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Исследовательская лаборатория ВВС
Air Force Research Laboratory.png
Исследовательская лаборатория ВВС - Эмблема
АктивныйОктябрь 1997 г. - настоящее время
СтранаСоединенные Штаты
ВеткаВоздушные силы
ТипИсследования и разработки
Размер4200 гражданских лиц
1200 военных
ЧастьКомандование материальной частью ВВС
Гарнизон / ШтабБаза ВВС Райт-Паттерсон
УкрашенияAFOEA
Веб-сайтwww.wpafb.af.mil/AFRL
Командиры
КомандирБриг. Генерал Хизер Л. Прингл
Вице-командующийПолковник Пол Хендерсон
Исполнительный директорГ-н Джек Блэкхерст
Главный технический директорД-р Тимоти Дж. Баннинг

Научно - исследовательской лаборатории ВВС ( AFRL ) является научно - исследовательской организацией в ведении ВВС США матчасти командования посвященный ведущим открытия, разработки и интеграции аэрокосмических ведения боевых технологий, планирования и выполнения научно-технической программы ВВС, а также предоставление боевые возможности ВВС, космоса и киберпространства США. [1] Он контролирует весь бюджет на научно-технические исследования ВВС, который в 2006 году составлял 2,4 миллиарда долларов. [2]

Лаборатория была сформирована на базе ВВС Райт-Паттерсон недалеко от Дейтона , штат Огайо , 31 октября 1997 г. как объединение четырех лабораторных объектов ВВС (Райт, Филлипс, Рим и Армстронг) и Управления научных исследований ВВС под единым объединением. команда. Лаборатория состоит из восьми технических управлений, одного крыла и Управления научных исследований. Каждое техническое управление уделяет особое внимание определенной области исследований в рамках миссии AFRL, которая специализируется на проведении экспериментов совместно с университетами и подрядчиками.

С момента создания лаборатории в 1997 году она провела многочисленные эксперименты и технические демонстрации совместно с НАСА , национальными лабораториями Министерства энергетики , DARPA и другими исследовательскими организациями Министерства обороны . Известные проекты включают X-37 , X-40 , X-53 , HTV-3X , YAL-1A , Advanced Tactical Laser и Tactical Satellite Program .

Лаборатория может столкнуться с проблемами в будущем, поскольку 40 процентов ее сотрудников должны выйти на пенсию в течение следующих двух десятилетий, в то время как с 1980 года Соединенные Штаты не получили достаточного количества ученых и инженеров, чтобы удовлетворить спрос. [3]

История [ править ]

В 1945 году были созданы Кембриджские исследовательские лаборатории ВВС США. Эти лаборатории были активны с 1945 по 2011 год , после консолидации на базе Райт-Паттерсон Air Force и Air Force Base , Киртландском под перестройки и закрытие Комиссии Base 2005 . [4] Лаборатории были основаны как Кембриджский исследовательский центр ВВС (AFCRC), организация по разработке систем времен холодной войны , которая в 1949 году разработала телефонную модемную связь для цифрового радиолокационного реле . [5] Создана генералом Генри Х. Арнольдом в 1945 году. [6] AFCRC участвовал вРазработка проекта "Космический трек" и полуавтоматической наземной среды .

Путь к объединенной исследовательской лаборатории ВВС начался с принятия Закона Голдуотера – Николса, который был разработан для оптимизации использования ресурсов Министерством обороны . [7] В дополнение к этому Закону окончание « холодной войны» началось с периода сокращения бюджета и численности персонала в вооруженных силах в рамках подготовки к переходу к «отступлению» от готовности к глобальной войне с Советским Союзом . [8] До 1990 года лабораторная система ВВС распределяла исследования по 13 различным лабораториям и Римскому центру развития авиации, каждая из которых сообщала о двух отдельных цепочках управления: продуктовый центр для персонала иДиректор по науке и технологиям командования систем ВВС для бюджетных целей. [9] Подчиняясь ограничениям, связанным с сокращением бюджета и персонала, ВВС объединили существующие исследовательские лаборатории в четыре «суперлаборатории» в декабре 1990 года. [10] В этот же период времени Командование систем ВВС и Командование материально-технического обеспечения ВВС объединены в Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC) в июле 1992 года [11]

