Калифорнийского университет в Беркли ( UC Berkeley, Беркли , Cal , или Калифорнии ) [8] [9] является публичным , грант земли исследовательского университета в Беркли, штат Калифорния . Основанный в 1868 году как первый университет штата, получивший землю , он был первым кампусом системы Калифорнийского университета и одним из основателей Ассоциации американских университетов . Его 14 колледжей и школ предлагают более 350 программ на получение степени и принимают 31 000 студентов и 12 000 аспирантов. [3] [10] [11]Беркли входит в число лучших университетов мира по версии крупнейших образовательных изданий. [12]
Бывшие имена | Калифорнийский университет (1868–1958) |
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Девиз | Fiat lux ( латиница ) |
Девиз на английском языке | Да будет свет |
Тип | Государственный исследовательский университет, предоставляющий землю |
Учредил | 23 марта 1868 г . [1] |
Материнская организация | Калифорнийский университет |
Академическая принадлежность | |
Эндаумент | 5 миллиардов долларов (2019) [2] |
Канцлер | Кэрол Т. Крист |
Провост | Пол Аливисатос |
Студенты | 43 204 (осень 2019 г.) [3] |
Бакалавриат | 31 348 (осень 2019 г.) [3] |
Аспиранты | 11 856 (осень 2019 г.) [3] |
Место расположения | , , Соединенные Штаты 37 ° 52′19 ″ с.ш. 122 ° 15′31 ″ з.д. / 37,871899 ° с.ш. 122,258537 ° з.д. [4]Координаты : 37 ° 52′19 ″ с.ш. 122 ° 15′31 ″ з.д. / 37,871899 ° с.ш. 122,258537 ° з.д.[4] |
Кампус | Городской университетский городок Core Campus 178 акров (72 га) [5] Общая земля в собственности 8 163 акра (3303 га) [6] |
Цвета | |
легкая атлетика | NCAA Дивизион I FBS |
Ник | Золотые медведи |
Спортивная принадлежность |
|
Талисман | Оски Медведь |
Веб-сайт | www .berkeley .edu |
В Беркли находится множество ведущих исследовательских институтов, в том числе Научно-исследовательский институт математических наук и Лаборатория космических наук . Он создал и поддерживает тесные отношения с тремя национальными лабораториями в Беркли , Ливерморской и Лос - Аламосе , [13] и играет важную роль во многих научных достижений, из Манхэттенского проекта и открытие 16 химических элементов , к прорывам в области компьютерной науки и геномики . [14] Беркли также известен своей политической активностью и Движением за свободу слова 1960-х годов. [15]
Спортивные команды Беркли соревнуются в Дивизионе I NCAA, в первую очередь на конференции Pac-12 , и вместе известны как Калифорнийские Золотые Медведи . Команды университета выиграли 107 национальных чемпионатов, а его студенты и выпускники завоевали 207 олимпийских медалей, в том числе 117 золотых медалей. [16] [17]
Среди выпускников и преподавателей Беркли - 110 нобелевских лауреатов , 25 лауреатов премии Тьюринга , 14 медалистов Филдса , 28 лауреатов премии Вольфа , 103 получателя «Гениальных грантов» Макартура , 30 лауреатов Пулитцеровской премии и 19 лауреатов премии Оскар . Университет подготовил семь глав государств или правительств ; шесть главных судей, включая главного судью США Эрла Уоррена ; [18] 22 чиновника на уровне кабинета министров ; 11 губернаторов ; и 25 живых миллиардеров. [19] Он также является ведущим производителем Фулбрайта ученых , Макартур стипендиатов и Маршалловых Ученых . [20] Выпускники Беркли, широко известные своим предпринимательством, основали множество известных компаний , включая Apple , Tesla , Intel , eBay , SoftBank , AIG и Morgan Stanley . [21] [22]
История
Основание
