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Нагаванши из ЧотанагпураДинастия Нагванши
I век - 1952 г. н.э.
Статус
Столица
Общие языки
Религия индуизм
ПравительствоМонархия
Раджа (король или вождь) 
• 1 век Фани Мукут Рай ( первый )
• 1950–1952 гг. Н. Э. Лал Чинтамани Шаран Натх Шахдео ( последний )
История 
• Учредил 1 век
• Отменено 1952 г. н.э.
Область
1817 г.18 264,6 км 2 (7 052,0 квадратных миль)
Преемник
Республика Индия
Сегодня частьДжаркханд , Индия

Nagvanshis из Chotanagpur (также известный как вожди Khokhra ), был индийская династией , которая управляла плато Чота Нагпур областью (современный Джаркханд ). Фани Мукут Рай считается первым королем династии, претендующей на звание Сына Пундрика-наги, мифической наги . Чотанагпур Заминдари был одним из многих поместий заминдари в эпоху британского владычества в бывшей провинции Бихар с 1817 по 1947 год. [1] [2] [3] Лал Чинтамани Шаран Нат Шахдео (1931–2014) был последним правящим королем страны. династии, пока поместье не было присоединено к Республике Индии.[4] [5]

Происхождение [ править ]

Происхождение нагванши окутано тайной. [6]

Нагванши заявляют о своем происхождении от Нагов . [7] [8] Согласно Нагваншавали, династия Нагванши произошла от Пундрика Нага . Согласно легенде, чтобы избежать убийства Раджей Джанамеджая, царя Хастинапура, Пундарика Нага принял образ брамина и изучал шастры в доме брамина в Варанаси . Брамин, впечатленный умом и грацией своего ученика, женил на нем свою дочь Парвати. Из-за своего раздвоенного языка он всегда спал спиной к жене. Жене становится любопытно узнать секрет. Чтобы избежать вопроса, Нага предлагает совершить паломничество в Пури.. По дороге в Джаркханд жена родила ребенка. По обычаю, тайное желание жены или мужа должно быть выполнено. Нага был вынужден раскрыть свою личность, принял облик Кобры и нырнул в воду. От горя жена совершила Сати. В то время брамин по имени Джанардан, держа в руках идола солнца, пришел посмотреть, что Пундарика-нага охраняет его ребенка. Пундарика Нага рассказал свою историю. Брамин назвал ребенка Фани Мукут Рай. Он отвел ребенка в дом Мадура Мунды, вождя деревни Сутиамбе. Мадура усыновил и воспитал ребенка со своим ровесником. Мадура созвал вождя параха и других раджей, где Фани Мукут Рай стал раджей благодаря своим качествам. Фани Мукут Рай наследовал его сын Мукут Рай. Его империя называлась «Нагпур Дес». Согласно традиции Нагванши,династия была основана раджейФани Мукут Рай . Однако история Фани Мукут Рай в основном считается мифом. [9] [10]

Согласно разным источникам, династия была основана в V веке нашей эры как государство-преемник империи Гуптов . Фани Мукут Рай был первым королем. [11] [5] По мнению многих историков, династия Нагванши, возможно, была основана в 10 веке нашей эры. [12]

История [ править ]

According to Nagpuri poem "Nagvanshavali" written by Beniram Mehta, Phani Mukut Rai was founder of Nagvanshi dynasty in 1st century AD who was son of Pundrika Naga a Naga and a Bramin girl from Varanasi. He was adopted son of Madra Munda. He was elevated to throne by Madra Munda and neighbouring rulers in Sutiambe which is located around 20 km north of Ranchi. His rule extended to Ramgarh, Gola, Tori and Gharwe. However the story mostly considered to be a myth by scholar.[9] According to many historians the dynasty was possibly established in 10th century AD. According to Nagvanshavali, third Nagvanshi king Pratap Rai shifted his capital from Sutiambe to present day chutia. The remains of the idol of the Sun Temple have been found near Pithoria and they have been dated to the 12th Century AD.[13]

In 12th century, Raja Bhim Karn defeated Rakshel of Surguja when they invaded the region. Then he conquered territory upto Surguja and Palamu. He shifted his capital from present day Chutia to Khukhragarh.[14] There are ancient fort, temple, coins and pottery remains found in the region.[15][16] Mirza Nathan refers to the region as Khokhradesh.[1] In 1585, There was mughal invasion during reign of Raja Madhu Singh. He became a vassal ruler under the Mughals. He participated in expedition against Afghan ruler in Odisha. After Madhu Singh his son Bairisal became king and he also participated in several expeditions with Akbar. When Akbar died, Bairisal withdraw tribute to Mughal. Mughal launched expedition against Nagvanshi king but failed to subjugate them. Raja Durjan Sal the son of Bairisal was taken to Prison in Agra for withdrawal of tribute to Mughals, later he was released for identifying real diamonds. He built palaces, temples and ponds in Navratangarh.

