The term "ace" (now commonly flying ace) was first used by French newspapers during World War I, describing Adolphe Pégoud as l'as (the ace), after he downed five German aircraft. When aircraft began to shoot or force down other aircraft, systems to count "air victories" were subsequently developed. The American qualification of five victories eventually became the standard, even though other air services had previously used differing figures.[1]
While "ace" status was most often won by fighter pilots, bomber and reconnaissance crews, and observers in two-seater aircraft such as the Bristol F.2b (Bristol Fighter), also destroyed enemy aircraft. If a two-seater aircraft destroyed an aircraft, both crew members were credited with a victory. Because pilots usually teamed with differing observer/gunners in two-seater aircraft, an observer might be an ace when his pilot was not, and vice versa.[2] The few aces among combat aviators have historically accounted for the majority of air-to-air victories in military history.[3]
Loss of records by mischance and the passage of time complicates reconstructing the actual count for given aces. The scores presented in the list cannot be definitive, but are based on itemized lists that are the best available sources of information.[4] Aces are listed after verifying the date and location of combat, and the foe vanquished, for every victory accredited by an aviator's home air service using their own aerial victory standards. Those victories for which the evidence is unavailable or fragmentary have been excluded from the victory count.
Aces
This list is complete. Notable aces are linked to their biographies.
This along with the symbolic sword †, indicates that the pilot was known to be either killed in action, missing in action, died of wounds, or killed in a flying accident during World War I.
Name | Country | Air service(s) | Victories | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marius Ambrogi | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 14 | Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre with ten Palmes and a star[5] |
Colin Brown | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 14[6] | Distinguished Flying Cross with Bar, French Croix de Guerre |
Carleton Main Clement | Canada | Royal Flying Corps | 14[7] | Military Cross, French Croix de Guerre |
Arthur Coningham | Australia | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 14[8] | Order of the Bath, Order of the British Empire, Distinguished Service Order, Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross, Air Force Cross[9] Air Marshal during World War II. |
Euan Dickson | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 14[10] | Distinguished Service Cross with Bar, Distinguished Flying Cross, French Croix de Guerre |
Charles Findlay | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 14[11] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Maxwell Findlay | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 14[12] | Distinguished Service Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross |
James Fitz-Morris | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 14[13] | Military Cross with Bar. |
Frank George Gibbons | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 14[14] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Albert Earl Godfrey | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 14[15] | Military Cross |
Frank Gorringe | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 14[16] | Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross |
Reinhold Jörke | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 14[17] | Iron Cross |
Arthur Keen | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 14[18] | Military Cross |
Frederick Libby | United States | Royal Flying Corps, US Army Air Service | 14[19] | First American ace. British Military Cross[20] |
Ronald T. Mark | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 14[21] | Military Cross with Bar. |
Maurice Mealing | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 14[22] | Military Cross |
Walter Naylor | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 14 | Distinguished Service Medal[23] |
James Dennis Payne | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 14[24] | Military Cross |
Franz Piechulek | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 14[25] | Iron Cross |
Georg Schlenker | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 14[26] | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross |
William Sidebottom | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 14[27] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
John Victor Sorsoleil | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force, Royal Canadian Air Force | 14[28] | Military Cross |
George Thomson | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 14 | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Kenneth R. Unger | United States | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 14[29] | British Distinguished Flying Cross[30] |
Arthur Vigers | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 14[31] | Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross |
Hazel Wallace | Canada | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 14[32] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Herbert Watson | New Zealand | Australian Flying Corps | 14[33] | Highest scoring New Zealander in AFC. Distinguished Flying Cross |
Noel Webb | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 14[34] | Military Cross with Bar. |
Rudolf Wendelmuth | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 14[35] | Iron Cross |
Thomas F. Williams | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force, Royal Canadian Air Force | 14[36] | Military Cross, Italian Medal for Military Valor |
Frederick C. Armstrong | Canada | Royal Naval Air Service | 13[37] | Distinguished Service Cross, French Croix de Guerre |
Charles C. Banks | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 13[38] | Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross |
Reginald Brading | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 13[39] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Hans-Joachim Buddecke | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 13[40] | Pour le Mérite, Iron Cross |
Siegfried Büttner | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 13[41] | |
Jean Casale | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 13 | Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre with nine Palmes[42] |
Friedrich Christiansen | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 13[43] | Pour le Mérite (awarded for 21 victories), Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross |
Geoffrey Hornblower Cock | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 13[44] | Military Cross, Royal Air Force |
Dieter Collin | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 13[45] | Iron Cross |
Douglas Graham Cooke | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 13[46] | Military Cross |
