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Хронология Холокоста подробно в событиях , перечисленных ниже. Также упоминается как Шоа (на иврите), Холокост был геноцидом , в котором около шести миллионов европейских евреев были убиты нацистской Германией и ее Второй мировой войны коллаборационистов . Около 1,5 миллиона жертв - дети. Две трети из девяти миллионов евреев, проживавших в Европе, были убиты. Следующая временная шкала была составлена ​​из различных источников, включая Мемориальный музей Холокоста США . [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

Хронология [ править ]

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ДатаВажные события
1879 г.Вильгельм Марр становится первым сторонником расового антисемитизма , обвиняя евреев в провале немецких революций 1848–1849 годов . [6]
1899 г.Британо-немецкий расист Хьюстон Стюарт Чемберлен издает «Основы девятнадцатого века» , в которых он пишет, что XIX век является «еврейским веком», а также пишет, что социальные проблемы Европы являются результатом доминирования в ней евреев. Книга в конечном итоге оказывает влияние на нацистскую партию . [7]
1903 г.Протоколы сионских мудрецов , документ, сфабрикованный охранкой, якобы раскрывающий тайные планы заговора еврейских религиозных лидеров с целью завоевания мира посредством насаждения либеральной демократии , опубликованы в « Знамя» в Российской империи . Позже, после 1917 года, он распространился по всему миру белыми русскими эмигрантами и стал популярным антисемитским трактатом даже после того, как было доказано, что он был подделан и плагиатом . [7] [8]
24 октября 1917 г.В Большевики во главе с В. И. Ленину взять власть в России с Октябрьской революцией . Последующие революции 1917–1923 годов вызывают опасения коммунистической экспансии в Европу, которая повлияет на европейских ультраправых . [9]
11 ноября 1918 г.Первая мировая война заканчивается Компьенским перемирием после распада Германской империи из-за революции .
1919 г.Франция развертывает африканские колониальные войска в оккупации Рейнской области союзниками , в результате чего в войсках и немецких женщинах рождаются дети смешанной расы . Дети, которых пренебрежительно называют « рейнскими ублюдками », подвергаются расовой дискриминации и предрассудкам. [10]
5 января 1919 г.Немецкая рабочая партия основана на Дрекслер и Карл Харрера как ответвление общества Туле , один из многих ультраправых, антисемитская , антикоммунистических и Volkisch групп , которые были сформированы в Германии после войны. [11]
7 мая 1919 г.Версальский договор представлен немецкой делегации на Парижской мирной конференции . Большинство немцев не одобряют выплаты репараций и принудительное признание вины Германии за войну, предусмотренные статьей 231 . [12]
16 сентября 1919 г.Адольф Гитлер , присоединившись к Немецкой рабочей партии, впервые поддерживает расовый антисемитизм. [13]
18 ноября 1919 г.Генерал-фельдмаршал Пауль фон Гинденбург дает показания перед Веймарским национальным собранием, обвиняя проигрыш в Первой мировой войне в «тайном умышленном нанесении увечий флоту и армии» и делает вводящие в заблуждение заявления о том, что британский генерал признал, что немецкая армия получила «удар в спину» ", породившая популярную теорию заговора с нанесением удара в спину . [14] [15] Позже он был избран президентом Германии на президентских выборах 1925 года .
24 февраля 1920 г.В речи перед примерно 2000 человек на Мюнхенском фестивале Хофбройхаус Гитлер провозгласил Программу из 25 пунктов Немецкой рабочей партии, позже переименованной в Национал-социалистическую (нацистскую) немецкую рабочую партию . Среди прочего, программа призывала к созданию пангерманского государства с гражданством, местожительством и другими гражданскими правами, закрепленными только за этническими немцами, без явного исключения евреев и всех не-немцев.
1921 г.Нацистская партия формирует Sturmabteilung (SA) при Отделе пропаганды и спорта. [7]
20 апреля 1923 г.Первый выпуск Der Штюрмер , высоко антисемитской бульварного формата газеты , опубликованной Julius Штрейхера , освобождается. [16]
8 ноября 1923 г.Вдохновленный маршем в Риме , Гитлер организует путч в пивном зале , попытку государственного переворота . Хотя Гитлер приговорен к 5 годам заключения в Ландсбергской тюрьме, а нацистская партия на короткое время запрещена, Гитлер впервые привлекает внимание общественности. [11]
18 июля 1925 г.Адольф Гитлер издает « Майн кампф» .