Navratangarh fort

Ram Shah became king after Durjan Sal. According to Jean Baptiste Tavernier, a French traveler Mughal invaded Khukhra during reign of Ram Shah. But Ram Shah gave tribute to Mughal. Raja Raghunath Shah(1665-1706) succeed after Ram Shah. During his reign, Raghunath Shah built several temples, including Madan Mohan temple in Boera and Jagannath temple. According to Lal Pradumn Singh, the writer of book Nagvansh, Mughal invaded Khukhra during reign of Raghunath Shah. Mughal officials were sent by Aurangzeb to attack Khukhra. The invasion was strongly resisted which resulted in defeat and death of Mughal official. He succeeded by his son Yadunath Shah (1706 - 1724).[17]

Jagannath temple at Ranchi built by king Ani Nath Shahdeo in 1691

In 1719, during the reign of Emperor Muhammad Shah, Sarbuland Khan was appointed as the Subedar of Bihar Province. He marched to Chotanagpur plateau. Raja Yadunath Shah, to whom the ghatwal of Palamu, Ramgarh and Badam were subjects, sent Bedman Das Thakur as his agent and agreed to pay Rs. One Lakh as Nazrana. After this Mughal invasion, Yadunath Shah shifted the capital from Navratangarh to Palkot upon realising the weakness of the capital from a defensibility point of view. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Shivnath Shah(1724-1733). Due to non-payment of tribute, Fakhr-ud-daula invaded Khokhra in 1731. He faced considerable resistance from the Raja of Khokhra but both parties reached a compromise. The Subedar received Rs 12,000 from Ghatwal of Ramgarh on the account of Nagvanshi raja and Rs 5000 from Ghatwal of Palamu. When Fakhr-ud-daula was removed from the post of Subedar of Bihar Suba in 1733, the Khokhra chief discontinued payment of tribute to Mughals.[18]

After the Battle of Buxar, the East India Company got the right to collect revenue from Bihar, Bengal and Odisha. In 1772, Nagvanshi became a vassal of British rule. Between 1795 to 1800, Maratha invaded Chotanagpur and looted and collected revenue forcefully. The British stationed military forces at Chotanagpur to check the incursions of Marathas. Due to rebellion, refusal of payment of revenue by subordinate Jagirdar and Zamindar under Nagvanshi king, Chotanagpur was brought under direct control by British East India company in 1817 and they reduced Nagvanshi rulers to Zamindars. The Nagvanshi rulers shifted their capital from Palkot to Ratu in 1870.[19]

Chotanagpur in the map of Lower Bengal in 1870

The last ruler of Nagvanshi dynasty was Lal Chintamani Sharan Nath Shahdeo(1931 – 2014). Zamindari was abolished after independence of India in 1952.[15]

Rulers[edit]

Following is the list of Nagvanshi rulers according to "Nagvanshavali" written by Beniram Mehta, and "Baishakh badi" by Drupnath Shahdeo which was given to Governor general of India in 1844.[14]

Raja[edit]