Благодаря подписанию президентом Линкольном Акта Моррилла в 1862 году, Калифорнийский университет был основан в 1868 году как первый университет штата, получивший земельные участки, унаследовав определенные активы и цели частного колледжа Калифорнии и государственного сельскохозяйственного, горнодобывающего и горнодобывающих предприятий. и Колледж механических искусств. Хотя этот процесс часто ошибочно принимают за слияние, Органический закон создал «совершенно новое учреждение» и не объединил две предшествующие организации в новый университет. [23] Органический закон гласит, что «Университет должен иметь по своему замыслу, чтобы обеспечивать обучение и полное и полное образование на всех факультетах науки, литературы и искусства, промышленных и профессиональных занятий и общего образования, а также специальные курсы обучения. при подготовке к профессии ». [24] [25]
Десять преподавателей и 40 студентов-мужчин составили молодой университет, когда он открылся в Окленде в 1869 году. [26] Фредерик Х. Биллингс , попечитель Калифорнийского колледжа, предложил назвать новый кампус к северу от Окленда в честь Англо-ирландский философ Джордж Беркли . [27] В следующем году в университет начали принимать женщин. [28] В 1870 году Генри Дюрант , основатель Калифорнийского колледжа, стал его первым президентом. После завершения строительства Северного и Южного залов в 1873 году университет переехал в Беркли, где учились 167 мужчин и 22 женщины. [29] [30] Первой студенткой, получившей высшее образование, была Роза Л. Скривенер в 1874 году, которую приняли в первый класс, в который в 1870 году были включены женщины. [31]
Начиная с 1891 года Фиби Апперсон Херст сделала несколько крупных подарков Беркли, профинансировав несколько программ и строительство новых зданий, а также спонсировав в 1898 году международный конкурс в Антверпене, Бельгия, где французский архитектор Эмиль Бенар представил победивший проект генерального плана кампуса.
20 век
В 1905 году недалеко от Сакраменто была основана университетская ферма , впоследствии ставшая Калифорнийским университетом в Дэвисе . [32] В 1919 году Государственная педагогическая школа Лос-Анджелеса стала южным филиалом университета, который в конечном итоге стал Калифорнийским университетом в Лос-Анджелесе . [33] К 1920-м годам количество зданий кампуса существенно выросло и включало двадцать структур, спроектированных архитектором Джоном Галеном Ховардом . [34]
В 1917 году одна из первых национальных программ ROTC была учреждена в Беркли [35], и ее Школа военного воздухоплавания начала подготовку пилотов, в том числе генерала Джимми Дулиттла . Среди выпускников ROTC в Беркли бывший министр обороны Роберт Макнамара и начальник штаба армии Фредерик Вейанд, а также еще 16 генералов . [36] В 1926 году будущий адмирал флота Честер В. Нимиц основал первое военно-морское подразделение ROTC в Беркли. [37]
В 1930-х годах Эрнест Лоуренс помог создать Радиационную лабораторию (ныне Национальная лаборатория Лоуренса Беркли ) и изобрел циклотрон , который принес ему Нобелевскую премию по физике в 1939 году. [38] Используя циклотрон, профессора Беркли и исследователи лаборатории Беркли открыли 16 химических элементов - больше, чем в любом другом университете мира. [39] [40] В частности, во время Второй мировой войны и после секретного открытия плутония Гленном Сиборгом Радиационная лаборатория Эрнеста Орландо Лоуренса заключила контракт с армией США на разработку атомной бомбы. Профессор физики Дж. Роберт Оппенгеймер был назначен научным руководителем Манхэттенского проекта в 1942 году. [41] [42] Наряду с Национальной лабораторией Лоуренса Беркли, Беркли основал и был тогда партнером по управлению двумя другими лабораториями, Лос-Аламосской национальной лабораторией (1943 год). ) и Ливерморской национальной лаборатории Лоуренса (1952).