Лаборатории ВВС до и после слияния в 1990 г. [12]
До слиянияПосле слияния
Лаборатория оружия, авиабаза Киртланд, Нью-МексикоФилипс Лаборатория
Киртланд AFB
Лаборатория геофизики, Hanscom AFB, MA
Лаборатория астронавтики, авиабаза Эдвардс, Калифорния
Лаборатория авионики, авиабаза Райт-Паттерсон, ОгайоЛаборатория Райта База
Райт-Паттерсон
Лаборатория электронных технологий, Райт-Паттерсон AFB, Огайо
Лаборатория динамики полета, База Райт-Паттерсон, Огайо
Лаборатория материалов, База Райт-Паттерсон, Огайо
Лаборатория авиационной тяги и мощности, База
Райт-Паттерсон, Огайо
Лаборатория вооружения, авиабаза Эглин, Флорида
Римский центр развития воздуха
Griffiss AFB, Нью-Йорк		Римская лаборатория
авиабазы ​​Гриффис, Нью-Йорк
Лаборатория человеческих ресурсов, Брукс, штат ТехасЛаборатория Армстронга на
авиабазе Брукс, Техас

Лаборатория аэрокосмических медицинских исследований Гарри Г. Армстронга , авиабаза Райт-Паттерсон, Огайо
Лаборатория тестирования на наркотики, Брукс AFB, Техас

Лаборатория гигиены труда и окружающей среды , Брукс AFB, Техас

В то время как первоначальная консолидация лабораторий ВВС снизила накладные расходы и бюджетное давление, еще одним толчком к созданию единой лабораторной структуры стала статья 277 Закона о государственной обороне на 1996 финансовый год. -летний план консолидации и реструктуризации всех оборонных лабораторий. [13] Существующая в настоящее время лабораторная структура была создана в октябре 1997 года путем объединения лаборатории Филлипса со штаб-квартирой в Альбукерке, штат Нью-Мексико , лаборатории Райта в Дейтоне, штат Огайо , лаборатории Рима (ранее Римский центр разработки воздуха) в Риме, Нью-Йорке и Армстронга. Лаборатория в Сан-Антонио, Техас и Управление научных исследований ВВС США (AFOSR). [14] Концепция единой лаборатории была разработана и поддержана генерал-майором Ричардом Полом, который был директором по науке и технологиям AFMC, и генералом Генри Виччеллио-младшим, а затем стал первым командующим AFRL . [15]

Предшественники эмблемы AFRL

После слияния лабораторий в единое целое, исторические офисы на каждом объекте перестали вести независимые истории, и все функции по истории были переданы в центральный исторический офис, расположенный в штаб-квартире AFRL на авиабазе Райт-Паттерсон . [16] В знак уважения к предшествующим лабораториям новая организация назвала четыре исследовательских центра в честь лабораторий и заверила, что история каждой лаборатории будет сохранена в виде неактивированных единиц. [17]

Организация [ править ]

Сайты AFRL

Лаборатория разделена на 8 технических управлений, одно крыло и Управление научных исследований ВВС США (AFOSR), основанное на различных областях исследований. AFOSR в первую очередь финансирует внешние исследования, в то время как другие управления проводят исследования собственными силами или по контрактам с внешними организациями. [1]

Дирекция примерно эквивалентна военному крылу . Каждое управление состоит из нескольких отделов и обычно имеет не менее трех вспомогательных отделов в дополнение к исследовательским отделам. [18] Отдел операций и интеграции обеспечивает управление хорошо продуманными и выполненными бизнес-вычислениями, управлением человеческими ресурсами и услугами по развитию бизнеса, в то время как Отдел финансового управления управляет финансовыми ресурсами, а Отдел закупок предоставляет возможность заключения контрактов внутри компании. [19] Подразделения поддержки в любом конкретном месте часто работают вместе, чтобы минимизировать накладные расходы на любом конкретном исследовательском центре. Каждое подразделение затем разбивается на ветви, что примерно эквивалентно военному подразделению.эскадрилья .