24 октября 1929 г.Wall Street крах 1929 года происходит, начиная с Великой депрессии и позволяя Гитлеру получить поддержку. [7]
1931 г.Чтобы предотвратить вывоз валюты из страны, президент фон Гинденбург декретом устанавливает 25-процентный налог на эмиграцию, рейхсский налог на авиаперелеты . Позже налог становится препятствием для евреев, пытающихся эмигрировать из Германии. [7]
Июль 1932 г.Нацисты стали крупнейшей партией Рейхстага , захватив 230 из 608 мест на федеральных выборах в Германии в июле 1932 года.
30 января 1933 г.Адольф Гитлер назначен канцлером Германии
Февраль 1933 г.Канцлер Гитлер на тайной встрече с рейхсвером определяет свою военную политику как «завоевание нового жизненного пространства на Востоке и его безжалостную германизацию». [7]
27 февраля 1933 г.Рейхстаг огонь . Последующий Указ о пожаре Рейхстага приостанавливает действие Конституции Германии и большинства гражданских свобод.
9 марта 1933 г.Концентрационный лагерь Дахау , первый концлагерь в Германии, открывается в 10 милях к северо-западу от Мюнхена на заброшенной фабрике по производству боеприпасов.
13 марта 1933 г.Министерство народного просвещения и пропаганды Рейха устанавливается под Геббельса . [7]
21 марта 1933 г.Ораниенбург концентрационный лагерь открыт в здании бывшей пивоварни в Ораниенбург с помощью SA бригады близ Берлина. [17]
23 марта 1933 г.В 1933 г. был принят Закон о полномочиях , позволявший Гитлеру править декретом .
31 марта 1933 г.Ханс Керрл и Ханс Франк издают законы в штатах Пруссия и Бавария, увольняющие судей и прокуроров-евреев и устанавливающие квоты для адвокатов и нотариусов . [7]
1 апреля 1933 г.Начинается нацистский бойкот еврейского бизнеса .
7 апреля 1933 г.Принят Закон о восстановлении профессиональной гражданской службы , запрещающий большинству евреев и коммунистов работать в правительстве. Вскоре после этого аналогичный закон коснется юристов, врачей, налоговых консультантов, музыкантов и нотариусов.
22 апреля 1933 г.Указ о лицензировании врачей Национальной службы здравоохранения, изданный под давлением доктора Герхарда Вагнера, исключает еврейских врачей из медицинской службы. [7]
25 апреля 1933 г.Закон о предотвращении переполненности немецких школ и высших учебных заведений серьезно ограничивает прием евреев в немецкие государственные школы . [18]
29 апреля 1933 г.Гестапо (немецкая тайная полиция), созданное Германом Герингом .
2 мая 1933 г.Немецкие профсоюзы запрещены и заменены Немецким трудовым фронтом под руководством Роберта Лея . [18]
10 мая 1933 г.Начинаются поджоги книг нацистами . Книги, считающиеся «антигерманскими», включая все произведения еврейских авторов, сжигают в церемониальных кострах, в том числе в большом костре на Унтер-ден-Линден, примыкающем к Берлинскому университету .
1 июня 1933 г.Закон о предупреждении безработицы предоставляет брачные ссуды генетически «приспособленным» немцам. [18]
22 июня 1933 г.Заключенные из Дюссельдорфа начинают прибывать в Эмсландлагер .
14 июля 1933 г.The Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring, calling for compulsory sterilization of the "inferior." On the same day German citizenship is revoked from Roma and Sinti in Germany, and the Nazi Party is made the only legal political party in Germany.
20 July 1933The Reichskonkordat is concluded after negotiations between Franz von Papen and Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, ensuring Nazi Germany legitimacy with the international community and allowing the government to gain the loyalty of German Catholics.[18]
20 August 1933The American Jewish Congress begins the Anti-Nazi boycott of 1933.[18]
17 September 1933The Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden is established as the legal representative body of German Jews under the leadership of Leo Baeck and Otto Hirsch.[19]
21 September – 23 December 1933Leipzig trial acquits 3 of 4 men accused of Reichstag fire. Furious, Hitler establishes a People's Court to try political crimes.