К 1942 году Американский совет по образованию поставил Беркли на второе место после Гарварда по количеству выдающихся факультетов. [43]
В 1952 году Калифорнийский университет реорганизовался в систему полуавтономных кампусов, в каждом из которых был назначен канцлер, и Кларк Керр стал первым канцлером Беркли, а Спроул остался президентом Калифорнийского университета. [43]
Беркли приобрел мировую известность как политический деятель в 1960-х годах. [44] [45] В 1964 году Движение за свободу слова организовало студенческое сопротивление ограничениям университета на политическую деятельность в кампусе - наиболее заметно, студенческие мероприятия, связанные с Движением за гражданские права . Арест на Sproul Plaza Джека Вайнберга , недавнего выпускника Беркли и председателя Campus CORE , в октябре 1964 года вызвал серию под руководством студентов акций формального протеста и гражданского неповиновения, которые в конечном итоге породили Движение за свободу слова, которое преобладают и служат прецедентом для студенческой оппозиции участию Америки во Вьетнамской войне. [46] [47] [48]
В 1982 году на территории кампуса был основан Институт математических наук (ИИГС) при поддержке Национального научного фонда и по просьбе трех математиков из Беркли - Шиинг-Шена Черна , Кальвина Мура и Исадора М. Сингера . В настоящее время институт широко известен как ведущий центр совместных математических исследований, ежегодно привлекающий тысячи исследователей со всего мира. [49] [50] [51]
21-го века
В текущем веке Беркли стал менее политически активным и больше сосредоточился на предпринимательстве и сборе средств, особенно в дисциплинах STEM. [52] [53]
Современные студенты Беркли менее политически радикальны, с большим процентом умеренных и консерваторов, чем в 1960–70-е годы. [54] [55] Демократы превосходят республиканцев на факультете в соотношении 9: 1. [56] В целом демократов в университетских кампусах США больше, чем республиканцев, в соотношении 10: 1. [57]
В 2007 году при финансовой поддержке BP был создан Институт биологических наук в области энергетики , и открылись исследовательский центр и штаб-квартира Калифорнийского института количественных биологических наук в Стэнли Холле . В следующие несколько лет был открыт Центр биомедицинских и медицинских наук, финансируемый за счет ведущего подарка миллиардера Ли Кашинга ; открытие зала Сутарджа Дай, где располагается Центр исследований информационных технологий в интересах общества; и открытие Blum Hall, в котором находится Центр Blum для развивающихся стран. При поддержке гранта выпускником Джеймс Саймонс , то Институт Simons для теории вычислений была создана в 2012 году В 2014 году в Беркли и его сестра кампус UCSF , создан инновационный Genomics институт, а в 2020 году, анонимный донор обещал $ 252 млн чтобы помочь финансировать новый центр вычислений и науки о данных. [58]
С 2000 года выпускники и преподаватели Беркли получили 40 Нобелевских премий , уступая только Гарварду и Массачусетскому технологическому институту среди американских университетов; пять премий Тьюринга , уступая только Массачусетскому технологическому институту и Стэнфорду; и пять медалей Филдса , уступая только Принстону. Согласно PitchBook , Беркли занимает второе место после Стэнфорда по количеству предпринимателей, поддерживаемых венчурным капиталом. [59]
Организация и администрирование
Хотя система Калифорнийского университета не имеет официального флагманского кампуса , многие ученые и эксперты считают Беркли его неофициальным флагманом. В некоторых случаях он делит этот неофициальный статус с Калифорнийским университетом в Лос-Анджелесе . [60]
Имя
Официально Калифорнийский университет в Беркли, его название часто сокращается до Беркли в общих ссылках или в академическом контексте (www.berkeley.edu, Berkeley Law , Berkeley Haas ) или до Калифорнии или Калифорнии, особенно когда речь идет о своих спортивных командах ( Калифорнийские золотые медведи ). [8] [9] [61]
Управление
