Министерство аюрведы , йоги , натуропатии , Унани , Сиддха , Sowa-Ригпы и гомеопатия (сокращенно AYUSH ) предназначен с развитием образования, научных исследований и распространения коренных альтернативных систем медицины в Индии . Согласно недавнему уведомлению, опубликованному в Gazette of India 13 апреля 2021 года, Министерство АЮШ (Аюрведа, Йога и Натуропатия, Унани, Сиддха и Гомеопатия) теперь будет называться Министерством Аюш. Министерство Аюш включает семь традиционных систем здравоохранения.
Обзор агентства | |
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Сформирован | 9 ноября 2014 г. |
Юрисдикция | Республика Индия |
Ответственный министр |
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Руководитель агентства | |
Веб-сайт | Ayush |
Министерство возглавляет государственный министр (независимый поверенный), который в настоящее время возглавляет Шрипад Йессо Найк . [1]
Министерство столкнулось с серьезной критикой систем финансирования, которые не имеют биологической достоверности и либо непроверены, либо окончательно доказаны как неэффективные. Качество исследований было низким, и лекарства были запущены без каких-либо тщательных фармакологических исследований и значимых клинических испытаний Аюрведы или других альтернативных систем здравоохранения. [2] [3] Министерство широко известно продвижением лженауки и шарлатанства в форме ненаучной альтернативной медицины.
История
Акцент на местных моделях здравоохранения
В последующих пятилетних планах значительное внимание уделялось альтернативным, особенно местным, формам медицины в секторе здравоохранения. [ необходима цитата ] Правительство Индии учредило многочисленные комитеты для развития сектора здравоохранения (Бхор (1946), Мудалиар (1961) и Шривастава (1975)), которые сделали упор на улучшение традиционных систем медицины в Индии. [4] Национальная политика здравоохранения (1983 г.), Национальная политика в области образования в области наук о здоровье (1989 г.) и Национальная политика здравоохранения (2002 г.) подчеркивают роль Индийской школы медицины (ISM) и гомеопатии (H) в улучшении доступа к здравоохранению и просят способствуя его проникновению в сельские массы. [5]
Образовательные курсы и ISM&H
Диплом курс аюрведы был запущен в 3 - й (1961-1966) пятилетнего плана и Центральный совет индийской медицины был создан в 1970 году , а затем Центральным советом гомеопатии в 1973 г. [ править ] 6 - й (1980-1985) и седьмой (1985–1990) пятилетний план, направленный на разработку новых лекарств ISM&H и привлечение практикующих ISM&H в сельское семейное здравоохранение. [ необходима цитата ] В 8-м (1992–1997) пятилетнем плане значительный акцент делается на актуализацию АЮШ. [ необходима цитата ] Департамент индийской системы медицины и гомеопатии (ISM & H) был открыт в марте 1995 года при Министерстве здравоохранения и благосостояния семьи . [6]
Мейнстриминг и АЮШ
Девятый пятилетний план (1998-2002 гг.) Обеспечил его интеграцию с западной медициной, а также был первым, в котором различные аспекты системы AYUSH рассматривались автономно и были сосредоточены на общем развитии, начиная от инвестиций в развитие и сохранение человеческих ресурсов. и выращивание лекарственных растений для завершения фармакопеи и определения эффективных производственных процессов. [ Править ] Отдел был переименован в AYUSH в ноябре 2003 года [6] Национальная миссия по охране здоровья сельских районов впоследствии была запущена в 2005 году для интеграции практикующих Ayush в национальных программах в области здравоохранения особ. в первичной медико-санитарной помощи (медицинские работники AYUSH в общинных центрах здоровья, парапрофессионалы и др.) и оказывают поддержку исследованиям в этой области. [7]
После 2014 года
Наблюдатели отметили повышенное внимание к здравоохранению AYUSH после всеобщих выборов в Индии в 2014 году , которые привели к власти партию Бхаратия Джаната . [8] 9 ноября 2014 г. оно стало самостоятельным министерством; к 2017–2018 годам выделенный бюджет составил 1428,7 крор вон, что более чем вдвое больше, чем в 2013–2014 годах. [9]
Деятельность
Здравоохранение
Министерство реализует несколько программ здравоохранения; в первую очередь ориентированы на сельское население.