22 September 1933The Reich Chamber of Culture is established, effectively barring Jews from the arts.[18]
29 September 1933German Jews and Germans with any Jewish ancestry dating to 1800 are banned from farming under the Reichserbhofgesetz, and their land is redistributed to ethnic Germans.[18][20]
4 October 1933Jews are prohibited from journalism under the Editor Law.[18]
24 October – 24 November 1933The government passes a law allowing "dangerous and habitual criminals" – including vagrants, alcoholics, the unemployed, and the homeless – to be interned in concentration camps. The law is later amended to allow for their compulsory sterilization.[18]
1 January 1934Hitler removes all Jewish holidays from the German calendar.[21]
24 January 1934All Jews are expelled from the German Labor Front.[21]
April 1934Heinrich Himmler, who had become the leader of the entire German police force outside of Prussia the previous year, is appointed Reichsführer-SS. The Volksgericht is established to prosecute political dissidents.[21]
1 May 1934The Office of Racial Policy is established within the Nazi Party.[21]
17 May 1934Jews lose access to statutory health insurance. The German American Bund holds a rally in Madison Square Garden.[21]
9 June 1934The SD is established as the Nazi Party's intelligence agency.[21]
14 June 1934Hitler begins a purge of the SA and the non-Nazi conservative revolutionary movement through the SS under pressure from the Reichswehr. Hitler's colleague Ernst Röhm, the former Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher, and Gustav Ritter von Kahr are killed. The move guarantees Hitler military support, quashes his opposition, and enhances the power of the SS.[22] It also begins an increase in the persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany.[21]
4 July 1934The Concentration Camps Inspectorate (IKL) is established under Theodor Eicke.[21]
2-19 August 1934Hitler becomes President of Germany upon the death of Paul von Hindenburg, and becomes an absolute dictator by merging the office with the Chancellor to become the Führer.[23] All Reichswehr members swear the Hitler oath.[21]
7 October 1934Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany issue letters protesting the persecution of their religion and affirming their political neutrality.[23][21]
December 1934Himmler gains control of the Gestapo through his subordinate Reinhard Heydrich.[21][23]
1 April 1935Anti-Semitic legislation is expanded to the Saarland after the 1935 Saar status referendum.[24]
May 1935Jews are excluded from the Wehrmacht, military members are banned from marrying "non-Aryans".[25]
26 June 1935The Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring is amended to institute compulsory abortion.[24]
28 June 1935Paragraph 175 is expanded to prohibit all homosexual acts.[25]
15 September 1935Nuremberg Laws are unanimously passed by the Reichstag. Jews are no longer citizens of Germany and cannot marry Germans.
December 1935The SS Race and Settlement Main Office establishes the Lebensborn program.[24]
10 February 1936The Gestapo is given extrajudicial authority.[26]
3 March 1936German Jewish doctors are banned from practicing on German patients.[26]
29 March 1936The SS-Totenkopfverbände is established.[26]
6 June 1936Minister of the Interior Wilhelm Frick authorizes the deportation of the Romani people to concentration camps such as Marzahn.[27]
June 1936Himmler becomes Chief of German Police, and establishes the Orpo, the Sipo, and the Kripo under SS control.
12 July 1936Concentration camp inmates are transferred to Oranienburg to begin construction on Sachsenhausen concentration camp.[28]
1 August 1936The 1936 Summer Olympics open in Berlin, leading to a temporary abatement in open anti-Semitism.[27]
28 August 1936Mass arrests of Jehovah's Witnesses begin.[27]
7 October 1936A 25 percent tax is imposed on Jewish assets.[26]
1937Beginning of the Nazis' policy of seizure of Jewish property through "Aryanization".[29]
27 February 1937The Kripo begins the first mass roundup of political opponents.[30]
14 March 1937Pope Pius XI publishes an encyclical, Mit brennender Sorge, condemning the Nazis and accusing them of violating the Reichkonkordat.[29]
15 July 1937Buchenwald concentration camp opens in Ettersburg five miles from Weimar.[31]
8 November 1937Der ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew) exhibition opens in Munich.[30]
14 December 1937Himmler issues a decree that the German Criminal Police (Kripo) does not have to have evidence of a specific criminal act in order to detain persons suspected of asocial or criminal behavior indefinitely.[30]