Калифорнийский университет управляется Попечительским советом, состоящим из 26 членов , 18 из которых назначаются губернатором Калифорнии на 12-летний срок. В правление также входят семь членов ex officio , студент-регент и студент-регент без права голоса. [62] До 1952 года Беркли был Калифорнийским университетом, поэтому президент университета был также исполнительным директором Беркли. Однако в 1952 году университет реорганизовался в систему полуавтономных кампусов, где в каждом кампусе был свой главный исполнительный директор, канцлер, который, в свою очередь, подчинялся президенту университетской системы. Двенадцать вице-канцлеров подчиняются непосредственно канцлеру Беркли, а деканы 14 колледжей и школ подчиняются исполнительному вице-канцлеру и ректору, главному академическому руководителю Беркли. [63]
Двадцать пять президентов и канцлеров руководят Беркли с момента его основания. [64] [43]
Президенты
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Финансирование
Беркли получает финансирование из различных федеральных, государственных и частных источников. За исключением государственных контрактов, государственная поддержка распределяется между Беркли и другими кампусами системы Калифорнийского университета через Офис президента Калифорнийского университета и составляет около 12 процентов от общих доходов Беркли. [65] Беркли долгое время извлекал выгоду из частной благотворительности, внося значительные пожертвования от семей Флад, Херста, Дюранта, Штрауса, Лика, Хармона и Бэкона в XIX веке, а также от семей Херстов, Доу, Сэзеров, Рокфеллеров, Коуэлла, Хэвиленда Семьи Боулз, Боулт и Стерн, среди прочих, в первой половине 20-го века. Совсем недавно выпускники и их фонды жертвовали университету на операционные и капитальные затраты. [ необходима цитата ]
Беркли также извлек выгоду из пожертвований отдельных лиц, корпораций и фондов, среди которых выделяются Марк Цукерберг и Присцилла Чан (пообещали 600 миллионов долларов, совместно с UCSF и Стэнфордским университетом , чтобы сформировать Biohub ); [ необходима цитата ] BP (пообещала выделить 400 миллионов долларов на исследования биотоплива); Фонд Билла и Мелинды Гейтс (более 68 миллионов долларов с момента создания фонда), миллиардер сэр Ли Ка-Шинг (многочисленные подарки, в первую очередь подарок в размере 40 миллионов долларов в 2005 году), израильско-российский миллиардер Юрий Мильнер , Томас и Стейси Сибель, Сэнфорд и Джоан Вайль и профессор Гордон Рауссер (подарок в размере 50 миллионов долларов в 2020 году). [ необходима цитата ] Несколько значительных подарков были сделаны анонимно, в том числе подарок в размере 50 миллионов долларов в 1999 году для поддержки молекулярной инженерии, подарок в 2018 году в размере 50 миллионов долларов для поддержки преподавателей STEM, [66] подарок в размере 70 миллионов долларов в 2019 году для поддержки BioEnginuity Hub, [67] и подарок в 2020 году в размере 252 миллионов долларов на поддержку науки о данных. [68]
Кампания 2008–2013 годов в Беркли собрала 3,13 миллиарда долларов от 281 855 доноров, а кампания «Осветите путь», объявленная в начале 2020 года, должна собрать 6 миллиардов долларов к концу 2023 года [69].
Академики
Беркли - это крупный исследовательский университет первого уровня с постоянным проживанием, большая часть студентов которого поступает на программы бакалавриата, но также предлагает комплексную докторскую программу. [70] Университет был аккредитован Комиссией колледжей и университетов Западной ассоциации школ и колледжей с 1949 года. [71] Университет работает по семестровому календарю и в 2018–2018 годах получил 8725 степеней бакалавра, 3286 магистра или профессионала и 1272 докторских степеней. 2019. [11]
Академическое предприятие университета состоит из 14 колледжей и школ, которые, в свою очередь, включают 180 кафедр и 80 междисциплинарных подразделений, предлагающих более 350 программ на получение степени. Колледжи обслуживают как студентов, так и аспирантов, в то время как школы, как правило, только для выпускников, хотя некоторые предлагают бакалавриат по специальностям или несовершеннолетним.