Sidney Cottle | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 13[47] | Member of The Order of the British Empire, Distinguished Flying Cross, Italian Medal for Military Valor |
Wilfred A. Curtis | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force, Royal Canadian Air Force | 13[48] | Distinguished Service Cross with Bar. As Air Marshal, served as Canadian Chief of Air Staff. |
Omer Demeuldre | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 13 | Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre with seven Palmes and two Étoiles[49] |
Albert Enstone | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 13[50] | Distinguished Service Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross |
Hector Garaud | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 13 | Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre with eight Palmes and two Étoiles[51] |
Heinrich Geigl | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 13 | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross[52] |
Gavin L. Graham | South Africa | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 13[53] | Distinguished Flying Cross, French Légion d'honneur, French Croix de Guerre |
Harold A. Hamersley | Australia | Australian Flying Corps | 13 | Military Cross |
Robert Heibert | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 13 | Military Merit Cross, Iron Cross |
Oscar Heron | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 13[54] | Distinguished Flying Cross, Belgian Croix de guerre |
Spencer B. Horn | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 13[55] | Military Cross |
George R. Howsam | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force, Royal Canadian Air Force | 13[56] | Military Cross. Retired 1945 as Air Vice-Marshal of RCAF. |
Ernest Charles Hoy | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 13[57] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Harold B. Hudson | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 13[58] | Military Cross |
Johannes Janzen | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 13 | Iron Cross[59] |
Solomon Clifford Joseph | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 13[60] | Distinguished Flying Cross with Bar. |
Ronald M. Keirstead | Canada | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 13[61] | Distinguished Service Cross |
John Letts | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 13[62] | Military Cross |
Sydney Tyndall Liversedge | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 13[63] | |
William E. G. Mann | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 13[64] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
John G. Manuel | Canada | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 13[65] | Distinguished Service Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross |
Wilfrid Reid May | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 13[66] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Christian Mesch | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 13[67] | |
Marcel Nogues | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 13 | Légion d'honneur, Croix de Guerre with 12 Palmes[68] |
Thomas L. Purdom | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 13[69] | Military Cross |
David Putnam | United States | Aéronautique Militaire, US Army Air Service | 13[70] | Distinguished Service Cross, French Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre[71] |
Francis James Ralph | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 13 | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Harry Gosford Reeves | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 13[70] | |
George R. Riley | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 13[72] | Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross |
Otto Rosenfeld | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 13[73] | |
Kurt Schoenfelder | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 13[74] | |
Frederick Sowrey | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 13[75] | Distinguished Service Order, Military Cross, Air Force Cross |
Stanley Stanger | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 13[76] | Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross |
Eric John Stephens | Australia | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 13[77] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Francis S. Symondson | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 13[78] | Military Cross, Italian Medal for Military Valor |
John Howard Umney | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 13 | Military Cross |
Desmond Uniacke | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 13 | |
George Augustus Vaughn, Jr. | United States | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force, US Army Air Service | 13[79] | British Distinguished Flying Cross, U. S. Distinguished Service Cross[80] |
Oliver H. D. Vickers | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 13[79] | |
Erich Rüdiger von Wedel | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 13 | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross[81] |
David John Weston | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 13[82] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Walter Bertram Wood | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 13[83] | Military Cross with Bar |
John Oliver Andrews | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[84] | Distinguished Service Order, Military Cross with Bar |
Bernard Artigau | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 12 | Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre with nine Palmes, Belgian Croix de guerre |
Brian Edmund Baker | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 12[85] | Distinguished Service Order, Military Cross, Air Force Cross, French Croix de Guerre |
Thomas Baker | Australia | Australian Flying Corps | 12[86] | Distinguished Flying Cross, Military Medal |
Frank Baylies | United States | Aéronautique Militaire | 12 | French Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre[87] |
Louis Bennett Jr. | United States | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[88] | |
Gerald A. Birks | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[89] | Military Cross with Bar |
Clement G. Boothroyd | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12 | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Christopher J. Q. Brand alias Quintin Brand | South Africa | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12 | Distinguished Service Order, Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross |
Edwin C. Bromley | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[90] | Military Cross |
Raymond Brownell | Australia | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force, Royal Australian Air Force | 12[91] | Military Cross, Military Medal. Rose to Air Commodore in RAAF. |
Oliver Bryson | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[91] | Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross |
Erich Buder | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 12 | Military Merit Cross, Iron Cross[92] |
Theodor Cammann | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 12[93] | |
Walter M. Carlaw | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[91] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Percival V. G. Chambers | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12 | |
Edwin A. Clear | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[94] | Military Cross |
Gustave Daladier | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 12 | Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre with nine Palmes. Also Chevalier du Ouissam Alaouite, Officier du Nichan Iftikar[95] |
Francis James Davies | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[96] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Joseph M. X. de Sévin | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 12 | Légion d'honneur, Croix de Guerre with nine Palmes, British Order of the British Empire[97] |
Gottfried Ehmann | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 12 | Military Merit Cross, Iron Cross[98] |
Otto Esswein | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 12 | Military Merit Cross, Iron Cross[99] |
Sebastian Festner | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 12 | Military Merit Cross, Iron Cross[100] |
Wilhelm Frickart | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 12 | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross, Austro-Hungarian Medal for Bravery[101] |
Frank Godfrey | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12 | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Fernand Guyou | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 12 | Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre[102] |
Ernest Hardcastle | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12 | Distinguished Flying Cross |
William Leeming Harrison | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[103] | Military Cross |
Bertram Heinrich | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 12[104] | |
Adolf Heyrowsky | Austria-Hungary | Luftfahrtruppen | 12 | Order of the Iron Crown |
Walter Höhndorf | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 12 | Pour le Mérite, Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross[105] |
William Henry Hubbard | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[106] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Gerhard Hubrich | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 12 | Scored 2 more victories in World War II.[107] |
Marcel A. Hugues | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 12 | Légion d'honneur, Croix de Guerre with eight Palmes, British Military Cross. Lieutenant Colonel in World War II.[108] |
John E. L. Hunter | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 12 | Distinguished Service Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross[109] |
Gordon Budd Irving | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[110] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Lucien J. Jailler | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 12 | Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire[111] |
William Stanley Jenkins | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[112] | Distinguished Flying Cross with Bar |
George Hubert Kemp | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12 | |
Hans von Keudell | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 12 | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern[113] |
Field E. Kindley | United States | Royal Air Force, US Army Air Service | 12[114] | Distinguished Service Cross, British Distinguished Flying Cross |
Max Kuhn | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 12[115] | |
Reed G. Landis | United States | Royal Air Force, US Army Air Service, United States Army Air Corps | 12[116] | Distinguished Service Cross, British Distinguished Flying Cross. Colonel during World War II. |
Adrien L. J. Leps | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 12 | Légion d'honneur, Croix de Guerre with nine Palmes, 1939-45 Croix de Guerre, British Military Cross. Lieutenant colonel in World War II[117] |
Gwilym Hugh Lewis | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 12[118] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Alfred Lindenberger | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte, Luftwaffe | 12 | Scored 4 victories in World War II.[119] |
Frederic Ives Lord | United States | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[120] | British Distinguished Flying Cross with Bar,[121] Russian Order of Saint Stanilas[citation needed] |
Charles J. V. Macé | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 12 | Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre with seven Palmes[122] |
Friedrich Manschott | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 12 | Iron Cross[123] |
Roby Lewis Manuel | Australia | Australian Flying Corps, Royal Australian Air Force | 12[65] | Distinguished Flying Cross with Bar. Served in RAAF in World War II. |
Roy Manzer | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[124] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Norman Mawle | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[125] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Douglas McGregor | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[126] | Military Cross |
Kenneth Barbour Montgomery | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[127] | Military Cross, Italian War Cross |
Josiah Lewis Morgan | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12 | Military Cross |
Hans Müller alias Hans Garrelt. | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte, Luftwaffe | 12[128] | Iron Cross. |
Ian Napier | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[129] | Military Cross, French Légion d'honneur, French Croix de Guerre |
Jean Navarre | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 12 | Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre with 12 Palmes[130] |
Walter Noble | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12 | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Charles Nuville | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 12 | Légion d'honneur, Croix de Guerre with five Palmes and five Étoiles de vermeil, Belgian Croix de guerre, Italian Medal of Valor. Lieutenant colonel in World War II[131] |
James William Pearson | United States | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[132] | Distinguished Flying Cross. Claimed 33 victories. |
Guy William Price | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[133] | Distinguished Service Cross with Bar |
John Steele Ralston | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[134] | Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross |
Henry Coyle Rath | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[135] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Cecil Roy Richards | Australia | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[136] | Military Cross |