12 March 1938Austria annexed by Nazi Germany (the Anschluss). All German anti-Jewish laws now apply in Austria.
24 March 1938Flossenbürg concentration camp is opened in Flossenbürg, Bavaria, ten miles from the border with Czechoslovakia.[32]
26 April 1938Jews are required to register all property over ℛℳ5,000 under the Four Year Plan.[33]
29 May 1938Hungary, under Miklós Horthy, passes the first of a series of anti-Jewish measures emulating Germany's Nuremberg Laws.
13–18 June 1938The first mass arrests of Jews begin through Aktion Arbeitsscheu Reich.[34]
6–15 July 1938U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt convenes the Évian Conference in Évian-les-Bains, France, to settle the issue of Jewish refugees, but only Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic allow more refugees.[35]
14 July 1938Manifesto of Race published in Fascist Italy, led to stripping the Jews of Italian citizenship and governmental and professional positions
8 August 1938The SS opens the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp complex near Linz, and establishes DEST to operate a stone quarry.[36]
27 September 1938The German government completely prohibits Jews from practicing law.[37]
30 September 1938The German government completely prohibits Jews from practicing medicine.[37]
30 September 1938The United Kingdom and France agree to allow Hitler to seize control of the Sudetenland under the Munich Agreement.[33]
5 October 1938Jews are required to have a red J in their passports.[7]
9–10 November 1938Kristallnacht
12 November 1938Jews are banned from buying and selling goods under Decree on the Elimination of the Jews from Economic Life, and are fined $400 million to repair damage from Kristallnacht.[34][33]
15 November 1938All Jewish children are expelled from German public schools.[33]
December 1938 – August 1939German Jewish child refugees are allowed to emigrate to the United Kingdom and France through the Kindertransport program.[33]
1 January 1939All Jewish-owned businesses are closed under the Law Excluding Jews from Commercial Enterprises.[37]
24 January 1939Hitler directs Heydrich to establish the Central Office for Jewish Emigration.[38]
14–16 March 1939Czechoslovakia is dissolved as Slovakia declares independence as a satellite state, and the Nazis occupy the remainder as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.[38][39]
21 March 1939The Klaipėda Region is annexed by Germany.[39]
13 May 1939MS St. Louis sails from Hamburg to Cuba with 937 refugees, mostly Jews. Only 29 are allowed in. The rest, refused by Cuba, the United States and Canada are returned to Europe.
17 May 1939Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine is curtailed by the British government through the MacDonald White Paper.
June 1939The Wagner–Rogers Bill, which would have increased immigration quotas for German Jewish children, dies in committee despite endorsement from the Roosevelt administration.[40]
18 August 1939The Interior Ministry requires midwives and pediatricians to report infants with hereditary disorders.[37]
18 October 1939First shipment of Jews to Lublin Reservation
1 September 1939The German invasion of Poland starts World War II in Europe. Thousands of Polish Jews are killed by the SS-Einsatzgruppen during Operation Tannenberg.
2 September 1939Stutthof concentration camp is established near Danzig.[38]
21 September 1939Heydrich orders all German Jews to be shipped to Poland and for all Polish Jews to be concentrated in major cities.[38]
October 1939Thousands of Jews are shipped from Vienna, Ostrava, and Katowice to the Lublin Reservation in Zarzecze, Nisko County.[38]
October 1939The Netherlands establishes a refugee camp for Central European Jewish refugees at Westerbork, Drenthe. After the German invasion the camp is converted into a transit camp to transport Jews to death camps.
8 October 1939The first Nazi ghetto is completed in Piotrków Trybunalski.
26 October 1939All territory not directly annexed by Nazi Germany or the Soviet Union is placed under the Generalgouvernment.[38]
28 October 1938The Generalgouvernment imposes compulsory labor requirements on Jews.[37]
1940Bergen-Belsen is opened near Celle as a prisoner-of-war camp.[41]
30 January 1940The German government decides to expel Gypsies to Poland.[37]
April 1940Rudolf Höss visits Oświęcim to inspect its suitability as a concentration camp for Polish political prisoners and as a colony for German settlers in Lower Silesia. Himmler approves construction of Auschwitz concentration camp.[42]
9 April 1940The German invasion of Denmark and the Norwegian Campaign begin.
30 April 1940The Łódź Ghetto, the first Nazi ghetto, is sealed.
10 May 1940The Battle of France begins, and Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg quickly fall under German control.