На общую структуру AFRL накладываются восемь отрядов. Каждый отряд состоит из военнослужащих AFRL в любом географическом месте. [20] Например, весь персонал авиабазы ​​Райт-Паттерсон является частью отряда 1. В каждом отряде обычно также есть командир подразделения, отдельный от управления и структуры дивизии.

Штаб-квартира AFRL [ править ]

В штаб-квартире AFRL, расположенной на авиабазе Райт-Паттерсон, штат Огайо, размещаются командиры и персонал лабораторий (см.). Его основные обязанности - руководство, политика и руководство; объединение общих целей восьми технических управлений, 711-го крыла и AFOSR. Штатные функции включают в себя связи с общественностью, стратегические коммуникации, работу с бизнесом, планирование, программирование, составление бюджета и исполнение (PPBE), технологический переход, трансформацию, заключение контрактов и центр высокопроизводительных вычислений. В штаб-квартиру также входит Центр быстрых инноваций, который обрабатывает срочные оперативные запросы от командования космического командования ВВС , командования глобального удара ВВС , командования воздушной мобильности и других. [21]

Air Force Office of Scientific Research[edit]

The Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR), located in Arlington, Virginia, invests in basic research efforts for the Air Force by funding investigation in relevant scientific areas.[1] This work is performed in cooperation with private industry, academia, and other organizations in the Department of Defense and AFRL Directorates.

AFOSR's research is organized into four scientific directorates: the Engineering and Complex Systems Directorate; the Information and Networks Directorate; the Physical Sciences Directorate; and the Chemistry and Biological Sciences Directorate.[22] Each directorate funds research activities which it believes will enable the technological superiority of the Air Force.

AFOSR also maintains three foreign technology offices located in London, UK (the European Office of Aerospace Research & Development), Tokyo, Japan, and Santiago, Chile. These overseas offices coordinate with the international scientific and engineering community to allow for better collaboration between the community and Air Force personnel.[23]

AFOSR is one of the sponsors of the University Nanosatellite Program.[24]

Air Vehicles Directorate[edit]

Martin–Marietta X-24B

The Air Vehicles Directorate, located at Wright-Patterson AFB, has the mission of developing technologies that support cost-effective and survivable aerospace vehicles capable of accurate and quick delivery of a variety of future weapons or cargo anywhere.[1] The current Director is Col Michael Hatfield.[25]

The Directorate has previously collaborated with NASA in the X-24 project to research concepts associated with lifting body type aircraft.[26] The X-24 was one of a series of experimental aircraft, including the M2-F1, M2-F2, HL-10, and HL-20, by NASA and Air Force programs to develop the lifting body concept into maturity. The tests conducted during these programs led to the choice of an unpowered landing for the Space Shuttle program.[27]

Artist's rendition of the X-37.

In 2002, the Directorate initiated the X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing program in cooperation with NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center and Boeing Phantom Works to research ways to make more efficient use of the wing surface during high-speed maneuvers.[28]

The Directorate is also a collaborator with DARPA, the U.S. Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center, Sandia National Laboratories and AFRL's Space Vehicles Directorate on the FALCON program, which includes the HTV-3X Blackswift hypersonic flight demonstration vehicle.[29] The Air Vehicles Directorate also collaborated with NASA and Boeing on the initial work for the X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle and the 80% scaled version, X-40A Space Maneuver Vehicle, prior to the classification of the program and its transfer from NASA to DARPA in late 2004.[30] The X-37 program is now managed by the Air Force Rapid Capabilities Office.

Another recent project managed by the Air Vehicles Directorate is the Advanced Composite Cargo Aircraft program begun in 2007.[31] This is an experimental, composite aircraft program with a goal of demonstrating the feasibility of the development of a cargo airframe constructed primary of light-weight composite materials.[32] AFRL intends to gain X-plane designation for the program once flight tests begin.[33]

The US$250,000,000 VTHL Reusable Booster System program was initiated by the USAF in 2010.[34][35]

In 2012, the Air Vehicles Directorate merged with the Propulsion Directorate to become Aerospace Systems Directorate.[36]

Directed Energy Directorate[edit]

YAL-1 in flight.