Предполагается, что AYUSH составляет неотъемлемую основу Ayushman Bharat Yojana [10], и министерство долгое время работало над интеграцией различных систем AYUSH с современной медициной, что было описано как «тип« перекрестного пути »». [11] Более 50 000 детей были зачислены в программу «Гомеопатия для здорового ребенка». [12] Он отмечает разные дни, чтобы повысить общую осведомленность об AYUSH и продвигать каждую из систем. [13]
В 2001 году министерство в сотрудничестве с Советом по научным и промышленным исследованиям (CSIR) создало Цифровую библиотеку традиционных знаний (TKDL) по кодифицированным традиционным знаниям об индийских системах медицины, таких как Аюрведа , Унани , Сиддха и Йога, как средства. предотвращения выдачи патентов на традиционные знания и тем самым противодействия биопиратству . [14]
Institutions
The ministry is also at the aegis of several professional research institutes and academic faculties devoted to various forms of alternative medicine:[15]-
- National Institute of Homeopathy - Established on 10 December 1975 in Kolkata as an autonomous organisation under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.[16] Conducts degree course in Homeopathy (UG since 1987 and PG since 1998); affiliated to the West Bengal University of Health Sciences.[16]
- National Institute of Siddha - Was established at Chennai for an estimated cost of ₹ 470 million; inaugurated in November 2005.[17] A joint venture between Government of India and Government of Tamil Nadu, the proposal was approved, in principle, during the 9th Five Year Plan period.[18][17] Affiliated to the government-owned Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University and also the national headquarters of the Central Council of Research in Siddha (CCRS). Has an attached hospital—Ayothidoss Pandithar Hospital; on an average, 2,174 patients were reported per day (2017–18) whilst there's an in-patient (IP) department with a capacity of 120 beds.[19][20] Further expansions are in progress.[20]
- National Institute of Unani Medicine - Established in 1984 at Bangalore, as a joint venture between Government of India and Government of Karnataka.[21] Initially offered research facilities but academic courses were set up from 2004. Currently offers post graduate courses (MD in Unani) in eight different specialties; affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.[22]
- National Research Institute for Panchakarma - Set up in 1971 at Cheruthuruthy. Undertakes research activities as well as provides professional and academic training. The institute comes under the Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS) of the AYUSH.[23]
- National Institute of Ayurveda - Set up in 1976 at Jaipur, by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare an refurbished extension of the Government Ayurvedic College, Jaipur which was established by the Government of Rajasthan in 1946. Offers research as well academic facilities; affiliated with Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Rajasthan Ayurved University.
- All India Institute of Ayurveda - Established in 2009 at Delhi; offers research as well academic facilities. Brainchild of Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Runs a secondary institute Rashtriya Ayurved Vidyapeeth.
- National Institute of Naturopathy -
- Morarji Desai National Institute of Yoga - Promotes Yoga philosophy and facilitates training and advanced research, as well. The institute was started in 1970, in the form a hospital, by the now defunct Central Council for Research in Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy, under the Vishwayatan Yogashram. The hospital was later converted into an institute, by name, Central Research Institute for Yoga (CRIY) in 1976, to provide free training to people and to organize research on yoga. In 1988, the institute was renamed to its current name.
- North Eastern Institute of Ayurveda & Homoeopathy - Established in 2016 at Mawdiangdiang, Shillong. Offers a four and a half-year degree course in Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery and Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery.
- North Eastern Institute of Folk Medicine - The NEIFM, Pasighat is an autonomous Institute under the Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India. It is located at Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh.
The ministry also monitors two semi-autonomous regulatory bodies:-
- Central Council of Indian Medicine - One of the Professional councils under University Grants Commission (UGC) to regulate higher education in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Sowa-Rigpa. It suggests the professional benchmarks and practices for medical professionals in these systems, as well.
- Central Council of Homeopathy - One of the Professional councils under University Grants Commission (UGC) to regulate higher education in Homeopathy. Maintains central registers of homeopaths.