15 May 1940The Netherlands capitulates to the Germans, and Arthur Seyss-Inquart is appointed to lead the Reichskommissariat Niederlande.[43]
28 May 1940Belgium capitulates to the Germans
May 1940Auschwitz I opens
June 1940The National Assembly votes to surrender with the Armistice of 22 June 1940. Vichy France is established as a collaborationist state under Philippe Pétain and Pierre Laval.[44]
4 June 1940The IKL designates Neuengamme concentration camp in the outskirts of Hamburg as an independent concentration camp.[45]
14 June 1940The first prisoners arrive at Auschwitz.[37]
19 June 1940All telephones are confiscated from Jews.[37]
June 1940The Soviet Union annexes the Baltic States, Northern Bukovina, and Bessarabia with German support.[45]
July 1940Germany directly annexes Alsace and Lorraine, and 3,000 Alsatian Jews are deported to the zone libre of southern France.[45]
17 July 1940Non-French aliens are banned from taking public posts in Vichy France, a measure targeting Jews.[7]
15 August 1940Adolf Eichmann proposes the Madagascar Plan.[37]
September 1940The Vichy government converts refugee camps established for Spanish Republican and German Jewish refugees, such as Gurs and Rivesaltes, into transit camps.[43]
September 1940Anti-Semitic legislation is formulated in Slovakia under pressure from the German government.[7]
September 1940All public officials in the Reichskommissariat Niederlande are forced to attest to their Aryan background, and all Jews are eventually ordered to resign by December 31.[7]
6 September 1940King Carol II abdicates after the Second Vienna Award forces Romania to surrender Transylvania to Hungary. The National Legionary State, a coalition between the Romanian Army under Ion Antonescu and the fascist Iron Guard under Horia Simia, comes to power.[45]
20 September 1940Breendonk internment camp, a former National Redoubt fortress in Antwerp, is opened for prisoners in Nazi-occupied Belgium.[45]
24 September 1940Veit Harlan's anti-Semitic propaganda film Jud Süß premieres in Germany.[43]
27 September – 24 November 1940Germany, Italy, and Japan conclude the Tripartite Pact establishing the Axis Powers. Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania accede to the Pact as well.
3 October 1940Vichy France issues the Statut des Juifs discriminating against Jews. The law leads to similar anti-Semitic actions in French North Africa.[7]
12 October 1940All Jews are deported from Luxembourg on the orders of Gustav Simon.[7] The Warsaw Ghetto, the largest ghetto in the General Government, is established.[37]
28 October 1940General Alexander von Falkenhausen issues an order prohibiting Jews from working as civil servants, teachers, lawyers, broadcasters, or newspaper editors in the Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France.[7]
15 November 1940The Warsaw Ghetto is sealed.[45]
28 November 1940Fritz Hippler's anti-Semitic pseudo-documentary The Eternal Jew premieres.[43]
18 December 1940Hitler approves Operation Barbarossa, the plan for the German invasion of the Soviet Union[45]
21–23 January 1941The Iron Guard attempts a coup d'etat against Antonescu in the Legionnaires' rebellion. The Army suppresses the coup with aid from the Wehrmacht and the German Foreign Office, and executes a pogrom in Bucharest.[46]
24–25 February 1941The February strike is organized by the Dutch Communist Party to protest deportations of Jews. Although suppressed, the strike leads to a temporary abatement of anti-Semitic policy.[7]
March 1941The Kraków Ghetto is established.[46]
