Парижский институт политических исследований ( французский : Institut d'политических исследований в Париже ), как правило , называют Sciences Po Париж или просто Sciences Po ( IPA: [sjɑs ро] ), является Grande Ecole и гранд établissement находится в Париже и других города Франции.
Наук По | |
Бывшие имена | Высшая школа политических исследований |
---|---|
Тип | Государственное научно-исследовательское учреждение высшего образования, Grande École [1] |
Учредил | 1872 г. |
Бюджет | 197 миллионов евро |
Директор | Бенедикт Дюран (временно исполняющий обязанности) |
Академический персонал | 216 |
Студенты | 14 000 |
Бакалавриат | 4 000 |
Аспиранты | 10 000 |
Место расположения | , Франция |
Кампус | Городской |
Принадлежности | Сорбонна Париж Cité APSIA COUPERIN [2] CGE |
Талисман | Лев и лисица |
Веб-сайт | Sciencespo.fr |
Она была основана в Париже в 1872 году Эмилем Бутми как частная («бесплатная») школа. Бутми стремился модернизировать образование политических элит во Франции, обучая их современной истории, а не классическим наукам, которые они могли бы изучать в университетах одновременно. [3] Она приобрела важную роль в системе государственной службы Франции, и многие сотрудники французской государственной службы учились в этой школе наравне с университетами. С 1872 по 1936 год в школе было всего два директора: Эмиль Бутми и Эжен д'Эйхталь. Школа была повторно основана в 1945 году как полуобщественный «институт» после критики отношения ее сотрудников во время Второй мировой войны и призывов к ее закрытию.
С середины 1990-х годов, под полуформальным руководством Оливье Дюамеля, Sciences Po была существенно реформирована, чтобы расширить сферу своей деятельности и подготовить студентов для частного сектора, диверсифицировать и интернационализировать свой студенческий состав и учебную программу и, следовательно, приветствовать студентов. как их начальное высшее учебное заведение. Учебная программа Sciences Po теперь включает курсы по дополнительным социальным наукам, таким как социология, экономика и право [4], хотя политология и история остаются основными преподаваемыми предметами. [5] Sciences Po также расширилась за пределы Парижа , открыв дополнительные кампусы в Дижоне , Гавре , Ментоне , Нанси , Пуатье и Реймсе . За это время в институте разразился ряд противоречий, кульминацией которых стал кризис 2021 года.
Институт является членом Ассоциации профессиональных школ международных отношений (APSIA) и Sorbonne Paris Cité .
История
1872-1945: École Libre des Sciences Politiques
Sciences Po была основана в феврале 1872 года как École Libre des Sciences Politiques (ELSP) группой французских интеллектуалов, политиков и бизнесменов во главе с Эмилем Бутми , в которую входили Ипполит Тэн , Эрнест Ренан , Альбер Сорель и Поль Леруа Больё . Создание школы было ответом на широко распространенные опасения, что неадекватность французского политического и дипломатического корпуса еще больше снизит международный статус страны, поскольку Франция боролась с серией кризисов, включая поражение во франко-прусской войне 1870 года [ 6] кончина Наполеона III , а также потрясения и резня в результате Парижской Коммуны . Основатели школы стремились реформировать подготовку французских политиков, создав новую «питательную среду, где обучались почти все крупные государственные комиссары нетехнического профиля». [7] Его инновационная интеллектуальная ось заключалась в преподавании современной истории, в то время как политические элиты изучали древние гуманитарные науки только на протяжении веков, которые они могли одновременно изучать в университетах. [8]
ELSP приобрела важную роль в политической системе Франции . С 1901 по 1935 год там учились 92,5% поступивших в Grands corps de l'État , самый влиятельный и престижный административный орган французской государственной службы (в это число входят люди, которые прошли подготовительные классы к экзаменам на государственную службу в Sciences Po, но не получил степени, и, как правило, студенты учились там помимо получения степени в Парижском университете , в частности на юридическом факультете). [9]
Другие страны создали аналогичные школы в следующем столетии. В 1875 году Институт Чезаре Альфиери Университета Флоренции ), в конце века - Высшая школа политических и социальных наук в Бельгии (больше не существующая), Немецкая высшая школа фюр Политика в Германии, Колумбийская школа политических наук (ныне объединенная с Колумбийской высшей школой искусств и наук ), Лондонская школа экономики в Соединенном Королевстве [10] [11], а после Первой мировой войны - Школа иностранных дел. Сервис из Джорджтаунского университета в Соединенных Штатах. [12]
в Италии (ныне частьСвязь между Science Po и французскими учреждениями означала, что школа также играла ключевую роль в аппарате Французской империи. В 1886 году университет основал колониальную школу с целью обучения студентов профессиям в колониальной администрации таким образом, чтобы «пропагандировать [...] более научный и международный колониализм». [13] [14] Многие профессора и члены администрации ELSP, такие как Поль Леруа-Болье , заведующий кафедрой по колониальным вопросам в ELSP, Жозеф Шайли-Берт , Жюль Камбон , Чарльз Джоннарт , Огюст Луи Альберик д'Аренберг и Эрнест Рум , также были тесно связаны с колониальным правительством или работали с ним напрямую. [15] Колониальное отделение ELSP закрылось в 1893 году после того, как в 1889 году была создана спонсируемая государством колониальная школа; однако должности в администрациях французских колоний и протекторатов продолжали принимать выпускников ELSP. [16]
1945 - 1990-е годы: Парижский институт политических наук.