Экономика
As of March 2015, there were nearly eight lakh AYUSH practitioners, over 90 per cent of whom practiced homeopathy or ayurveda.[11] A 2018 study by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) estimated the market share of AYUSH medicines at around US$3 billion and that India exported AYUSH products of a net worth US$401.68 million in the fiscal year 2016–17.[24]
The Department of Pharmaceuticals had allocated a budget of ₹ 144 crore to the ministry for 2018-2020 for manufacture of alternative medicines.[25] The average expenditure for drugs on AYUSH and allopathy has been found to not vary widely.[5]
Список министров
S. No. | Name | Tenure | Political Party | Prime Minister | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Shripad Naik (MoS, Independent Charge) | 9 November 2014 | Incumbent | Bharatiya Janata Party (National Democratic Alliance) | Narendra Modi |
Критика
Pseudoscience
There is no credible efficacy or scientific basis of any of these forms of treatment.[26]
A strong consensus prevails among the scientific community that homeopathy is a pseudo-scientific,[27][28][29][30] unethical[31][32] and implausible line of treatment.[33][34][35][36] Ayurveda is deemed to be pseudoscientific[37][38][39] but is occasionally considered a protoscience, or trans-science system instead.[40][41] Naturopathy is considered to be a form of pseudo-scientific quackery,[42] ineffective and possibly harmful,[43][44] with a plethora of ethical concerns about the very practice.[45][46][47] Much of the research on postural yoga has taken the form of preliminary studies or clinical trials of low methodological quality;[48][49][50] there is no conclusive therapeutic effect except in back pain.[51] Unani lacks biological plausibility and is considered to be pseudo-scientific quackery, as well.[52][53]
Research
The quality of the research done by the ministry has been heavily criticized.[by whom?] Clinical trials of homeopathic drugs, conducted by their research wings were rejected in totality by the Lancet and National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia. There has been an acute dearth of RCTs on Ayurveda[11] and multiple systemic reviews have highlighted several methodological problems with the studies and trials conducted by AYUSH and its associates in relation to developing an Ayurvedic drug for diabetes.[54] A tendency to publish in dubious predatory journals and non-reproducibility by independent studies has also been noted.[55][56] India is also yet to conduct a systematic review of any of the systems of medicine under the purview of AYUSH.[11]
Drugs
The ministry (in conjunction with other national laboratories) has been subject to heavy criticism for developing, advocating and commercializing multiple sham-drugs (BGR-34, IME9, Dalzbone, Ayush-64 et al.) and treatment-regimes for a variety of diseases including dengue,[57][10][58][59] chikungunya, swine flu,[60] asthma, autism,[61] diabetes, malaria,[62] AIDS,[63] cancer,[64] COVID-19.[65][66][67] et cetera despite a complete absence of rigorous pharmacological studies and/or meaningful clinical trials.[68][69][70][71][72][55][73][56][74][75][76][excessive citations]
A 2018 review article noted the existing regulations to be in-adequate for ensuring the safety, quality, efficacy and standardized rational use of these forms of treatment. Monitoring of adverse effects from the usage of these drugs and contraindication trials were absent, too.[4]
Miscellaneous
The Washington Post noted the efforts behind the revival of Ayurveda as a part of the ruling party's rhetoric of restoring India's past glory to achieve prosperity in the future.[8] It also noted of the Ayurveda-industry being largely non-standardized and that its critics associated the aggressive integration of Ayurveda into healthcare services with the Hindu nationalist ideology of the ruling party.[8] There have been allegations coming out of right-to-information requests that it is the AYUSH ministries official policy to not hire Muslims as trainers.[77]
Some researchers have argued that the provision of AYUSH services is an example of "forced pluralism" which often leads to disbursal of incompetent healthcare services by unqualified practitioners.[4][78] Ayushman Bharat has been noted to increase privatization of state healthcare facilities and compel rural populace into preferentially choosing alternative medicine, raising concerns about ethics.[9][79] The proposal of integrating AYUSH with western medicine has been widely criticized[80] and the Indian Medical Association remains strongly opposed to it.[11][81][82][8]
The ministry had attracted widespread criticism after publishing a pamphlet titled Mother and Child Care through Yoga and Naturopathy which asked pregnant women to abstain from eating meat and eggs, shun desire and lust, hang beautiful photos in the bedroom and to nurture spiritual and 'pure' thoughts among other advices.[69][83] In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the ministry recommended Arsenicum album 30 as a preventive drug; the claim was without any scientific basis or evidence, and was widely criticised.[84][85][86]
Response
The ministry had rejected the claims of inefficacy.[citation needed]
It had rejected the NHMRC's study on homeopathy; despite its critical acclaim as the most rigorous and reliable investigation into homeopathy ever[87][88] and in 2017, set up a committee at the Central Council for Research in Homeopathy (CCRH) to counter claimed western propaganda against homeopathy; the committee was ill-received.[12][89][75][90]
Прием
A NSSO survey in 2014 found that only 6.9% of the population favored AYUSH (3.5% ISM and 3.0% homeopathy) over conventional mainstream medicine and that the urban population was slightly more conducive to seeking AYUSH forms of treatment than their rural counterparts; another survey in 2016 reiterated the same findings, approximately.[91][5][92] A 2014 study did not report any significant difference between the usage of AYUSH services by rural and urban populace, after adjusting for socioeconomic and demographic variables.[5] Low-income households exhibited the highest tendency for AYUSH followed by high-income households and on an overall, AYUSH lines of treatment were majorly used to treat chronic diseases.[5] The treatments were more used among females in rural India but no gender-differential was observed in the urban populations.[5] Chhattisgarh (15.4%), Kerala (13.7%), and West Bengal (11.6%) displayed the highest AYUSH utilization levels.[5]
A 2018 review article noted that the states exhibited differential preference for particular AYUSH systems. Ayurveda and Siddha respectively show greater popularities in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Unani was well received in Hyderabad region and among Muslims whilst Homeopathy was highly popular in Bengal and Odisha. It further noted that the preference among the general population for usage of AYUSH revolved around a perceived "distrust or frustration with modern medicine, cost effectiveness, accessibility, non-availability of other options and less side effects of AYUSH medicines".[4]
Рекомендации
- ^ "Meet the Minister". Ministry of AYUSH.
