Attorney-General will present a report to the House, known as a Section 7 report, highlighting the inconsistencies.[77]
Select Committee stage
The select committee will scrutinise the bill, going over it in more detail than can be achieved by the whole membership of the House. The public can also make submissions to select committees, offering support, criticism, or merely comments. Written submissions from the public to the committee are normally due two months after the bill's first reading. Submitters can opt to also give an oral submission, which are heard by the committee in Wellington, and numbers permitting, Auckland and Christchurch. The select committee stage is seen as increasingly important today—in the past, the governing party generally dominated select committees, making the process something of a rubber stamp, but in the multi-party environment there is significant scope for real debate. Select committees frequently recommend changes to bills, with prompts for change coming from the MPs sitting in the committee, officials who advise the committee, and members of the public. When a majority of the committee is satisfied with the bill, the committee will report back to the House on it. Unless Parliament grants an extension, the time limit for select committee deliberations is six months or whatever deadline was set by the House when the bill was referred.[59]
Second Reading
The Second Reading, like the first, generally consists of a two-hour debate in which MPs make ten-minute speeches. Again, speaking slots are allocated to parties based on their size. In theory, speeches should relate to the principles and objects of the bill, and also to the consideration and recommendations of the select committee and issues raised in public submissions. Parties will usually have made their final decision on a bill after the select committee stage, and will make their views clear during the Second Reading debates. At the conclusion of the Second Reading debate, the House votes on whether to accept any amendments recommended by the select committee by majority (unanimous amendments are not subjected to this extra hurdle).[59]
The Government (usually through the Minister of Finance) has the power (given by the House's Standing Orders) to veto any proposed legislation that would have a major impact on the Government's budget and expenditure plans.[78] This veto can be invoked at any stage of the process, but if applied to a bill as a whole will most likely be employed at the Second Reading stage. Since the financial veto certificate was introduced in 1996, the Government has exercised it only once in respect of an entire bill, in 2016,[78] although many amendments have been vetoed at the Committee of the whole House stage.
If a bill receives its Second Reading, it goes on to be considered by a Committee of the whole House.[59]
Committee of the whole House
When a bill reaches the Committee of the whole House stage, the House resolves itself "Into Committee", that is, it forms a committee consisting of all MPs (as distinct from a select committee, which consists only of a few members). When the House is "In Committee", it is able to operate in a slightly less formal way than usual.[59]
During the Committee of the whole House stage, a bill is debated in detail, usually "part by part" (a "part" is a grouping of clauses). MPs may make five-minute speeches on a particular part or provision of the bill and may propose further amendments, but theoretically should not make general speeches on the bill's overall goals or principles (that should have occurred at the Second Reading).
Sometimes a member may advertise his or her proposed amendments beforehand by having them printed on a "Supplementary Order Paper"; this is common for amendments proposed by government ministers. Some Supplementary Order Papers are very extensive, and, if agreed to, can result in major amendments to bills. On rare occasions, Supplementary Order Papers are referred to select committees for comment.
The extent to which a bill changes during this process varies. If the select committee that considered the bill did not have a government majority and made significant alterations, the Government may make significant "corrective" amendments. There is some criticism that bills may be amended to incorporate significant policy changes without the benefit of select committee scrutiny or public submissions, or even that such major changes can be made with little or no notice. However, under the MMP system when the Government is less likely to have an absolute majority, any amendments will usually need to be negotiated with other parties to obtain majority support.
The Opposition may also put forward wrecking amendments.[79] These amendments are often just symbolic of their contrasting policy position, or simply intended to delay the passage of the bill through the sheer quantity of amendments for the Committee of the whole House to vote on.