1945: восстановление
После Второй Мировой войны в 1945 году компания Sciences Po претерпела значительные реформы . При освобождении Франции от нацистской оккупации государственных служащих обвинили в сотрудничестве с режимом Виши и нацистской Германией . Наук По тогда был непосредственно озабочен иссушающей целью Национального совета сопротивления . [17] [18] Коммунистические политики, включая Жоржа Коньо, обвинили школу как «дом сотрудничества» с нацистской Германией [17] и предложили полностью отменить ELSP и основать на ее территории новый государственный административный колледж. [19] Чтобы бороться с этим, Роджер Сейду, Жак Шапсаль и Андре Зигфрид исключили из школы наиболее скомпрометированных (с Виши и нацистской Германией) сотрудников школы, защитили школу от обвинений в сотрудничестве и наладили общение. кампания по спасению школы. [17]
Выбор будет сделан Временным правительством Франции под руководством Шарля де Голля . Восемь из тринадцати министров были выпускниками школы. Они заставили будущее школы вырваться из-под контроля парламента и оказаться в их собственных руках. Мишель Дебре , выпускник, Жюль Жанни, выпускник, сын которого только что окончил школу, и выпускник Роджер Грегуар решили, что школа будет сохранена, но с новой структурой. Были созданы два отдельных юридических лица: Institut d'études politiques (IEP) и Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques (английский: Национальный фонд политических наук ) или FNSP. Обеим организациям было поручено французским правительством обеспечить «прогресс и распространение, как внутри, так и за пределами Франции, политической науки, экономики и социологии». [7] FNSP, частный фонд, который получает щедрые субсидии от правительства, управляет IEP de Paris , владеет его зданиями и библиотеками и определяет его бюджет. Эти две организации работают вместе, однако, поскольку директор школы по традиции является также администратором FNSP. Эта институциональная структура дает Science Po уникальный статус, поскольку школа использует большую часть своих ресурсов за счет значительных государственных субсидий FNSP, но не подвергает ее многим государственным вмешательствам и постановлениям, что дает ей гораздо более высокий уровень автономии по сравнению с другими французскими университетами. и школы. [17] Эпитет « Науки По» применяется к обеим организациям, унаследовавшим репутацию, ранее принадлежавшую ELSP . [20]
Государственно-частный характер Sciences Po в Париже также отличает его от сети институтов политических исследований по всей стране, вдохновленных его учебной программой, а именно в Страсбурге , Лионе , Эксе , Бордо , Гренобле , Тулузе , Ренне и Лилле . Их не следует путать с семью кампусами Наук По во Франции.
Правительство также создало в 1945 году Национальную школу управления (ENA), элитную аспирантуру для подготовки государственных служащих. С тех пор Grands Corps de l'Etat был вынужден набирать новых участников из ENA. [21] Науки По стали школой выбора для тех, кто надеялся поступить в ENA, и таким образом сохранили свое доминирующее место в обучении высокопоставленных чиновников. [22]
1945 to the 1990s
Between 1952 and 1969, 77.5% of the ENA's graduate student intake were Sciences Po alumni.[23]
FNSP received a significant donations from the Rockefeller Foundation. FNSP published periodicals such as la Revue française de science politique, le Bulletin analytique de documentation, la Chronologie politique africaine, and the Cahiers de la Fondation as well as its seven research centres and main publishing house, Presses de Sciences Po.[7]
1990s to the 2020s: Sciences Po under the Duhamel era
Sciences Po was substiantially reformed from the mid-1990s so as to diversify its focus beyond political science and beyond France, mainly under the influence of Olivier Duhamel, who formally had different roles during until his resignation in 2021.[24] Sciences Po was also hit by a number of crises and controversies during this period.
1990s to 2012: Diversification and internationalization
After the directorship of Alain Lancelot (1987-1997), the latter choose Olivier Duhamel to sponsor the candidacy of Richard Descoings, who became the director of Sciences Po with Duhamel as special advisor.[24]
Under the directorship of Richard Descoings (1997–2012), the school incorporated courses in various branches of the social sciences on top of political science, such as law, economics, history, and sociology. In addition, the school began requiring all its undergraduate students to spend a year abroad, and introduced a multilingual curriculum in French, English,[25] and other languages. Sciences Po also began to expand outside Paris, establishing regional campuses throughout France.
During this period, Sciences Po also implemented reforms in its admissions process. Previously, Sciences Po recruited its students exclusively on the basis of a competitive examination. This system was seen to favor students from prestigious preparatory high schools, largely attended by the children of the French political elite. In 2001, Sciences Po founded the Equal Opportunity Program, widening its admissions policy.[26] This program enables the institution to recruit high-potential students at partner high schools in more disadvantaged parts of France who, due to a social, academic, and financial constraints, would not otherwise have been able to attend Sciences Po.[27]
From 2001 to 2011, the proportion of scholarship students at Sciences Po went from 6 to 27 percent[28] with around 30% of all students at Sciences Po currently receiving some form of scholarship.[29]
The reforms Descoings spearheaded were at times controversial, however, and his leadership style came under heavy criticism for "reigning as almighty king"[30] and to implement a "management of fear".[31] A further report by the French Court of Audit in 2012 severely criticized Sciences Po under the Descoings leadership for its opaque, and possibly illegal, financial management, notably with regard to management salaries, in particular to himself.[32]
2013 to 2021: Expansion
After the sudden death of Richard Descoing, Frédéric Mion, a graduate of Sciences Po, ENA and École Normale Supérieure and former secretary general of Canal+, was appointed director of Sciences Po on 1 March 2013.[33] It was criticized as a choice of Olivier Duhamel, even though the two other candidates were said to have a much stronger applications than the 9 pages given by Mion in his last minute candidacy with the sponsorship of Duhamel.[34] Louis Vogel, former front-runner candidate who retracted his candidacy to protest against the governance process in Sciences Po, stated that an institution that want to have a place in the academic national and international environment cannot achieve such a thing without having an academic ("universitaire", a researcher and lecturer coming from the universités as opposed to the grandes écoles) at its head.[35]
Mion's intention to pursue Sciences Po's development as a "selective university of international standing" is detailed in the policy paper "Sciences Po 2022", published in the spring of 2014.[citation needed] The restructuring of Master's study into graduate schools continued with the creation of the School of Public Affairs[36] and the Urban School in 2015 and the School of Management and Innovation[37] in 2016.