In addition to serving as the Air Force's Center of Excellence for high power microwave technology, the Directed Energy Directorate is also the Department of Defense's Center of Expertise for laser development of all types.[1] The current Director is Susan Thornton.[37]

The Starfire Optical Range at Kirtland AFB, North Oscura Peak on White Sands Missile Range, and the Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing observatory (AMOS) are also operated by divisions of the Directed Energy Directorate in addition to their facilities at the Directorate's headquarters at Kirtland AFB.[1] The Starfire Optical Range is used to research various topics of advanced tracking using lasers as well as studies of atmospheric physics which examines atmospheric effects which can distort laser beams.[38] North Oscura Peak is used to research the various technologies necessary to facilitate successful tracking and destruction of an incoming missile via a laser and is used frequently for laser-based missile defense tests.[39] AMOS provides space observation capabilities and computational resources to AFRL, the Department of Defense and other agencies of the US Government.[40]

A US dazzler style weapon.

Directed Energy projects typically fall into two categories: laser and microwave. Laser projects range from completely non-lethal targeting lasers to dazzlers, such as the Saber 203 used by US forces during the Somali Civil War and the more recent PHaSR dazzler,[41] to powerful missile defense lasers such as the chemical oxygen iodine laser (COIL) used in the YAL-1A project now led by the Missile Defense Agency.[42] A continuation of the Airborne Laser experiment is also being conducted in the form of the Advanced Tactical Laser, which is a Special Forces demonstrator project to mount a COIL system in a tactical AC-130 gunship.[43] Microwave technologies are being advanced for use against both electronics and personnel. One example of an anti-personnel microwave project is the "less-than-lethal" Active Denial System, which uses high-powered microwaves to penetrate less than a millimeter into the target's skin, where the nerve endings are located.[44]

Going back as far as 1995, there were arguments that laser dazzlers could potentially cause permanent blindness in targets, and these same concerns were revived with the announcement of the PHaSR project, which is claimed to be a non-blinding laser weapon.[41] Due to concerns that even low-powered lasers could cause blindness, the Human Rights Watch proposed that all tactical laser weapons should be scrapped and research stopped by all interested governments.[45] The Active Denial System has also been the target of Amnesty International as well as, less directly, a United Nations special rapporteur as being a potential weapon of torture.[46]

711th Human Performance Wing[edit]

In March 2008, AFRL's Human Effectiveness Directorate located at Wright-Patterson AFB was merged with the Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine and the Human Performance Integration Directorate from the 311th Human Systems Wing both located at Brooks City-Base, Texas to form the 711th Human Performance Wing.[47] In its vision statement, the wing includes the goals of improving aerospace medicine, science and technology, and human systems integration.[1] The current Commander of the 711th is Brig. Gen. Timothy Jex.[48]

One practical application of its work is ensuring and advancing the safety of ejection systems for pilots.[49] With the increasing number of females in the Air Force ranks, anthropometry is of greater import now than ever, and 711th's WB4 'whole-body scanner' enables swift and accurate acquisition of anthropometric data which may be used to design pilot equipment with a better fit for comfort and safety.[50]

Information Directorate[edit]

The mission of the Information Directorate, located at the Rome Research Site on the Griffiss Business and Technology Park in Rome, New York, is to lead the discovery, development, and integration of affordable warfighting information technologies for air, space, and cyberspace forces.[1] The current Director of the Information Directorate is Colonel Timothy J. Lawrence.[51]

The Information Directorate has contributed research to a number of technologies which have been deployed in the field. These projects include collaboration with other agencies in the development of ARPANET, the predecessor of the Internet, as well as technologies used in the Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System which is a key aspect of theater command and control for combat commanders.[52] The Directorate also collaborated with the Department of Justice performing research on voice stress analysis technologies.[53]

Materials and Manufacturing Directorate[edit]

The Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, located at Wright-Patterson AFB and Tyndall AFB, develops materials, processes, and advanced manufacturing technologies for aerospace systems and their components to improve Air Force capabilities in these areas.[1] The current Director is Mr. Timothy J. Sakulich.[54]