1 March 1941Himmler orders the expansion of Auschwitz.[37]
6 April 1941Nazi Germany invades Yugoslavia and Greece.[37]
10 April 1941The Independent State of Croatia is established.
21 May 1941The Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp is established near Strasbourg.[47]
22 June 1941Operation Barbarossa commences and the Wehrmacht enters Soviet territory
23 June 1941The Einsatzgruppen begin extermination operations.[37]
28 June 1941Minsk is captured after the Wehrmacht offensive in Belarus.[37]
1 July 1941Riga and Lviv are captured by the Wehrmacht.[37]
11 July 1941The Kovno Ghetto is established.[37]
20 July 1941The Minsk Ghetto is established.[37]
21 July – 31 August 1941Bessarabian Jews are massacred by the Wehrmacht, the Romanian Army, and Einsatzgruppe D.[37]
August 1941The Drancy internment camp is established by the Sipo near Paris, and is staffed by French gendarmes.[48]
1 August 1941Eastern Galicia and Lvov are annexed to the General Government, and the Białystok Ghetto is established.[37]
3 September 1941First gassings at Auschwitz using Zyklon B
15 September 1941Dutch Jews are prohibited from appearing in public and are deprived of the majority of their assets. The deportation of Romanian Jews to Transnistria begins.[37]
29–30 September 1941Babi Yar massacre of 33,771 Jews
10 October 1941Field Marshal Walter von Reichenau of the German Sixth Army issues a secret memorandum ordering the Wehrmacht to approve violations of international law in the invasion of the Soviet Union.[49]
11–12 December 1941Jews are rounded up in Lublin and interned in Majdanek concentration camp[50]
20 January 1942Wannsee Conference plans "final solution"
27 March 1942first of at least 75,721 French Jews deported from France, to Auschwitz
6 July 1942Anne Frank and her family go into hiding
22 July 1942first deportation from Warsaw Ghetto to Treblinka during Grossaktion Warsaw
23 July 1942 – 19 October 1943Treblinka death camp operates, 700-900 thousand Jews murdered
4 August 1942Jewish internees at Breendonk are sent to the Mechelen transit camp in preparation for deportation to Auschwitz.[51]
23 October 1942Jewish emigration from Nazi-controlled territory is prohibited.[37]
19 November 1942first shipment of Jews from Norway
19 April 1943 – 16 May 1943Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
1943Bergen-Belsen is converted into a concentration camp.[41]
2 August 1943Treblinka revolt
16 August 1943The Białystok Ghetto is liquidated.[37]
2 September 1943The Tarnów Ghetto is liquidated.[37]
11–14 September 1943The Minsk Ghetto is liquidated.[37]
14 October 1943Sobibor revolt and escape
3 November 1943German forces commence Operation Harvest Festival, resulting in the deaths of 43,000 Jews in the Lublin District.[37]
9 November 1943The 43-nation United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration is founded by the Allied Powers at the White House, and is placed under the authority of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force[52]
1944Raphael Lemkin, a former law lecturer at Duke University and U.S. War Department analyst, coins the term genocide in his book Axis Rule in Occupied Europe[53]
19 March 1944German troops occupy Hungary
early May 1944first transport of Hungarian Jews, to Auschwitz, began
9 July 1944Miklós Horthy halts deportations of Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz.[37]
23 June 1944Red Cross representatives see elaborately staged Nazi propaganda ruse at Theresienstadt designed to portray camps as benign
20 July 1944Attempt to assassinate Hitler fails
23 July 1944Majdanek, first major death camp liberated, by the advancing Soviet Red Army along with Lublin.
24 July 1944Greek Jews in Rhodes are deported to Auschwitz.[37]
1 August 1944Warsaw Uprising begins
4 August 1944Anne Frank and her family arrested and eventually deported to Auschwitz
16 August 1944Nazi authorities flee the Drancy camp, and it is taken by the French Red Cross.[48]
3 September 1944The final transport of Dutch Jews from Westerbork leaves for Auschwitz.[37]
October 1944Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp, created the previous summer when Buchenwald inmates were sent to Nordhausen to construct underground aircraft factories to produce V-2 rockets, is made an independent concentration camp.