Third Reading
The final Reading takes the same format as the First and Second Readings—a two-hour debate with MPs making ten-minute speeches. The speeches once again refer to the bill in general terms, and represent the final chance for debate. A final vote is taken. If a bill passes its third reading, it is passed on to the governor-general, who will (assuming constitutional conventions are followed) give it Royal Assent as a matter of law. The title is changed from a bill to an Act, and it becomes law.[80]
Комитеты
In addition to the work of the main chamber, the House of Representatives also has a large number of committees, established in order to deal with particular areas or issues.[81] There are 12 subject select committees,[82] which scrutinise and amend bills.[59] They can call for submissions from the public,[83] thereby meaning that there is a degree of public consultation before a parliamentary bill proceeds into law. The strengthening of the committee system was in response to concerns that legislation was being forced through, without receiving due examination and revision.[84]
Each committee has between six and twelve members—including a chairperson and deputy chairperson[85]—with parties broadly represented in proportion to party membership in the House.[81] MPs may be members of more than one committee. Membership of committees is determined by the Business Specialist Committee, which is chaired by the speaker.[86]
Occasionally a special committee will be created on a temporary basis; an example was the Select Committee established to study the foreshore and seabed bill.
Молодежный парламент Новой Зеландии
Once in every term of Parliament a New Zealand Youth Parliament is held. This major national event is open to 16- to 18-year-olds who are appointed by individual MPs to represent them in their role for a few days in Wellington. The Youth MPs spend time debating a mock bill in the House and in select committees, and asking questions of Cabinet ministers. The previous New Zealand Youth Parliament was held in July 2019.[87]
Аккредитованные новостные организации
The following list is of news agencies which are accredited members of the New Zealand House of Representatives press gallery.[88]
- Agence France-Presse
- Aotearoa Student Press Association
- Asia Pacific Economic News Service
- Associated Press
- Bloomberg Television
- Business Wire
- Capital Chinese News
- Content Ltd
- Deutsche Presse-Agentur
- The Dominion Post
- Dow Jones Newswires
- ED Insider
- Fairfax Media Bureau
- Front Page
- Herald on Sunday
- InsideWellington
- Interest.co.nz
- Mana Māori Media
- Māori Television
- National Business Review
- Newsroom and New Zealand Farmers Weekly
- Newstalk ZB
- New Zealand Chinese Times
- The New Zealand Herald
- New Zealand Listener
- New Zealand Newswire
- Otago Daily Times
- Pacific Media Network
- The Press
- Prime
- Radio Live
- Radio New Zealand
- Reuters
- Scoop
- Select committee News
- South Pacific News Service
- The Sunday Star-Times
- Synapsis.co.nz
- Television New Zealand
- Te Upoko o Te Ika (Torangapu)
- Trans Tasman
- TV3
- Waatea National Māori Radio
- Xinhua News Agency
Списки участников
- List of living former members of the New Zealand Parliament elected earliest, a list of MPs who were first elected more than 40 years ago
- List of longest-serving members of the New Zealand Parliament
- List of members of the New Zealand Parliament who died in office
Смотрите также
- Adjournment debate
- List of New Zealand by-elections
- Lists of statutes of New Zealand
- Next New Zealand general election
- Office of the Ombudsman (New Zealand)
- Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), the official transcripts of Parliamentary Debates
- Legislature broadcasters in New Zealand
Заметки
- ^ The Green Party co-operates with the governing Labour Party, "while not committing to a more formal coalition or confidence and supply arrangement".[1]
Рекомендации
Citations
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- ^ "Parties and Government". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
- ^ Scholefield 1950, p. 91.
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- ^ Wilson 1985, p. 194.
- ^ Sivignon, Cherie (13 February 2018). "Nelson MP Nick Smith to stay in politics as Bill English announces resignation". Stuff. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ "Size of the House of Representatives: 120 or 99 MPs?" (PDF). New Zealand Parliamentary Library. 5 October 1999. p. 1. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
- ^ "Overhang" (PDF). MMPReview.org.nz. Electoral Commission New Zealand.