- Химический колледж
- Инженерный колледж
- Колледж экологического дизайна
- Колледж литературы и науки
- Высшая школа образования
- Высшая школа журналистики
- Школа бизнеса Хааса
- Школа государственной политики Goldman
- Колледж природных ресурсов Рауссера
- Школа информации
- Юридический факультет
- Школа оптометрии
- Школа общественного здравоохранения
- Школа социального обеспечения
- UC Berkeley Extension (в настоящее время имеет три офиса в центре Беркли , центре Сан-Франциско и Бельмонте )
Программы бакалавриата
Четырехлетняя очная программа бакалавриата предлагает 107 степеней бакалавра в Школе бизнеса Хааса (1), Химическом колледже (5), Инженерном колледже (20), Колледже экологического дизайна (4), Колледже литературы и Естественные науки (67), Rausser College of Natural Resources (10) и отдельные специальности (2). [72] Самыми популярными специальностями являются электротехника и информатика, политология, молекулярная и клеточная биология, наука об окружающей среде и экономика. [73]
Требования к получению степени бакалавра устанавливаются четырьмя органами: системой Калифорнийского университета, кампусом Беркли, колледжем или школой и департаментом. Эти требования включают в себя письменное требование начального уровня перед зачислением (обычно выполняется по минимальным баллам на стандартизированных вступительных экзаменах, таких как SAT или ACT), завершение курсовой работы по «Американской истории и учреждениям» до или после зачисления путем прохождения вводного курса, сдачи Класс "American Cultures Breadth" в Беркли, а также требования к чтению и сочинению, а также особые требования, заявленные факультетом и школой. [74] Трехчасовые выпускные экзамены требуются в большинстве классов бакалавриата и проводятся в течение недели после последнего учебного дня в середине декабря для осеннего семестра и в середине мая для весеннего семестра. [75] Академические оценки выставляются по четырехбалльной пятибуквенной шкале (от A до F), при этом баллы изменяются на три десятых балла за плюсы и минусы, за исключением A +, за который всего четыре балла. [76] Требования к академическим наградам устанавливаются отдельными школами и колледжами, научные премии обычно присуждаются факультетами, а студенты избираются в общества почета на основе критериев этих организаций. [77]
Выпускные и профессиональные программы
В Беркли есть «комплексная» программа для выпускников, которая хорошо сочетается с программами, предлагаемыми студентам, и предлагает междисциплинарные программы для выпускников с медицинскими школами в UCSF (различные степени магистра и доктора) и Стэнфорде (MD / MPH). Университет предлагает степени магистра гуманитарных наук , магистра наук , магистра изящных искусств и доктора философии в дополнение к профессиональным степеням, таким как доктор юридических наук , магистр делового администрирования , магистр общественного здравоохранения и магистр дизайна . [70] [78] В 2017 году университет присвоил 963 докторских степени и 3531 степень магистра. [79] Прием в аспирантуру децентрализован; абитуриенты подают заявление непосредственно на факультет или на получение степени. Большинство аспирантов получают поддержку в виде стипендий, стажировок преподавателей или научных сотрудников. [79] Рейтинг Национального исследовательского совета США за 2010 год определил, что Калифорнийский университет в Беркли имеет наибольшее количество лучших докторских программ в стране. [80] Докторские программы Беркли, получившие первое место в рейтинге, включают экономику сельского хозяйства и природных ресурсов, астрофизику, химию, гражданскую и экологическую инженерию, информатику, английский язык, эпидемиологию, географию, немецкий язык, математику, машиностроение, биохимию и молекулярную биологию, генетику, Геномика и развитие, физика, биология растений и политология. Беркли также был получателем № 1 стипендий Национального научного фонда для аспирантов в период с 2001 по 2010 год с 1333 наградами. [79]