In early 2016, Sciences Po updated its governance structure, adopting new statutes for its two constituent bodies: the Fondation nationale des sciences politiques (FNSP) and the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (IEP).[38]
In late 2016, Sciences Po acquired a new site, the Hôtel de l'Artillerie in the 7th arrondissement of Paris,[39] which it intends to make it a site of "educational renewal".[citation needed]
In April 2018, Sciences Po students blocked the main entrance to the school in protest against Macron's education reforms which gives universités the power to set admission criteria and rank applicants (a power that Sciences Po has).[40]
2021: Crisis of reputation and governance
In 2021, Sciences Po was hit by the Duhamel scandal, mainly put forward by the best-seller[41] book La Familia Grande and newspaper articles from Le Monde and Nouvel Obs, a sexual violence scandal one and a succession crisis. Olivier Duhamel, director of the National Foundation of Sciences Po, Frédéric Mion, director of Sciences Po, and other members of the board of these institutions resigned. It led to appeals to a reform of the governance of Sciences Po.[42] Instead, Sciences Po faced "ultimate attempts of a generation to maintain control of the designation of a successor for Duhamel".[43] This process further tarnished the reputation of Sciences Po.[44] L'Express later published an significative investigation on the transformations of Sciences Po since the 1990s, called "Sciences Po goes off the rails".[45]
Bénédicte Durand, interim administrator of Sciences Po, published in L’Express an op-ed stating that Sciences Po is facing "one of the most painful crisis of (the) history" of Sciences Po. She criticized the fact that the school has become the "target" of a "witch hunt" and is held responsible for "all the woes of the society" without "intellectual honesty", she let the "hate-mongers" know that Sciences Po will survive this crisis in spite of the "threats".[46] The institute later published reports on deontology and sexual violence that were called by Nouvel Obs "abundant but shy".[47]
Кампусы
Sciences Po has seven campuses in France, with each specialising in different regions of the globe. According to the Sciences Po brochure, every May, at the end of the academic year, all seven campuses come together for the inter-campus Collegiades de SciencesPo tournament, also known as the MiniCrit. At the tournament, students represent each campus and compete against one another in arts and athletic competitions. Different events include athletic games such as volleyball and football, as well as artistic competitions such as music and dance.[48][49]
Paris campus
The Paris campus is spread across several buildings concentrated around the Boulevard Saint-Germain in the 6th and 7th arrondissements.[50] The historic centre of Sciences Po at 27 rue Saint-Guillaume houses the head office and central library since 1879. It is also home to Sciences Po's two largest teaching halls, the Amphitheatres Émile Boutmy and Jacques Chapsal. Other buildings include:
- 117, boulevard Saint-Germain: School of Journalism
- 199, boulevard Saint-Germain: Doctoral School
- 174 and 224, boulevard Saint-Germain: offices and classrooms
- 13, rue de l'Université / The René Rémond building: Law School and administrative offices
- 8, rue Jean-Sébastien-Bach: Urban School
- 28, rue des Saints-Pères: Paris School of International Affairs (PSIA)
- 56, rue des Saints-Pères: Language Lab, audiovisual service and a cartography workshop.
- 56, rue Jacob: Research Center for History (Centre d'histoire de Sciences Po) and International Relations (Centre d'études et de recherches internationales)
The Paris campus enrolls about 3,000 undergraduate students, almost a third of whom are international exchange students.[51]
Sciences Po purchased in 2016 the Hôtel de l’Artillerie, a 17th-century former monastery of 14,000 m2 located 200 meters from its campus on rue Saint-Guillaume, from the French Ministry of Defense and will refurbish the building for a total cost of around 200 million euros in total (estimation).[52][53] The new facility will be for the graduate programs and will open in 2022.[54] It will provide social housing for 50 to 100 students with need-based aid from the State.[55][56]
Dijon campus
Located in the region of Burgundy in a 19th-century building, the Dijon campus was created in 2001 and now welcomes around 160 students.[57]
Le Havre campus
Located on the coast of Normandy, Le Havre has hosted the undergraduate Euro-Asian campus since 2007. The campus welcomes 300 students each year.[58] With a choice between 3 majors, including economics and society, politics and government and political humanities, students primarily choose to spend their third year abroad in an Asian country. Furthermore, Le Havre is home to several Dual Degree programs, and welcomes international students from over thirty countries from all around the world. According the Sciences Po brochure, Le Havre campus has a vibrant campus culture, upholding numerous artistic and sports clubs and celebrating important Asian holidays, such as Diwali and Chinese New Year. Being situated only two hours away from Paris, the students of this campus would be especially fortunate to benefit from guest speakers and professors coming from the capital.
Menton campus
Established in the French Riviera city of Menton in 2005, the campus is located in an entirely renovated 19th-century building overlooking the Mediterranean. According to the Sciences Po brochure, Menton is home to the Middle Eastern and Mediterranean focus branch of Sciences Po and welcomes 300 students each year.[59] Students study in one of two tracks (anglophone/francophone) and may take one of three core Oriental languages (Arabic, Farsi, or Turkish) and an additional concentration language (Italian or Hebrew) if they are fluent in their core language. The third mandatory year abroad is spent in the Middle East or elsewhere.
Nancy campus
Established in the region of Lorraine in 2000, the Nancy campus is located in a prestigious 18th century heritage site, the Hôtel des Missions Royales. The curriculum is taught in French, English and German, as it focuses on the European Union and French-German relations. The campus welcomes over 300 students each year.[60]
Poitiers campus
Opened in 2010, the campus is located in the heart of the historic city of Poitiers in the Hôtel Chaboureau, a renovated building dating from the 15th century. The academic programme is focused on Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula. The campus welcomes about 200 students.[61]
Reims campus
The Reims campus opened in September 2010. It is housed in the 17th century College des Jesuits. Despite being the most recent campus, it is the largest of the regional campuses of Sciences Po, welcoming over 1,600 undergraduate students each year.[62] The Reims campus hosts both the Europe-North America program and the Europe-Africa Program as well as an exchange program.
In autumn 2017, a new section of the campus, complete with a new cafeteria and amphitheatre was opened to accommodate more students.
Образование
The academic bodies of Sciences Po consist of the Undergraduate College, six professional schools, and the Doctoral School.
Undergraduate level
The Sciences Po Undergraduate College offers a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree with a multidisciplinary foundation in the humanities and social sciences with emphasis on civic, linguistic, artistic, and digital training.[63]
On all campuses, students choose a multidisciplinary major – Politics & Government, Economies & Societies, or Political Humanities. In addition, each campus offers a different regional specialism which anchors students' intellectual objectives, the regions are: Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, Middle East-Mediterranean, and North America.
Sciences Po offers dual bachelor's degrees with Columbia University, Keio University, University College London, Freie Universität Berlin, University of British Columbia, the University of Sydney, the National University of Singapore, the University of Hong Kong, University of California Berkeley.[63]
The current dean of the Undergraduate College is Stéphanie Balme.