Alfred William Saunders | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[137] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
James Scaramanga | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12 | |
Franz Schleiff | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 12 | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross[138] |
Maurice D. G. Scott | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 12[139] | Military Cross |
Alexander MacDonald Shook | Canada | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 12[140] | Distinguished Service Order, Distinguished Service Cross, Air Force Cross, French Croix de Guerre |
Ross MacPherson Smith | Australia | Australian Flying Corps | 12[141] | Military Cross with Bar, Distinguished Flying Cross with two Bars, Air Force Cross |
Reginald Soar | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service | 12[142] | Distinguished Service Cross |
William Samuel Stephenson | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[143] | Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross. Later headed BSC during World War II. |
Leonard Taplin | Australia | Australian Flying Corps | 12[144] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Paul Tarascon | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 12 | Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre with 12 Palmes. Colonel during World War II[145] |
Renatus Theiller | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 12[146] | |
Chester Thompson | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[147] | |
Adrian Tonks | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 12[148] | Distinguished Flying Cross with Bar |
Richard M. Trevethan | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[149] | Military Cross |
Bernhard Ultsch | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 12 | Iron Cross, Military Merit Cross[150] |
Melville Wells Waddington | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12 | |
Paul Y. R. Waddington | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 12 | Légion d'honneur, Croix de Guerre with five Palmes plus an Étoile de vermeil, an Étoile d'argent, and an Étoile de bronze[151] |
Dennis Waight | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12 | Military Cross |
Clive W. Warman | United States | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 12[152] | British Distinguished Service Order, Military Cross[153] |
Richard Wenzl | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 12 | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross First Class[154] |
James White | Canada | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 12[155] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Giovanni Ancillotto | Italy | Corpo Aeronautico Militare | 11 | 1 Gold and 3 Silver Medal for Military Valor, |
Heinrich Arntzen | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 11[156] | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross[157] |
Fred Everest Banbury | Canada | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 11[158] | Distinguished Service Cross |
Raven Freiherr von Barnekow | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 11[159] | Served as staff officer in World War II. |
Harold F. Beamish | New Zealand | Royal Naval Air Service Royal Air Force | 11[158] | Distinguished Service Cross |
Alexander Beck | Argentina | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[160] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Armond J. Berthelot | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 11 | Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre with ten Palmes and an Étoile de bronze[161] |
Jean G. Bouyer | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 11 | Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre with eight Palmes and an Étoile d'argent, British Distinguished Conduct Medal[162] |
Jean Bozon-Verduraz | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 11 | Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre with eight Palmes plus and two Étoiles de vermeil and an Étoile de bronze, Russian Cross of Saint George fourth class[163] |
Philip Scott Burge | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[164] | Military Cross, Military Medal |
Joachim von Busse | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 11 | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross[40] |
Arnold Jacques Chadwick | Canada | Royal Naval Air Service | 11[165] | Distinguished Service Cross |
Andre J. Chainat | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 11 | Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre with nine Palmes and an Étoile de bronze[166] |
Roy W. Chappell | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[167] | Military Cross |
Friedrich Classen | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 11 | |
Hugh Claye | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11 | Military Cross |
Clive Franklyn Collett | New Zealand | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[168] | Military Cross with Bar |
Thomas Colvill-Jones | Argentina | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11 | |
Xavier Dannhuber | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 11 | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern[169] |
Hiram Frank Davison | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[170] | Military Cross |
Harold Day | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service | 11[171] | Distinguished Service Cross |
Andre de Meulemeester | Belgium | Belgian Military Aviation | 11 | Order of Leopold II, Croix de Guerre, French Croix de Guerre, Italian Medal for Military Valor |
Kurt-Bertram von Döring | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 11 | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross[172] |
Heinrich Drekman | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 11[173] | |
William Duncan | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[174] | Military Cross with Bar. |
Trevor Durrant | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[175] | |
Thomas Elliott | United Kingdom | Royal Air Force | 11 | |
John C. B. Firth | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[176] | Military Cross, Italian Medal for Military Valor |
Henry Garnet Forrest | Australia | Royal Flying Corps, Australian Flying Corps | 11[177] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
William M. Fry | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[178] | Military Cross |
Willi Gabriel | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 11 | Iron Cross[179] |
Frederick J. Gibbs | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 11[180] | Military Cross |
Charles D. B. Green | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11 | Distinguished Flying Cross, French Croix de Guerre |
Kurt Gruber | Austria-Hungary | Luftfahrtruppen | 11 | Two awards of the Silver Bravery Medal First Class, four Gold Bravery Medals[181] |