- ^ Proclamation from Government Gazette of 10 March 1853, New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian, 12 March 1853, page 3
- ^ Electoral Districts Act 1858
- ^ Representation Act 1860
- ^ Representation Act 1862
- ^ Representation Act 1865
- ^ Maori Representation Act 1867
- ^ Representation Act 1870
- ^ Representation Act 1875
- ^ Representation Act 1881
- ^ Representation Acts Amendment Act 1887
- ^ Representation Act 1900
- ^ Electoral Act 1993
- ^ Electoral Amendment Act 1965
- ^ Electoral Amendment Act 1975
- ^ "Who can and can't enrol?". Electoral Commission New Zealand. 1 August 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
…you are 18 years or older; [and] you are a New Zealand citizen or permanent resident; [and] you have lived in New Zealand for one year or more continuously at some point.
- ^ "Electoral Act 1993 No 87 (as at 26 November 2018), Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation". www.legislation.govt.nz. Section 80. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
- ^ Moriarty, Stuart (24 March 2011). "Prisoners and the Right to Vote". NZ Council for Civil Liberties. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ^ Else, Anne; ed. (1993). Women Together A History of Women's Organizations in New Zealand. Wellington: Daphne Brasell.
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- ^ a b "Change in the 20th century". New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 12 July 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ^ "First past the post – the road to MMP". New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ^ "New Zealand's Change to MMP". aceproject.org. ACE Electoral Knowledge Network. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
- ^ "Reviewing electorate numbers and boundaries". Electoral Commission New Zealand. 8 May 2005. Archived from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ "Number of electorates and electoral populations: 2018 Census". www.stats.govt.nz. Statistics New Zealand. 23 September 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
- ^ "Sainte-Laguë allocation formula". Electoral Commission. 4 February 2013. Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
- ^ "Kiwi PM Jacinda Ardern will be world's youngest female leader". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
- ^ "New Zealand election: Jacinda Ardern's Labour Party scores landslide win". BBC News. 17 October 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
- ^ "2020 GENERAL ELECTION - OFFICIAL RESULTS AND STATISTICS". ElectionResults.govt.nz. Electoral Commission. 30 November 2020.
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- ^ "The Musterer Replaces Whips In The Green Party | Scoop News". Scoop.co.nz. 14 December 1999. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
- ^ a b Martin, John E. "Parliament - How Parliament works". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
- ^ a b "Where MPs sit in the House". New Zealand Parliament. 22 October 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
- ^ a b "What is the significance of the mace?". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Standing Order of the House of Representatives of New Zealand" (PDF). Retrieved 13 May 2017.
- ^ "How Parliament works". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
- ^ "Parliament's mace is 100 years old -". New Zealand Parliament. 12 October 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
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- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 15 January 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "Private bills and local bills". New Zealand Parliament. 28 November 2011.
- ^ "Standing Orders of the House of Representatives" (PDF). New Zealand House of Representatives. 12 August 2005. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
- ^ "New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 | The Legislation Design and Advisory Committee". New Zealand Legislation Design and Advisory Committee. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
- ^ a b "Financial Veto certificates explained". New Zealand Parliament. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ^ "Motions and Amendments -". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
- ^ "The Royal Assent". New Zealand Parliament. 3 December 2009. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
- ^ a b "About select committees". New Zealand Parliament. 17 October 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ^ "List of select committees". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ^ "Submissions and Advice". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ^ Ganley, Marcus. "Select Committees and their Role in Keeping Parliament Relevant: Do New Zealand select committees make a difference?" (PDF). Department of Political Studies, University of Western Australia. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
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- ^ "Business". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2010.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 February 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
Sources
- Scholefield, Guy (1950) [First ed. published 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1949 (3rd ed.). Wellington: Govt. Printer.
- Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First published in 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.
Внешние ссылки
- parliament.nz – New Zealand Parliament official site
- List of select committees – New Zealand Parliament
- Digitised reports from selected volumes of the Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives
- Standing Orders of the House of Representatives, 2017 - New Zealand Parliament