In 2019, 11,123 students applied to the Undergraduate College across all three admissions pathways (the exam procedure, the Equal Opportunity Programme, and the international procedure). 1,904 students were accepted, for an admission rate of 18%.[64]
Graduate level
At the graduate level, Sciences Po's seven schools offer one- and two-year Master's programmes and PhD programmes. All graduate programmes are delivered on the Sciences Po campus in Paris. Sciences Po also hosts dual Master's programmes with international partners. Students enrolled in these dual degree programmes spend one year at Sciences Po in Paris and one year at the partner university.[65]
Schools
The Undergraduate College (Collège universitaire) is the home of all undergraduate students. At the graduate level, there are seven professional schools:[66]
- School of Public Affairs
- Paris School of International Affairs
- Sciences Po Law School
- Urban School
- School of Management and Innovation
- School of Journalism
- Doctoral School
The Doctoral School offers Master and PhD programmes in law, economics, history, political science, or sociology. The PhD programme contains roughly 600 doctoral candidates.
Research
Research at Sciences Po covers economics, law, history, sociology and political science, while also taking in interdisciplinary topics such as cities, political ecology, sustainable development, socio-economics and globalization.
Sciences Po is home to a research community that includes over 200 researchers and 350 PhD candidates.[67] In 2015, 32% of the school's budget was devoted to research. That year, 65% of its research publications were in French, 32% in English and 3% in other languages.[68]
The institute has research centers, seven of which are affiliated with France's National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS).[69]
- Center for Socio-Political Data (CDSP), which provides scientifically-validated data for international survey programs. It also supports training in data collection and analysis.
- Centre for European Studies and Comparative Politics (CEE), which focuses on inter-disciplinary European studies; participation, democracy and government; election analyses; the restructuring of the state and public action.
- Centre for International Studies (CERI), which produces comparative and historical analysis on foreign societies, international relations, and political, social and economic phenomena.
- Centre for Political Research (CEVIPOF), which investigates political attitudes, behaviour and parties, as well as political thought and the history of ideas.
- Centre for History (CHSP), whose research focuses on: arts, knowledge and culture; wars, conflicts and violence; states, institutions and societies; the political and cultural history of contemporary France; from local to global; international history and its levels.
- Centre for the Sociology of Organisations (CSO), which conducts research on the sociology of organisations, sociology of public policy, and economic sociology. It also studies issues related to higher education and research, healthcare, sustainable development, the evolution of firms, and the transformation of the state.
- Center for Studies in Social Change (OSC), which conducts research on topics such as urban, school and gender inequalities, stratification and social mobility, and ethno-racial or social segregation.
- Department of Economics, which investigates areas such as labour markets, international economics, political economy, microeconomics and development.
- Law School, whose research focuses on globalisation, legal cultures and the economics of law. It has also produced work on the theory and history of law, public and private international law and intellectual property.
- Médialab, which studies the way data generated by new information technologies is produced, circulated and exploited.[70]
- The French Economic Observatory (OFCE), which is both a research centre and an independent economic forecasting body. Its stated mission is to "ensure that the fruits of scientific rigour and academic independence serve the public debate about the economy".[71][69][72]
In addition to these research units, the institute has recently established three major research programs – the LIEPP, DIME-SHS and MaxPo.[69]
- The Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire d'Evaluation des Politiques Publiques (LIEPP) analyzes public policy based on qualitative, comparative, and quantitative methods.[73] The laboratory has been selected by an international scientific jury as a "Laboratoire d'Excellence" (Labex) that will be financed for the next ten years by the French government.[74]
- Données Infrastructures et Méthodes d'Enquête en Sciences Humaines et Sociales (DIME-SHS) aims to collect and disseminate data for use in humanities and social sciences research.[75]
- The Max Planck Sciences Po Center on Coping with Instability in Market Societies (known as MaxPo), was founded in 2012 in co-operation with the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies (MPIfG). It investigates how individuals, organizations, and nation-states deal with various forms of economic and social instability. It is located at Sciences Po's Paris campus.[76][77]
Library and publishing
Founded in 1871, the nucleus of the school's research is the Bibliothèque de Sciences Po. The library offers a collection of more than 950,000 titles in the field of social sciences.
In 1982, the Ministry of National Education made the Bibliothèque the Centre for Acquisition and Dissemination of Scientific and Technical Information in the field of political science, and since 1994, it has been the antenna associated with the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.[78] The Bibliothèque de Sciences Po is also the main French partner in the International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, which is based at the London School of Economics.[79]
Founded in the 1950s, Presses de Sciences Po is the publishing house of Sciences Po. It publishes academic works related to the social sciences.[80]
Public lectures
Sciences Po organizes public lecture events. Recent guest speakers have included Ban Ki-moon, General David Petraeus, Condoleezza Rice, former President of Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Eric Schmidt, Joseph Stiglitz, Sheryl Sandberg, Mario Draghi, UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova and Harvard University professor Michael Sandel.[81][82][83]
Since 2007 it has organized the Franco-British Dialogue Lecture Series in collaboration with the LSE and the French Embassy in London. The lectures are held every term at the LSE's European Institute.[84][85]
Репутация и рейтинг
Rankings
In rankings based on English-speaking publications, QS Rankings and Times Higher Education, Sciences Po is globally ranked 242 and 401–500. It was ranked 2nd globally in Politics in the QS World University Subjects Rankings 2020, whereas it is ranked 62nd in social sciences by Times Higher Education.