In 2003, the Directorate announced a new manufacturing method for use producing the turbine exhaust casing for the F119 jet engine used on the F-22 Raptor stealth fighter which will result in an estimated savings of 35% of the cost while also improving the durability.[55] In collaboration with Lockheed Martin Aeronautics, the Directorate helped develop a new laser-based ultrasonic scanner to inspect composite parts also for use on the F-22.[56] The Directorate also developed an advanced thermoplastic composite material for use in the landing gear doors on the F-22.[49] In 2008, the Air Force announced that the Directorate had developed a method of using fabric made of fiber optic material in a friend or foe identification system.[57]

Munitions Directorate[edit]

The mission of the Munitions Directorate, located at Eglin AFB, Florida, is to "develop, demonstrate and transition science and technology for air-launched munitions for defeating ground fixed, mobile/relocatable, air and space targets to assure pre-eminence of U.S. air and space forces."[1] The current Director of the Munitions Directorate is Col. Gary Haase.[54]

Notable projects which have been made public include the GBU-28 "bunker-buster" bomb which debuted during the 1991 Persian Gulf War in Iraq and took only 17 days from concept to first deployment.[58] The Directorate also developed the GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb which was deployed during the 2003 invasion of Iraq for Operation Iraqi Freedom and was the largest non-nuclear air-delivered munitions at that time.[59]

Propulsion Directorate[edit]

RS-68 rocket engine test firing at Edwards

The mission of the Propulsion Directorate, located at Wright-Patterson AFB and Edwards AFB, is "to create and transition propulsion and power technology for military dominance of air and space."[1] The current Director of the Propulsion Directorate is Douglas L. Bowers.[60]

Research areas range from experimental rocket propulsion to developing the first ever lithium-ion main aircraft battery for use in the B-2 stealth bomber. At Edwards AFB, the Directorate's test area is located east of Rogers Lake.

The Propulsion Directorate was formed through the merger of the aerospace propulsion section at Wright Laboratory and the space propulsion section at Phillips Laboratory.[61] Each section, both before and after the merger, has played a significant role in past and present propulsion systems. Prior to the development of Project Apollo by NASA, the Air Force worked on the development and testing of the F-1 rocket engine used to power the Saturn V rocket.[62] The facilities for testing rockets are frequently used for testing new rocket engines including the RS-68 rocket engine developed for use on the Delta IV launch vehicle.[63] The space propulsion area also develops technologies for use in satellites on-orbit to alter their orbits. An AFRL-developed experimental Electric Propulsion Space Experiment (ESEX) arcjet was flown on the ARGOS satellite in 1999 as part of the Air Force Space Test Program.[64]

The Directorate currently manages the X-51A program, which is developing a scramjet demonstration vehicle.[65] The X-51 program is working to develop a flight demonstrator for a hypersonic cruise missile which could reach anywhere on the globe in an hour.[66] In January 2008, the Directorate used a modified Scaled Composites Long-EZ aircraft to demonstrate that a pulse detonation engine could successfully power flight.[67] That aircraft has now been transferred to the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB for display.

Sensors Directorate[edit]

The mission of the Sensors Directorate, located at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, is to provide a full range of air and space sensors, networked to the warfighter, providing a complete and timely picture of the battlespace enabling precision targeting of the enemy and protection friendly air and space assets and its core technology areas include: radar, active and passive electro-optical targeting systems, navigation aids, automatic target recognition, sensor fusion, threat warning and threat countermeasures.[1] The current Director is Ruth Moser.[68]

The divisions formerly located at Hanscom AFB and Rome Research Site moved to Wright-Patterson AFB under the Defense Base Realignment and Closure, 2005 Commission.[69]

The Directorate has contributed significantly to the Integrated Sensor is Structure (ISIS) project managed by DARPA which is a project to develop a missile tracking airship.[70] In June 2008, the Air Force announced that scientists working for the Sensors Directorate had demonstrated transparent transistors. These could eventually be used to develop technologies such as "video image displays and coatings for windows, visors and windshields; electrical interconnects for future integrated multi-mode, remote sensing, focal plane arrays; high-speed microwave devices and circuits for telecommunications and radar transceivers; and semi-transparent, touch-sensitive screens for emerging multi-touch interface technologies."[71]