Thomas M. Harries | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[182] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
John Herbert Hedley | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11 | |
André Herbelin | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 11 | Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre with seven Palmes[183] |
William Herisson | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 11 | Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre[184] |
Leslie Norman Hollinghurst | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[185] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Geoffrey H. Hooper | Australia | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force, Royal Australian Air Force | 11[185] | Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross |
Campbell Hoy | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[57] | Military Cross |
Geoffrey Forrest Hughes | Australia | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[186] | Military Cross, Air Force Cross |
Patrick Huskinson | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[187] | Military Cross with Bar. Rose to Air Commodore. |
William Roy Irwin | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force, Royal Canadian Air Force | 11[188] | Order of the British Empire, Distinguished Flying Cross with Bar. |
Mansell Richard James | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[189] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
George Owen Johnson | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force, Royal Canadian Air Force | 11[190] | Military Cross, French Croix de Guerre. Rose to Air Marshal. |
Arthur G. Jones-Williams | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[191] | Military Cross with Bar, French Croix de Guerre |
Stefan Kirmaier | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 11 | Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross[192] |
Herbert Joseph Larkin | Australia | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[193] | Distinguished Flying Cross, French Croix de Guerre |
Maxime Lenoir | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 11 | Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre with eight Palmes[194] |
Fritz Loerzer | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 11 | |
Walter H. Longton | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[195] | Distinguished Flying Cross with Bar, Air Force Cross |
Emile John Lussier | United States | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force, Royal Canadian Air Force | 11[196] | British Distinguished Flying Cross. Served in RCAF during World War II[197] |
Charles M. Maude | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[198] | Distinguished Flying Cross, French Croix de Guerre, Italian War Cross |
Ernest Maunoury | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 11 | Légion d'honneur, Croix de Guerre with seven Palmes and an Étoile de vermeil[199] |
Malcolm C. McGregor | New Zealand | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[200] | Distinguished Flying Cross with Bar |
Finlay McQuistan | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11 | Distinguished Flying Cross |
James Hart Mitchell | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[201] | Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross, Italian Medal for Military Valor |
René Montrion | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 11 | Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre with seven Palmes and an Étoile de vermeil[202] |
Hans Nülle | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 11[203] | |
Sydney A. Oades | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[204] | Military Cross |
Harold Anthony Oaks | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[204] | Distinguished Flying Cross. Member of Canadian Aviation Hall of Fame. |
Jacques Ortoli | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 11 | Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre with seven Palmes and two Étoiles de bronze, British Military Cross, Belgian Croix de guerre[205] |
Herbert A. Patey | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 11[206] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Leonard A. Payne | South Africa | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[207] | Military Cross |
Clement W. Payton | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 11[204] | Distinguished Flying Cross, French Croix de Guerre, Belgian Croix de guerre |
Hermann Pfeiffer | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 11 | Iron Cross[208] |
Reinhold Poss | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 11[209] | |
George E. Randall | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[210] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Antonio Reali | Italy | Corpo Aeronautico Militare | 11 | Silver award of Medal for Military Valor |
Hervey Rhodes | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[211] | Distinguished Flying Cross with Bar |
Cyril Ridley | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 11[212] | Distinguished Service Cross |
Thomas Rose | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11[213] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
Franz Rudorfer | Austria-Hungary | Luftfahrtruppen | 11 | Order of the Iron Crown, Military Merit Cross. Self-taught pilot. |
Ivan C. Sanderson | United Kingdom | Royal Air Force | 11[214] | |
Hugo Schäfer | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 11[215] | |
Ivan Smirnov | Russia | Imperial Army Air Service | 11 | Order of Saint George, Cross of Saint George, Order of Saint Stanilas, Order of Saint Anne, Order of Saint Vladimir, French Croix de Guerre, Serbian Order of the White Eagle. |
Rudolf Stark | Germany | Luftstreitkräfte | 11 | Iron Cross First and Second Class, Military Merit Order[216] |
John Stevenson Stubbs | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 11 | Distinguished Flying Cross, Air Force Cross |
Albert Gregory Waller | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 11 | Military Cross |
Arthur W. Wood | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 11[217] | |
Wilfred Ernest Young | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 11[218] | Distinguished Flying Cross |
[219]
References
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- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920, p. 376–377
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920, p. 378
- ^ Franks, Norman L. R.; Bailey, Frank W.; Guest, Russell (1993). Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. Grub Street. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-948817-73-1.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920, p. 385
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920, p. 53–54
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920, p. 61
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920, p. 84
- ^ a b Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. pp. 88–89.