- ^ Rathee, Pranshu (20 November 2018). "What is AYUSH and the controversy around it?". Deccan Herald. The Printers (Mysore). Archived from the original on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ^ Narayanan, Kavya (1 July 2020). "AYUSH Ministry is endangering people, jeopardising Ayurveda with lax response to Patanjali's Coronil and COVID-19, warn experts". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020.
- ^ a b c d Samal, Janmejaya; Dehury, Ranjit Kumar (18 October 2018). "Utilization, preference, perception and characteristics of people adopting traditional and AYUSH systems of medicine in India: a systematic review". Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine. 16 (2). doi:10.1515/jcim-2018-0020. PMID 30352037. S2CID 53024438.
- ^ a b c d e f g Rudra, Shalini; Kalra, Aakshi; Kumar, Abhishek; Joe, William (4 May 2017). "Utilization of alternative systems of medicine as health care services in India: Evidence on AYUSH care from NSS 2014". PLOS ONE. 12 (5): e0176916. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1276916R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176916. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5417584. PMID 28472197.
- ^ a b "About the Ministry". Ministry of AYUSH.
- ^ Lakshmi, J. K. (January 2012). "Less equal than others? Experiences of AYUSH medical officers in primary health centres in Andhra Pradesh". Indian Journal of Medical Ethics. 9 (1): 18–21. doi:10.20529/IJME.2012.005. ISSN 0974-8466. PMID 22319847.
- ^ a b c d "How ghee, turmeric and aloe vera became India's new instruments of soft power". The Washington Post. 29 January 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^ a b Shaikh, Sumaiya (November 2018). "Why India's push for alt-med in the public health system is ill-advised". The Caravan. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- ^ a b "Clinical trials on Ayurvedic medicine against dengue underway: Shripad Naik". The Economic Times. 4 November 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
- ^ a b c d e Shrinivasan, Rukmini (26 April 2015). "Questions over science swirl, but AYUSH stands firm". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
- ^ a b "AYUSH Ministry Writes to Nobel Laureate Against His 'False Propaganda' on Homeopathy". The Wire. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ "First Naturopathy day celebrated by Ayush ministry seeking to promote drug-less system of medicine". Hindustan Times. 19 November 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
- ^ "Know Instances of Patenting on the UES of Medicinal Plants in India". PIB, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. 6 May 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
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- ^ a b "About Us". NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HOMOEOPATHY.
- ^ a b Manikandan, K. (1 September 2005). "National Institute of Siddha a milestone in health care". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 7 November 2007. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^ India Systems of Medicine & Homoeopathy Annual Report 2000-2001 (PDF). Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^ "Siddha hospital to get new OPD building". The Hindu. Chennai. 3 May 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
- ^ a b Madhavan, D. (20 December 2012). "National Institute of Siddha modifies expansion plan". The Hindu. Chennai. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
- ^ "National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore". AYUSH. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
- ^ "Courses". National Institute of Unani Medicine. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
- ^ "Institutions". Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
- ^ "AYUSH ministry aims to triple market share of its medicines, services - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
- ^ Sharma, Neetu Chandra (20 October 2018). "Govt allocates ₹144 crore to AYUSH ministry for alternative medicines". Mint. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
- ^ Sources that criticize the entirety of AYUSH as a pseudo-scientific venture:
- Shrinivasan, Rukmini (26 April 2015). "Questions over science swirl, but AYUSH stands firm". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
- Krishnan, Vidya. "AYUSH Ministry rails against global study on homeopathy". The Hindu. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
- "Bridge course for AYUSH – the seed of destruction". The Hans India. 8 January 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
- "The Threat of Pseudoscience in India". Undark. 10 December 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
- Kumar, Ruchi. "Indian academia is fighting a toxic mix of nationalism and pseudoscience". Quartz India. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
- Kaufman, Allison B.; Kaufman, James C. (12 January 2018). Pseudoscience: The Conspiracy Against Science. MIT Press. p. 293. ISBN 9780262037426.