Year | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Global and regional rankings | ||||||||
QS - Global ranking | 214 | 222 | 223 | 220 | 220 | 221 | 242 (7) | 242 (7) |
THE - Global ranking | 401–500 | 401–500 | 401–500 (19) | 501-600 (21) | ||||
THE - Europe Teaching Ranking | –/258 (–/14) | |||||||
By field | ||||||||
QS - Social Sciences & Management | – | – | – | 62 | 67 | 69 | 59 (4) | 56 (3) |
THE - Social Sciences & Management | 69 (2) | |||||||
QS - Arts & Humanities | – | – | – | 154 | 207 | 176 | 170 (6) | 162 (5) |
THE - Arts & Humanities | -/536 (-/20) | |||||||
By subject | ||||||||
QS - Politics | 13 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 (1) |
QS - Social Policy & Administration | – | – | 40 | 51–100 | 48 | 22 | 23 | 21 (1) |
QS - Sociology | 36 | 51–100 | 50 | 44 | 37 | 28 | 28 | |
QS - Development Studies | – | 51–100 | 51–100 | – | 51–100 | 51–100 | 40 | |
QS - Law & Legal Studies | 51–100 | 51–100 | 51–100 | 51–100 | 51–100 | 51–100 | 50 | |
THE - Law | –/190 (–/2) | |||||||
Eduniversal - Law (global) | (–/15) | |||||||
QS - Economics & Econometrics | 101–150 | 101–150 | 51–100 | 101–150 | 101–150 | 101–150 | 51–100 | |
THE - Business & Economics | –/632 (–/20) | |||||||
QS - History | – | – | 101–150 | 51–100 | 51–100 | 101–150 | 101–150 | |
QS - Philosophy | – | – | – | – | – | – | 151–200 | |
QS - Modern Languages | – | 151–200 | 201–250 | 251–300 | 201–250 | 201–250 | 201–250 | |
QS - Accounting & Finance | – | – | – | – | – | 201–250 | 201–250 |
Reputation and criticism
Sciences Po is often described and describe itself as an elite institution, due to its entrance selectivity and its close connection with powerful networks within French society.[87][88][89] It has been described as a "school of power" that has emulated abroad.[90] Because this elite status is associated with social reproduction, Sciences Po launched in 2001 an "Equal Opportunity Programme", so that young people from working class families represent, in 2013, 9% of students.[91][92]
Sciences Po is often described as a school focusing on professional networks rather than education and expertise.[93][94] It diversification beyond political science and history in the 1990s would have resulted in limited expertise on each subject.[95] As a result, the school is nicknamed "Sciences Pipeau" (pronounced and sometimes spelled "Sciences Pipo", "pipeau" meaning "scam" in colloquial French[96]) by the general public and within the school.[97][98][99][100] One of the courses related to the Law have been nicknamed "Legal Bullshit" by students due to the lack of content.[101]
The school has therefore been criticized by outside observers and students for not having them acquire an actual expertise.[102][97][103] The sociologist Nicolas Jounin, alumnus of Sciences Po, talked about an "intellectual imposture" in an op-ed called "it is time to be done with Sciences Po".[104] The journalist at France Culture Guillaume Erner stated that the institution is "only advertisement and artifice".[105] According "Le Monde", students in the school would be sometimes "disillusioned" after having "fantasized" about the school.[106]
The institute has a reputation of having low expectations from its students. According to Le Monde, "when students educated in a faculty of social science join a master at Sciences Po, their academic level is often higher than those who followed multi-disciplinary education at an institute of political science".[107] A student both at Sciences Po and at Paris II told L'Express: "In Law (at Paris II), I spend three days on an essay and I have 8 (out of 20); at Sciences Po, I spend three hours on an essay and I have 16 (out of 20)."[108] Lecturers at Sciences Po criticized in 2012 the instruction they received from the school not to take into account grammar mistakes in their marking.[109] The trend would furthermore be a decline of the level; according to Le Monde, the cause would be the 2001 "Equal Opportunity Programme", but a lecturer in the school stated in 2021 that the reason is more the desire to attract international students and therefore the need to mark more leniently: all marks are harmonized so that the average mark would always be the same.[110][111]
The school has also been criticized for its close-mindedness and for its self-persuasion to be an elite institution.[112][113] Libération stated in an editorial that the school have not understood that it is not special nor outside of the world.[114] Peter Gumbel called Sciences Po and other "Grandes Écoles" "elite colleges [which] have become a machine for perpetuating a brilliant but blinkered, often arrogant and frequently incompetent ruling freemasonry".[102] The academic Gilles Devers criticized the institution for being the "base of the conservatism, and the mold of the molluscs that make the public elite" where "dissenting ideas are only admitted if they strengthen the system".[115]
Sciences Po has also been accused of being unduly helped by the media and politicians. "Almost every French newspaper is run by an alumnus of Sciences Po", and most of the journalists in France are alumni from Science Po, so it would give the school "an unparalleled media coverage" and permit it to "cultivate a culture of secrecy" about its internal affairs.[116][better source needed][117] "Sciences-Po is under-criticized," analyzes a professor for Mediapart, "Those who teach there have no interest, and not necessarily the urge, to do so. Those who are not there can hope to be there one day."[117] The journalist Ariane Chemin stated in 2013 that, because so many journalists come from Sciences Po, the school has an unduly good public reputation.[118]
The institute has also been criticized for the unfair favoritism it would be the subject of from the State, in which many public servants would be alumni of the school. It is partly state-funded, and some, including institutes of political studies in the provinces, have indeed accused it of receiving a disproportionate share of public money. In 2012, for example, Sciences Po Lille student representatives called Sciences Po (Paris) the "coronation of State inequity".[119] Nicolas Jounin stated that the school is a "financial hold-up".[120]
Споры
Governance controversies
Sciences Po is funded in big part by public money and is a semi-public institute but is governed as a private institution. It have been described by Alain Garigou as governed from 1872 to 2013 in compliance the "discreet rules of the bourgeoisie".[121] The founder Emile Boutmy stayed the director until his death in 1906 and his successor stayed until he was 90 years old in 1936.