  • Raja Phani Mukut Rai
  • Raja Mukut Rai
  • Raja Ghat Rai
  • Raja Madan Rai
  • Raja Pratap Rai
  • Raja Gendu Rai
  • Raja Hari Rai
  • Raja Gajraj Rai
  • Raja Sundar Rai
  • Raja Mukund Rai
  • Raja Udai Rai
  • Raja Kandan Rai
  • Raja Jagan Rai
  • Raja Bhagan Rai
  • Raja Mohan Rai
  • Raja Gajghat Rai
  • Raja Chandra Rai
  • Raja Andunand Rai
  • Raja Sripati Rai
  • Raja Jogand Rai
  • Raja Nrupendra Rai
  • Raja Gandharv Rai
  • Raja Bhim Karn (c.1098-c.1132)
  • Raja Josh Jash Karn (c.1132-c.1180)
  • Raja Jal-?-Karn (c.1280-c.1218)
  • Raja Go Karn (c.1218-c.1236)
  • Raja Shivdas Karn (c.1367-c.1389)
  • Raja Udai Karn
  • Raja Pratap Karn (c.1451-c.1469)
  • Raja Chhatra Karn (c.1469-c.1496)
  • Raja Virat Karn (c.1497-c.1501)
  • Raja Panketu Rai (c.1501-c.1512)
  • Raja Baidosal (c.1512-c.1530)
  • Raja Madhu Singh
  • Raja Bairisal (1599-1614)
  • Raja Durjan Sal (1614-1615)(1627-1640)
  • Raja Ram Shah (1640-1665)
  • Raja Raghunath Shah (1665-1706)
  • Raja Yadunath Shah (1706-1724)
  • Raja Shivnath Shah (1724-1733)
  • Raja Udainath Shah (1733-1740)
  • Raja Shyamsundar Nath Shah
  • Raja Balram Nath Shah
  • Raja Mahinath Shah
  • Raja Dhrupnath Shah
  • Raja Deo Nath Shah
  • Raja Gobind Nath Shah Deo (1806-1822)

Maharaja[edit]

  • Maharaja Jagannath Shah Deo (1817-1872)
  • Maharaja Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo (1872–1950)
  • Maharaja Lal Chintamani Sharan Nath Shahdeo (1950-1952)

Notable people[edit]

  • Ani Nath Shahdeo, King of Barkagarh
  • Vishwanath Shahdeo - Freedom fighter in 1857 rebellion
  • Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo - Jurist and political activist
  • Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo - Lawyer, Writer and Political activist
  • Lal Vijay Shahdeo, Director
  • Gopal Sharan Nath Shahdeo - Prince and Politician

See also[edit]

  • Naga Kingdom
  • Chota Nagpur Division
  • Chota Nagpur Tributary States

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Archaeologists uncover remains of ancient empire in Jharkhand". oneindia. 11 May 2009.
  2. ^ "The Nagbanshis And The Cheros". archive.org.
  3. ^ "Khairagarh". 1939.
  4. ^ "Ranchi bids tearful farewell to last Maharaja". dailypioneer. 12 July 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  5. ^ a b "CHOTA-NAGPUR (Zamindari)". members.iinet.net.au. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  6. ^ Tahir Hussain Ansari (20 June 2019). Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar. Taylor & Francis. pp. 163–167. ISBN 978-1-00-065152-2.
  7. ^ Kumar Tiwari, Shiv (2002). Tribal Roots of Hinduism. Sarup & Sons. p. 264. ISBN 8176252999.
  8. ^ Paliwal, B. B. (2005). Message of the Purans. Diamond Pocket Books Ltd. p. 21. ISBN 978-8-12881-174-6.
  9. ^ a b Asoka Kumar Sen (2017). Indigeneity, Landscape and History: Adivasi Self-fashioning in India. Taylor & Francis. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-351-61186-2.
  10. ^ "The Lost Kingdom of Navratangarh". IndiaMike.com. 5 February 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  11. ^ "History". gumla.nic.com.
  12. ^ Sanjay Singh. PSC JHARKHAND LOK SEVA AYOG SAMANYA ADHYAYAN. Prabhat Prakashan. pp. 5–9. ISBN 9353228654.
  13. ^ "800 years come alive in Pithoria's relics - Archaeological explorations in two hamlets yield artefacts from 12th Century to colonial times". telegraphindia. 8 September 2010.
  14. ^ a b Jharkhand Encyclopedia Hulgulanon Ki Partidhwaniyan-1. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  15. ^ a b "Eye on Nagvanshi remains - Culture department dreams of another Hampi at Gumla heritage site". telegraphindia. 7 May 2009.
  16. ^ "Ancient capital to open for visitors - Caves & temples at Sutiambe to offer peek into history". telegraphindia. 4 September 2008.
  17. ^ "Giant new chapter for Nagpuri poetry". telegraphindia. 5 November 2012.
  18. ^ "The Nagbanshis And The Cheros". archive.org.
  19. ^ "Animal sacrifice alive at Ratu Fort". telegraphindia. 23 September 2009.