- ^ Tuomela, R (1987). "Chapter 4: Science, Protoscience, and Pseudoscience". In Pitt JC, Marcello P (eds.). Rational Changes in Science: Essays on Scientific Reasoning. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. 98. Springer. pp. 83–101. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-3779-6_4. ISBN 978-94-010-8181-8.
- ^ Smith K (2012). "Homeopathy is Unscientific and Unethical". Bioethics. 26 (9): 508–12. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2011.01956.x.
- ^ Baran GR, Kiana MF, Samuel SP (2014). "Science, Pseudoscience, and Not Science: How Do They Differ?". Chapter 2: Science, Pseudoscience, and Not Science: How Do They Differ?. Healthcare and Biomedical Technology in the 21st Century. Springer. pp. 19–57. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8541-4_2. ISBN 978-1-4614-8540-7.
within the traditional medical community it is considered to be quackery
- ^ Ladyman J (2013). "Chapter 3: Towards a Demarcation of Science from Pseudoscience". In Pigliucci M, Boudry M (eds.). Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem. University of Chicago Press. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-0-226-05196-3.
Yet homeopathy is a paradigmatic example of pseudoscience. It is neither simply bad science nor science fraud, but rather profoundly departs from scientific method and theories while being described as scientific by some of its adherents (often sincerely).
- ^ Shaw, DM (2010). "Homeopathy is where the harm is: Five unethical effects of funding unscientific 'remedies'". Journal of Medical Ethics. 36 (3): 130–31. doi:10.1136/jme.2009.034959. PMID 20211989.
- ^ Sample I (21 July 2008). "Pharmacists urged to 'tell the truth' about homeopathic remedies". The Guardian. London.
- ^ "Homeopathy". American Cancer Society. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
- ^ UK Parliamentary Committee Science and Technology Committee - "Evidence Check 2: Homeopathy"
- ^ Grimes, D.R. (2012). "Proposed mechanisms for homeopathy are physically impossible". Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 17 (3): 149–55. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7166.2012.01162.x.
- ^ "Homeopathic products and practices: assessing the evidence and ensuring consistency in regulating medical claims in the EU" (PDF). European Academies' Science Advisory Council. September 2017. p. 1. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
... we agree with previous extensive evaluations concluding that there are no known diseases for which there is robust, reproducible evidence that homeopathy is effective beyond the placebo effect.
- ^ Semple D, Smyth R (2013). Chapter 1: Psychomythology. Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-19-969388-7.
- ^ Kaufman, Allison B.; Kaufman, James C. (12 January 2018). Pseudoscience: The Conspiracy Against Science. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262037426.
- ^ "13-10-09". Skeptic. 9 October 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
- ^ Quack, Johannes (2011). Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India. Oxford University Press. pp. 3, 213. ISBN 9780199812608.
- ^ Manohar, P. Ram (2009). "The blending of science and spirituality in the Ayurvedic healing tradition". In Paranjape, Makarand R. (ed.). Science, Spirituality and the Modernization of India. Anthem Press. pp. 172–3. ISBN 9781843317760.
- ^ Sources documenting the same:
- Atwood, Kimball C., IV (2003). "Naturopathy: A critical appraisal". Medscape General Medicine. 5 (4): 39. PMID 14745386.(registration required)
- Atwood IV, Kimball. C. (26 March 2004). "Naturopathy, pseudoscience, and medicine: Myths and fallacies vs truth". Medscape General Medicine. 6 (1): 33. PMC 1140750. PMID 15208545.
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- Russell, Jill; Rovere, Amy, eds. (2009). American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies (Second ed.). Atlanta: American Cancer Society. pp. 116–119.
- ^ Carroll, Robert (26 November 2012). "Natural". The Skeptic's Dictionary. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
- ^ "NCAHF Position Paper on Over the Counter Herbal Remedies (1995)". National Council Against Health Fraud. 1995. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
- ^ Atwood, Kimball C., IV (2003). "Naturopathy: A critical appraisal". Medscape General Medicine. 5 (4): 39. PMID 14745386.(registration required)
- ^ Gorski, David H. (18 September 2014). "Integrative oncology: really the best of both worlds?". Nature Reviews Cancer. 14 (10): 692–700. doi:10.1038/nrc3822. PMID 25230880. S2CID 33539406.
- ^ Singh S, Ernst E (2009). Naturopathy. Trick or Treatment?: Alternative Medicine on Trial. Transworld. pp. 197–. ISBN 978-1-4090-8180-7.
many naturopaths are against mainstream medicine and advise their patients accordingly – for instance many are not in favour of vaccination.
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Внешние ссылки
- Ministry of Ayush, Official website
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, official website