In 2013, the process of designation of a successor for Richard Descoings has been openly criticized. Louis Vogel, professor of Law, former president of the Society of Presidents of University, of Paris 2 University and of Sorbonne University and Sciences Po alumnus, had announced its candidacy based on bringing the school closer to the universités in a new international environment.[122] He was presented as the front-runner as his profile and experience matched the best the advertised job profile.[123] Louis Vogel was one of the three preselected candidacies but ended up retracting its candidacy before the final choice. He stated that the pre-selection also chose candidates who did not fit with the job profile, showed that the real desired profile was else, and that he did not want to endorse with his candidacy a process that is in opposition with his convictions.[124] He further stated that Sciences Po "is sending a bad signal"[125] and that they will have to solve their issue internally.[126] The student vice-president of the executive board said that this decision is a "disavowal" for the research committee of Sciences Po.[127] Two other candidates publicly criticized the process.[128] In the end, Frédéric Mion made a last minute candidacy with a light application of 9 pages and was chosen with the sponsorship of Olivier Duhamel.[129]
In 2021, after the Duhamel scandal, and the resignations of Olivier Duhamel and Frédéric Mion, the process for the designation of the new head of the National Foundation, a new board of the Foundation and a new head the Institute (Sciences Po itself) was heated and largely criticized.[130][131] The press talked about a "bad soap"[132] filled with "low blows",[133] and alumni and academics talked about a "grotesque" "parody of democracy"[134] According to Challenges, people close to Duhamel who are still members of the board of the National Foundation and who will be leaving are creating ad hoc committees, outside of the status of the Foundation, to process to votes in which they have a preponderant voice to choose in advance who can be candidate to become the head and the new members of the board, who will select afterwards the director of Sciences Po itself.[135] After several votes which have been criticized for their lack of due process, Laurence Bertrand has been pre-selected to become the new head of the Foundation.[136] Another candidate judged the legitimity of the process "hardly credible".[137] A third candidate published an op-ed in Le Monde exposing the details of what he called a "tragicomedy".[138]
Duhamel scandal
Camille Kouchner
, daughter of Bernard Kouchner, published a book in which she wrote that her step-father Olivier Duhamel, at that time president of the Foundation of Sciences Po which was the "heart of [his] power" for 30 years,[24] was sexually abusing his step-son for two years during his childhood.[139][140][141] She denounced the "microcosm of powerful people, [at] Saint-Germain-des-Prés" (headquarters of Sciences Po) who "knew" according to her, but acted "like nothing happened".[142] Newspapers further unearthed a series of controversial attitudes toward the sexuality of minors.[143][144] It led to a series of investigations on the environment of Duhamel at Sciences Po and on the way they dealt with these abuses.[24]The scandal "shook" Sciences Po (Le Monde)[145][24] and put it into turmoil (France Culture).[146] The scandal was compared to a "bomb" launched on Sciences Po (Le Figaro),[147] to an "unpinned grenade throwned on Sciences Po" (Le Temps and Courrier International)[148] and to a "shockwave" on Sciences Po (The Times,[149] La Croix[150] etc.). Frederic Mion had been alerted, in particular by Aurélie Filippetti in 2019, former Ministry of Culture,[151] of the situation but a "law of silence" had been put in place in the family regarding this.[139] Mion declared he thought he was "rumour" and that he should have taken the issue more seriously. He told Le Monde: "I let myself be fooled".[152][151] According to Le Temps, a group of lecturers, some of them since 2008, knew these allegations, and didn't break the silence, justifying themselves by the possible prescriptive period or that these facts were part of the "familial saga" in a hedonist context and "complex parents-children relations" in the 1970s.[153]
It led to a series of resignations at Sciences Po. After the resignation of Duhamel himself, students and public figures asked for the resignation of Frédéric Mion, director of Sciences Po, before and after he refused to do so.[154][155][156][157] Mion, who was chosen by Duhamel as director of Sciences Po with a salary of 200,000 euros in controversial circumstances,[158][149][152] said he acknowledged "errors in judgment in [his] handling of the allegations", and after a continuous pressure to do so, he resigned in the end.[159] It later appeared that he lied to the inspectors to protect at least 6 other people inside Sciences Po.[160] Marc Guillaume, former secretary of state and current prefect of the Paris region resigned from the National foundation of Sciences Po.[161]
Through Sciences Po, Duhamel had a large "network of influence" in politics, newspapers, TV channels, finance, etc. and therefore the scandal attained many people because of their link with the institution.[162] Their role in protecting this intellectual environment has been questioned.[163] Duhamel's power has extented to Emmanuel Macron and Édouard Philippe (former Prime Minister), both Sciences Po alumni, and both are trying to distance themselves from the "Dumahel case".[164] Elisabeth Guigou, former minister of Justice, resigned from the national commission on incest.[161]
The scandal also has put into light the power of the Foundation of Sciences Po, less well known than Sciences Po itself but "at the heart of strategical decisions since 1945", and that the FNSP and Sciences Po are "untouchable with the power of their network".[150]
Following the Duhamel scandal, Sciences Po issued a statement condemning "all forms of sexualized violence" and declaring "its shock and astonishment". It also stated: “The fight against sexual and gender-based violence is at the heart of our institution’s core values and actions.”[140]
Sexual violence
It was revealed, after his death, that Richard Descoing, head of the school from 1997 to 2012, had sex with students.[165] and made no case of Dominique Strauss-Kahn's habit of "seducing" young students.[139] Descoing also has been accused of sending burning messages to students, but no further inquiry was made.[24] Descoing had a controversial night life and relation to drugs, and was found dead in a hotel in suspicious circumstances.[166][167][168] After the New York v. Strauss-Kahn case, DSK had to stop giving lectures at Sciences Po.[169] He admitted orgies with young women[who?][where?] but had denied any violence.[170]
In February 2021, hundreds of students and former students shared on Twitter allegations of rape or sexual abuse at several Instituts d'études politiques, and claimed that despite denunciations of victims, "colleagues and staff [were] unwilling to take their complaints seriously".[171][172] A hashtag #SciencesPorcs ("Sciences Pigs", similar to the French #Meetoo hashtag #Balancetonporcs) has been widely used to do so.[173]
Among many op-eds dealing with the 2021 crisis at Sciences Po, two male alumni published in L'Express an op-ed specific to the sexual violence scandal, stating their disagreement with the "caricature" that is made of Sciences Po, which would be the object of "passions, sometimes irrational ones" in the public "imaginary" because of the elite status they say the institute has; they assured there is no systemic problem regarding sexual violence in Sciences Po.[174] Bénédicte Durand, interim administrator of the school, further told Le Figaro that "no, there is no rape culture in Sciences Po".[175]
The school published a report on sexual and sexist violence that was called "abundant but shy".[176]
Race and social issues
Many students and some members of the French Parliament have expressed concern about the enforcement of racialism in Sciences Po.[177]
Other students have created the association "Being Black at Sciences Po" to denounce open racism toward people of African descent by staff and students in the Reims and Mention campuses.[178]
The institution has been accused by two members of Parliament, in particular Annie Genevard, to give additional points to students using the controversial écriture inclusive. Sciences Po has denied this claim and it has been widely reported as fake news,[179] but Le Figaro news have found the information to be true[180] and some media have taken back their assessment of this information as being fake news.[181]