Факультет и исследования
Беркли классифицируется как «R1: докторские университеты - очень высокая исследовательская деятельность». [70] В 2018 финансовом году Беркли потратил 797 миллионов долларов на исследования и разработки (НИОКР). [81] Среди более чем 130 академических отделов и более 80 междисциплинарных исследовательских подразделений 1629 штатных и 896 внештатных преподавателей. [10] Текущий профессорско-преподавательский состав включает 260 стипендиатов Американской академии искусств и наук , трех медалистов Филдса, 77 стипендиатов Фулбрайта , 139 стипендиатов Гуггенхайма , 78 членов Национальной инженерной академии , 149 членов Национальной академии наук , [82] восемь Лауреаты Нобелевской премии, четыре лауреата Пулитцеровской премии, 125 стипендиатов Слоуна , 7 лауреатов премии Вольфа и 1 лауреат Притцкеровской премии . [10] [83] [84] [85]
Библиотечная система
32 библиотеки Беркли вместе содержат более 13 миллионов томов и занимают более 12 акров (4,9 га) земли, образуя один из крупнейших библиотечных комплексов в мире. [86] [87] Библиотека Доу служит справочным, периодическим и административным центром библиотечной системы, в то время как большинство основных коллекций находится в подземных основных стеках Гарднера и библиотеке Моффитта для студентов. Бэнкрофт библиотека , которая насчитывает более 400 тысяч печатных томов и 70 миллионов рукописей, фотографий и карт, поддерживает специальные коллекции , которые документируют историю западной части Северной Америки, с акцентом на Калифорнии, Мексике и Центральной Америке. В библиотеке Бэнкрофта также находятся документы Марка Твена [88], Центр устной истории [89], Центр папирусов Тебтуни [90] и университетские архивы. [91]
Рейтинги
|
|
|
Классифицировать | Мировой рейтинг QS 2018 по предметам |
---|---|
4 | Искусство и гуманитарные науки (В целом) |
4 | Архитектура |
5 | Психология |
4 | Английский язык |
5 | История |
8 | Философия |
8 | Инженерия и технологии (В целом) |
4 | Компьютерная и информационная система |
3 | Химическая инженерия |
2 | Гражданское и структурное проектирование |
3 | Электроника и электротехника |
= 4 | Механическая авиация и производство |
7 | Естественные науки (В целом) |
2 | Химия |
1 | Науки об окружающей среде |
4 | География |
6 | Математика |
3 | Материаловедение |
5 | Физика и астрономия |
7 | Социальные науки и менеджмент (В целом) |
8 | Бухгалтерский учет и финансы |
10 | Бизнес и менеджмент исследования |
= 6 | Коммуникации и медиа исследования |
4 | Экономика и эконометрика |
8 | Образование и обучение |
8 | Закон |
9 | Политические и международные исследования |
2 | Социология |
4 | Статистика и исследования операций |
Национально, 2019-20 США Новости & World Report ' s „Лучшие колледжи“ занимают второе место среди Berkeley государственных университетов и 22 среди национальных университетов. [103] В отчете Forbes America's Top Colleges за 2019 год Беркли занял первое место среди государственных университетов и 13-е место среди 650 университетов и колледжей гуманитарных наук в США. [104] Washington Monthly поставил Беркли на 17-е место среди национальных университетов в 2020 году по критериям, основанным на исследованиях, общественной работе и социальной мобильности. По рейтингу QS World University Rankings на 2020 год Беркли занимает четвертое место среди всех университетов США и первое место среди общественности. [105] 2018-19 центр World University Rankings (CWUR) занимает университету верхний