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- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 254.
- ^ a b Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 258.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 264.
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- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 309.
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- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. pp. 321–322.
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- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. pp. 356–357.
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- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 51.
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- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 87.
- ^ a b c Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 91.
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. p. 89.
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- ^ Over the Front, pp. 137-138.
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- ^ Over the Front, p. 148.
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- ^ Over the Front, p. 172.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 186.
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. p. 126.
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. p. 131.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. pp. 202–203.
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. p. 133.
- ^ Over the Front, pp. 178-179.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 205.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 208.
- ^ Over the Front, pp. 179.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 212.
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. p. 141.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 223.
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. p. 151.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 231.
- ^ Over the Front, pp. 184-185.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 239.
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. pp. 155–156.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 244.
- ^ Over the Front, p. 56.
- ^ Over the Front, pp. 187-188.
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. p. 162.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. pp. 258–259.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 262.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 274.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 284.
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. p. 169.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 289.
- ^ Over the Front, pp. 197-198.
- ^ Over the Front, pp. 199-200.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 300.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 307.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 311.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 313.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. pp. 319–320.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 331.
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. pp. 200–201.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. pp. 333–334.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 337.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 343.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. pp. 344–345.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 352.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 357.
- ^ Over the Front, p. 220.
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. p. 214.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 361.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 366.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 368.
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. pp. 221–222.
- ^ Over the Front, pp. 225-226.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 376.
- ^ Over the Front, pp. 79-80.
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. p. 229.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. pp. 382–383.
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 62–63
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. pp. 62–63.
- ^ a b Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 61.
- ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 65–66
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 67.
- ^ Over the Front, pp. 119.
- ^ Over the Front, pp. 123-124.
- ^ Over the Front, pp. 125.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 93.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 101.
- ^ Over the Front, pp. 130-131.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 102.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920, page 114
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. pp. 95–96.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 136.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 137.
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. pp. 99–100.
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. p. 102.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 145.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 146.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 156.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 158.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 161.
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. pp. 112–113.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 166.
- ^ Austro-Hungarian Aces of World War 1. pp. 76–78.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 185.
- ^ Over the Front, p. 176.
- ^ Over the Front, p. 176-177.
- ^ a b Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 198.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 204.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. pp. 205–206.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. pp. 208–209.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. pp. 209–210.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. pp. 213–214.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. pp. 217–218.
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. p. 143.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 232.
- ^ Over the Front, p. 183-184.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. pp. 243–244.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 246.
- ^ Over the Front, p. 59.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 261.
- ^ Over the Front, p. 193-194.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 275.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 283.
- ^ Over the Front, pp. 195-196.
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. p. 175.
- ^ a b c Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 292.
- ^ Over the Front, pp. 200-201.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 298.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 299.
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. p. 179.
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. pp. 181–182.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 312.
- ^ Above the War Fronts: the British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918: Volume 4 of Fighting Airmen of WWI Series: Volume 4 of Air aces of WWI. p. 92.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. pp. 320–321.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 325.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. pp. 329–330.
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. p. 196.
- ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. p. 211.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. pp. 388–389.
- ^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. p. 392.
- ^ "World War I Aces by Victories". Theaerodrome.com. 2010-10-11. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
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