Financial scandals
Alain Lancelot, director of Sciences Po from 1987 to 1996, was investigated for financial mismanagement by the French Court of Audit.[182]
Since 1997, the institution has been hit by a number of scandals, notably concerning the leadership of Richard Descoings, its director from 1997 to 2012.[183][184][185]
Descoings, director from 1997 to 2012, had been criticized for offering large sums of money (through salary rise, free accommodation, etc.) to diverse members of staff, including his wife, in spite of the fact that Sciences Po is partly stately funded.[186]
In February 2012, it was revealed that an inspector of the French Court of Audit, in charge of investigating the financial behaviour of Sciences Po, was at the same time employed by Sciences Po.[187]
On 3 April 2012, Descoings was found dead in his Manhattan luxury hotel room during a trip where he was representing Sciences Po in New York. The police initially concluded that his death had been caused by an overdose,[188] but the final coronary report eventually stated that he died a natural death.[189] Descoings' energy on this last day and the missing phones and computer have raised questions as to the precise circumstances of his death.[190]
In October 2012, the Court of Audit reprimanded Sciences Po for financial mismanagement, accusing it of opaque remuneration procedures, unwarranted expenses claims and excessive pay-rises for managers.[191] The Court noted that the school's complex legal status – a public institute managed by a private trust – had contributed to dysfunction and waste. It also criticized the French government for increasing state funding for the school without insisting on additional public oversight.[192][193] Sciences Po has also been accused to prevail results over morals.[194]
In November 2012, the government dismissed Hervé Crès
, Sciences Po's interim director, but he sought the school's permanent directorship all the same, reasoning that Alain Lancelot and Richard Descoings, former Sciences Po directors, had also been reprimanded by the Court of Audit and yet performed well in their management of the school.[195]In July 2015, Jean-Claude Casanova, the former president of the Foundation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, the private trust which manages Sciences Po, was fined €1500 for failing to properly consult the Foundation's Administrative Council over budgeting decisions involving public money. The Court of Financial and Budgetary Discipline eventually found Casanova guilty, but gave him a lenient sentence because the procedures had some part of regularity and because it was not customary in Sciences Po to follow all the financial rules.[196][197]
In February 2016, the Court of Audit noted that reforms had been made, but stated that greater transparency was still needed. Frédéric Mion, director of Sciences Po since 2013, defended the school's record and asked the judges to write their report again.[198][199]
Access to the Bar
Originally, only the "maîtrise en droit" delivered after 4 years of study by universités (as opposed to Grandes écoles like Sciences Po) was giving access to the legal profession. As soon as 2004, fearing for the access to the bar and legal professions to be open to institutions that are not faculties of law in universités, 54 professors of law signed a long text in the 'Recueil Dalloz' (major French legal journal), called "The Fight for the Law". They pointed out in particular the problem of the quality of the knowledge of legal professionals and of their deontology, should it be otherwise. They managed to have the education in law to have a special place in the French Code of Education. The move was co-led by Guillaume Drago, professor at Paris II Panthéon-Assas, and François Gaudu, professor at Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne.[200]
In 2007, however, a governmental decree authorized Sciences Po students to pass the Bar exam, providing they take a master's degree with the mention "law". Academics in law labeled such a move as a "coup" and created an online petition called "call against the questioning of the utility of legal studies in the education of lawyers" ("appel contre la remise en cause de l'utilité des études juridiques dans la formation des avocats"). 445 academics publicly signed the petition, which is 15% of all French academics in law. The unity of the French academic body was noted: left- and right-wing professors, professors from Paris and outside Paris, in public law or private law... were in favor of the move. Students’ unions supported it. The union of (French) law school's deans "totally" associated itself to the move too. These critics said that it would not be a problem if Sciences Po was offering 8 semesters of law, as required as a general rule, to access to the bar. However, Sciences Po would be offering only general courses in social sciences with only a "sprinkling of law" in the masters programs. That would not be enough to become a barrister (avocat) and would put into question the utility of the law to become one. It would be creating barristers with a cheap education in law and would be detrimental, in particular, for the citizens who would take the services of barristers who did not have a proper education in law.[200] To them, with this decree, the law was becoming a marketing product in a service of a school of political science that has many connections with politicians. They would have preferred Sciences Po to keep with political sciences.[201]
In 2009, Sciences Po created the "École de droit de Sciences Po" ("law school", as opposed in French to a faculté de droit, "faculty of law"), delivering masters (graduate) degrees only. In 2008, partly as an answer, Paris II Panthéon-Assas created a collège de droit (undergraduate level) and then an "école de droit" (graduate level) on top of its faculty of law to attract top students in France.[202][203][204] A lot of universities followed this model, and created these highly selective "colleges" or "schools".[205]
Miscellaneous
Sciences Po has been criticized for the abuse of the title of "professor" from their adjunct lecturers. Only 7% of the teaching body have permanent employment. People lecturing only a few hours call themselves "professor at Sciences Po". It would create an artificial advertisement, both for Sciences Po advertising on a prestigious "staff" and for politicians and journalists linking themselves to this prestigious network.[206]
Известные люди
Former students
It has been customary to graduate in Sciences Po in addition to a law school or a grande école in Paris, therefore many of these graduates are also graduates of the latter.[207] Most the alumni network is composed of students who received lectures in Sciences in addition to another studies.
In 2016, 55 000 alumni were declared by the association Sciences Po Alumni.[208] Some of them are notable, for instance for their role in politics[209] or business.[210]
Politics
Six of the eight presidents of the French Fifth Republic have attended Sciences Po, including Georges Pompidou (in addition to the École normale supérieure), François Mitterrand (in addition to the Paris Law Faculty), Jacques Chirac, Nicolas Sarkozy (who did not graduate; in addition to the law school of Paris Nanterre University), François Hollande (in addition of HEC and Paris II), and Emmanuel Macron,[211] as well as acting president Alain Poher (in addition to Mines ParisTech).
According to a study published in Le Monde in 2017, 14% (81 of the 577) of French members of parliament elected the same year were Sciences Po graduates, the most represented university in the National Assembly.[212] The French Castex government includes a number of Sciences Po graduates, including Florence Parly, Bruno Le Maire, and Jean-Michel Blanquer.[213]
International organisations and diplomacy
Diplomats and actors in international organisations were also students at Sciences Po, including Simone Veil (in addition to the Paris Law School), former President of the European Parliament; Boutros Boutros-Ghali, former UN Secretary General; Pascal Lamy, former Director-General of the World Trade Organisation; Michel Camdessus and Dominique Strauss-Kahn, former presidents of the International Monetary Fund;[214] Jean-Claude Trichet, former President of the European Central Bank.
Senior French diplomats including François Delattre (currently Permanent Representative of France to the UN),[215] Gérard Araud (former ambassador to the USA),[216] Sylvie Bermann (currently ambassador to Russia),[217] Bernard Émié (currently Director of the DGSE),[218] Jean-Maurice Ripert (currently ambassador to China)[219] and Maurice Gourdault-Montagne (currently ambassador to China)[220] are also alumni.