7 October 1944Crematorium IV at Auschwitz destroyed in Sonderkommando uprising
15 October 1944Miklós Horthy's government in Hungary is overthrown in Operation Panzerfaust and deportations to Auschwitz resume under the Government of National Unity.[37]
5 November 1944Adolf Eichmann authorizes the first death marches to the Budapest Ghetto.[37]
25 November 1944Heinrich Himmler orders the gas chambers of Auschwitz destroyed as incriminating evidence of genocide
27 January 1945Auschwitz death camp liberated by the 60th Army of the First Ukrainian Front.[54] Anniversary is observed as International Holocaust Remembrance Day.
c. February or March 1945Anne Frank and her sister Margot die in Bergen-Belsen
4 April 1945Ohrdruf subcamp of Buchenwald is liberated by the 4th Armored Division, and is the first German concentration camp to be reached by American military forces
11 April 1945Buchenwald death camp liberated by the 6th Armored Division of the U.S. Third Army.[55] Dora-Mittelbau is liberated by the U.S. 104th Infantry Division[56]
12 April 1945Westerbork transit camp is liberated by the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division[57]
15 April 1945Bergen-Belsen death camp is liberated by the 11th Armoured Division of the British Army[58]
19 April 19459,000 prisoners of Neuengamme are evacuated to Lübeck due to the advancing British Army, while 3,000 prisoners are murdered and 700 German prisoners remain behind to destroy files and are conscripted into the SS.
29 April 1945Dachau liberated by the Americans and Ravensbrück by the Soviets
30 April 1945Adolf Hitler suicide
3–4 May 1945The British liberate Neuengamme. The SS attempts to evacuate the remaining prisoners on ocean liners, resulting in the deaths of thousands of prisoners after a Royal Air Force raid sinks the Cap Ancona and the Thielbek.[59]
5 May 1945Mauthausen liberated by the Americans
8 May 1945Theresienstadt liberated by the Soviets
8 May 1945VE day — Germany surrenders unconditionally
23 May 1945Heinrich Himmler suicide
June 1945The U.S. State Department commissions a report on UNRRA displaced persons camps by Earl G. Harrison, who protests poor conditions in the camps. The Harrison Report is read by U.S. President Harry S Truman and British Prime Minister Clement Attlee and published in The New York Times[60]
20 November 1945 – 1 October 1946first Nuremberg trials, of 24 top Nazi officials
20 December 1945The Allied Control Council issues Law No. 22 allowing individual courts to try war criminals and Holocaust perpetrators.[37]
22 December 1945President Truman issues an executive order mandating that displaced persons from the Holocaust be given preference in the U.S. immigration system.[61]
2 July 1946Orson Welles' The Stranger, first feature film with concentration camp footage, released. Hundreds more feature films and documentaries about the Holocaust would be made.
1947UNRRA is superseded by the International Refugee Organization[52]
25 June 1947The Diary of a Young Girl, Anne Frank's diary, is published in the Netherlands[62]
11 July 1947SS Exodus departs France for the British Mandate of Palestine. Her 4,515 passengers, mostly Holocaust survivors, are intercepted by the British Navy and shipped back to camps in Germany.
1948The 80th United States Congress passes the Displaced Persons Act allowing 200,000 displaced persons to enter the United States[63]
14 May 1948State of Israel declares independence
9 December 1948The United Nations ratifies the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide[53]
1949Separate postwar civilian governments in East and West Germany are formed due to the beginning of the Cold War[64]
1950The Displaced Persons Act is amended to remove restrictions to Jewish displaced persons.[63]
1951West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion begin negotiations for an agreement on reparations.[65]
1952The last displaced persons camps in Europe are closed, with most of its inhabitants having been successfully resettled[63]
10 September 1952Israel and West Germany ratify the Reparations Agreement in Luxembourg allowing for reparations payments between the two countries between 1953 and 1965.[65]
25 August 1953The Knesset founds Yad Vashem.[37]
11 May 1960Adolf Eichmann, one of the major organizers of the Holocaust, is captured in Argentina, and brought to Israel where he is tried, convicted.
31 May 1962Adolf Eichmann executed
20 December 1963 – 19 August 1965The Frankfurt Auschwitz trials occur, the first trial of German Holocaust perpetrators by the West German civilian judicial system[65]
1986Elie Wiesel, a Romanian-born Holocaust survivor and the author of the 1958 semi-autobiographical book Night, is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his human rights activism.[66]
22 August 1993The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is founded in Washington, D.C.[37]
1998Maurice Papon, a former civil servant who facilitated the deportation of Jews from Bordeaux, is convicted for crimes against humanity by a French court, renewing public awareness of the role of French collaborationists in the Holocaust.[67]

See also[edit]

  • Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps
  • Timeline of the Holocaust in Norway
  • Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp

References[edit]

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