Space Vehicles Directorate[edit]

Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS)

The mission of the Space Vehicles Directorate is to develop and transition space technologies for more effective, more affordable warfighter missions.[1] In addition to the Directorate headquarters at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico and an additional research facility at Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts, the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) located near Gakona, Alaska is also jointly operated by the Space Vehicles Directorate as well as DARPA, the Office of Naval Research (ONR), the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and universities to conduct ionospheric research.[72] The current Director is Col David Goldstein.[73] The Battlespace Environment Division formerly located at Hanscom AFB moved to a new Research lab facility at Kirtland AFB in 2011–2012 as directed under the Defense Base Realignment and Closure, 2005 Commission.[69]

The IBM RAD6000 radiation hardened single board computer, now produced by BAE Systems, was initially developed in a collaboration with the Space Electronics and Protection Branch and IBM Federal Systems and is now used on nearly 200 satellites and robotic spacecraft, including on the twin Mars Exploration Rovers—Spirit and Opportunity.[74] In November 2005, the AFRL XSS-11 satellite demonstrator received Popular Science's "Best of What's New" award in the Aviation and Space category.[75] The Space Vehicles Directorate is also a leading collaborator in the Department of Defense Operationally Responsive Space Office's Tactical Satellite Program and served as program manager for the development of TacSat-2, TacSat-3, and is current program manager for the development of TacSat-5.[76] They also have contributed experimental sensors to TacSat-4 which is managed by the NRL's Center for Space Technology.[77]

TacSat-3 computer model

The University Nanosatellite Program, a satellite design and fabrication competition for universities jointly administered by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), AFOSR, AFRL, and the Space Development and Test Wing, is also managed by the Space Vehicles Directorate's Spacecraft Technology division.[78] The fourth iteration of the competition was completed in March 2007 with the selection of Cornell University's CUSat as the winner.[79] Previous winners of the competition were University of Texas at Austin's Formation Autonomy Spacecraft with Thrust, Relnav, Attitude, and Crosslink (FASTRAC) for Nanosat-3[80] and the joint 3 Corner Satellite (3CS) project by the University of Colorado at Boulder, Arizona State University and New Mexico State University for Nanosat-2.[81] As of July 2008, only the 3CS spacecraft has launched,[82] however FASTRAC has a launch tentatively scheduled for December 2009.[83]

The Directorate has indirectly faced significant controversy over the HAARP project.[84] While the project claims to be developed only for studying the effects of ionospheric disruption on communications, navigation, and power systems, many suspect it of being developed as a prototype for a "Star Wars" type of weapon system.[85] Still others are more concerned with the environmental impact to migratory birds of beaming thousands of watts of power into the atmosphere.[86]

In 2020, the Space Vehicles Directorate announced the creation of a new Deployable Structures Laboratory (DeSel) focused on developing high-strength materials and satellite structures at Kirtland Air Force Base.[87]

List of commanders[edit]

Main article: List of Commanders of Air Force Research Laboratory
  • Maj Gen Ellen M. Pawlikowski, February 2010–May 2011
  • Maj Gen William N. McCasland, May 2011–July 2013[88]
  • Maj Gen Thomas J. Masiello, July 2013–May 2016[89]
  • Maj Gen Robert D. McMurry Jr., May 2016–May 2017[90]
  • Maj Gen William T. Cooley, May 2017–January 2020[91]
  • Brig Gen Evan Dertien, January 2020–June 2020[92]
  • Brig Gen Heather L. Pringle, June 2020–present[93]

See also[edit]

  • AFWERX
  • DARPA
  • Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC)
  • Office of Naval Research (ONR)
  • United States Army Research Laboratory (ARL)
  • United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory (MCWL)
  • United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL)

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  •  This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document: "http://www.afrl.af.mil".
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External links[edit]

  • Air Force Research Laboratory Homepage (official)

Coordinates: 39°49′23″N 084°02′58″W / 39.82306°N 84.04944°W / 39.82306; -84.04944