Business and finance
Among the alumni are CEOs of France's forty largest companies (CAC 40) (Frédéric Oudéa of banking group Société Générale, Michel Bon of France Télécom and Carrefour, Jean-Cyril Spinetta of Air France, Serge Weinberg of PPR, Gérard Mestrallet of Suez, Philippe Camus of Alcatel-Lucent, Bertrand Puech of the Hermès Group, Louis Schweitzer of Renault, Jean-Marc Espalioux, CEO of Accor ).
Alumni in the financial sector include private sector bankers such as the founder of Rothschild & Co David René de Rothschild, CEO of Lazard Italy Gerardo Braggiotti , the CFO of Morgan Stanley Europe Jean-Hugues Bittner, former chairman and CEO of Lazard Michel David-Weill, the Director of Credit Suisse World, Co-founder, Chairman and CEO of TradingScreen Philippe Buhannic, former Chief Economist for Latin America at BBVA Javier Santiso, the Chairman of Credit Suisse Europe Jean-François Roussely , Global Head of M&A of Lazard Matthieu Pigasse and CEO of Lazard France Jean-Louis Girodolle among others. Public sector alumni also include the former President of the European Central Bank and Governor of the Bank of France Jean-Claude Trichet, the former head of the European Federation of Businesses, Industries and Employers and head of the French Businesses and Employers Union Laurence Parisot, among others.
Literature and arts
Influential cultural figures, such as the writer Marcel Proust (in addition to the Paris Law School), the founder of the modern olympics Pierre de Coubertin, fashion designer Christian Dior, author Leïla Slimani, author Emmanuel Carrère, Harvard University Professor Stanley Hoffman, former Le Monde editor Jean-Marie Colombani also graduated from Sciences Po.[221]
Teaching staff
Sciences Po recruits many former or current professionals to teach courses as temporary adjunct lecturers. 7% of the teaching body are permanent members.[206]
Permanent members
The philosopher, anthropologist and sociologist Bruno Latour has been teaching at Sciences Po since 2006.[222]
Emmanuel Gaillard taught at the Law School.[223]
Past temporary lecturers
High ranking civil servants have given lectures in the past alongside their daily job, at the beginning of the evening: former French Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin, former WTO director-general Pascal Lamy, former French President Francois Hollande, former French Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin, former French foreign minister Hubert Védrine, noted historian Pierre Milza,[224] Nobel Prize Laureate economist Joseph Stiglitz, and former Economics Minister and Ex-Managing Director of IMF Dominique Strauss-Kahn.[225] The Sciences Po Paris School of International Affairs (PSIA) was founded by former Lebanese Minister of Culture Ghassan Salamé, who was succeeded by former Italian Prime Minister Enrico Letta, economist Yann Algan and former French Minister of Culture Aurélie Filippetti.
Over 20 other international politicians have been given talks at Sciences Po. This number includes Chandrika Kumaratunga, President of Sri Lanka; Sir Austen Chamberlain, British Foreign Secretary and 1925 Nobel Peace Prize laureate; Pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada; Prince Rainier III of Monaco; Pierre Werner, Prime Minister of Luxembourg; Esko Aho, Prime Minister of Finland; Salomé Zourabichvili, President of Georgia; José Socrates, Prime Minister of Portugal.[226][227]
Directors
National foundation of Sciences Po (FNSP)
- ...-2021 : Olivier Duhamel
- 2021-... : Louis Schweitzer (interim)
Sciences Po
- 1872-1906 : Emile Boutmy
- 1906-1936 : Eugène d'Eichtal
- 1945–47 : Roger Seydoux
- 1947–79 : Jacques Chapsal
- 1979–87 : Michel Gentot
- 1987–96: Alain Lancelot
- 1997–2012: Richard Descoings
- 2012: Hervé Crès (interim)
- 2012–13: Jean Gaeremynck (interim)
- 2013–2021: Frédéric Mion
Смотрите также
- Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs
- École nationale d'administration
- Grandes écoles
- Grands établissements
- Instituts d'études politiques
- Paris School of International Affairs
Ссылки и примечания
Notes
- ^ "Sciences Po rejoint la Conférence des grandes écoles".
- ^ "Les membres de Couperin", Couperin.org (in French), Paris, retrieved 12 July 2018
- ^ Sciences-Po, laminoir des élites françaises
- ^ "Disciplinary and Multidisciplinary knowledge | Sciences Po Undergraduate College". 10 February 2017.
- ^ Sciences-Po, laminoir des élites françaises
- ^ "Emile Boutmy, l'inventeur de Sciences Po, modèle du défunt Richard Descoings". L'Obs.
- ^ a b c "Sciences Po 1945–1979" Centre d’histoire de Sciences Po Archived 12 October 2005 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Sciences-Po, laminoir des élites françaises
- ^ Nord, Philip (2002). The Jacobin Legacy in Modern France: Essays in Honour of Vincent Wright. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 116. ISBN 9780199256464. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
- ^ LSE: A History of the London School of Economics and Political Science, 1895–1995. Oxford University Press. 1 June 1995. p. 73. ISBN 9780198202400. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
- ^ Socialisme et sciences sociales : Sidney Webb et la création de la London School of Economics
- ^ [https://books.google.be/books?id=pDNYDwAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&lpg=PT300&dq=%22sciences%20po%22%20%22london%20school%20of%20economics%22&hl=fr&pg=PT300#v=onepage&q=%22sciences%20po%22%20%22london%20school%20of%20economics%22&f=false Sciences po: Histoire d'une réussite De Gérard Vincent, Anne-Marie Dethomas]
- ^ "Former une élite coloniale à l'aube du XXe siècle | SciencesPo - Dossiers documentaires". dossiers-bibliotheque.sciencespo.fr. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
- ^ "1886-1887 : Programme de l'Ecole libre des sciences politiques : Ecole libre des sciences politiques (Paris) : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming". Internet Archive. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
- ^ "Une vision libérale de la colonisation | SciencesPo - Dossiers documentaires". dossiers-bibliotheque.sciencespo.fr. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
- ^ "Former une élite coloniale à l'aube du XXe siècle | SciencesPo - Dossiers documentaires". dossiers-bibliotheque.sciencespo.fr. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
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Внешние ссылки
- Sciences Po (FNSP and IEP Paris) official English-version website
- Histoire@Politique (journal published by the IEP-Paris)
- In France, a Bastion of Privilege No More New York Times, September 2011
Coordinates: 48°51′15.02″N 2°19′42.49″E / 48.8541722°N 2.3284694°E / 48.8541722; 2.3284694