общественный университет в стране и четвёртое в целом в зависимости от качества образования, занятости выпускников, качество преподавателей, публикаций, влияние и цитатах. [106] В рейтинге лучших колледжей Money Magazine за 2015 год Беркли занял 9-е место в США по качеству образования, доступности и доходам выпускников. [107] В 2015 году Киплингер поставил Беркли 4-м наиболее ценным государственным университетом в стране для студентов из штата и 6-м для студентов из других штатов. [108] В 2014 году в отчете The Daily Beast 's Best Colleges Беркли занял 11-е место в стране. [109] В отчете ведущих американских исследовательских университетов за 2013 год, подготовленном Центром измерения эффективности университетов, Беркли занял 8-е место в целом, 5-е место по ресурсам, преподавательскому составу и образованию, 9-е место по ресурсам и образованию и 1-е место по образованию. [110] В Беркли больше нобелевских лауреатов и миллиардеров, чем в любом другом государственном университете США. Беркли был внесен в список « Public Ivy » в 1985 году Ричард Молл общественных Ivies . [111]
В глобальном масштабе в 2020–2021 годах Беркли занимает 4-е место в рейтинге US News & World Report , 5-е место в академическом рейтинге университетов мира (ARWU) , 7- е место в рейтинге университетов мира высшего образования Times и 30-е место в рейтинге университетов мира QS . Кроме того, Times Higher Education считает Беркли, основываясь на репутации, одним из «шести супербрендов» в мире наряду с Кембриджем , Гарвардом , Массачусетским технологическим институтом , Оксфордом и Стэнфордом . [112] [113] [114] [115] [116] В период с 2020 по 21 год Центр мировых рейтингов университетов (CWUR) поставил университету 12-е место в мире по качеству образования, занятости выпускников, качеству преподавателей и выполнение исследований. [117] В 2017 году по рейтингу Nature Index университет занял девятое место по объему статей, опубликованных в 82 ведущих журналах. [118] [119]
Прием и зачисление
Бакалавриат | Выпускной | Калифорния | Перепись США | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Чернить | 1,9% | 4,0% | 6.5% | 13,2% |
Азиатский | 35,5% | 18,1% | 14,4% | 5,5% |
Неиспаноязычный белый | 24,0% | 32,9% | 38,5% | 61,7% |
Латиноамериканец (любой расы) | 16,1% | 8,4% | 38,6% | 17,7% |
Коренной американец | 0,1% | 0,6% | 1,7% | 1,2% |
Международный | 12,7% | 28,7% | N / A | N / A |
Другое / Неизвестно | 9,5% | 7,3% | 3,7% | 2,8% |
На осень 2019 года общее количество студентов в Беркли составило 43 695 человек: 31 780 студентов и 11 915 аспирантов, при этом женщины составляют 54 процента студентов и 46 процентов аспирантов и студентов-профессионалов. [11] Уровень приема для первокурсников составил 16,8%. Из зачисленных первокурсников 55 процентов составляли женщины. У зачисленных первокурсников средний невзвешенный средний балл 3,89 и средний балл по SAT - 1425. Межквартильный диапазон баллов по SAT составлял 1330–1520. Беркли и другие кампусы Калифорнийского университета не имеют супер-оценки.
2019 г. | 2018 г. | 2017 г. | 2016 г. | 2015 г. | 2014 г. | 2013 | 2012 г. | 2011 г. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Претенденты [11] [121] [122] [123] [124] [125] | 87 398 | 89 621 | 85 057 | 82 571 | 78 923 | 73 794 | 67 713 | 61 702 | 52 953 |
Допускает [121] [122] [123] [124] [125] | 14 676 | 13 308 | 14,552 | 14 429 | 13,332 | 13 338 | 14 181 | 13 038 | 13 523 |
Уровень допуска [121] [122] [123] [124] [125] | 16,8% | 14,8% | 17,1% | 17,5% | 16,9% | 18,1% | 20,9% | 21,1% | 25,5% |
Зарегистрирован [11] [121] [122] [126] [127] | 6 454 | 6 012 | 6 379 | 6 253 | 5 832 | 5 813 | 5 848 | 5,365 | 5640 |
Диапазон SAT [11] [121] [122] [128] [129] [130] [131] [132] [133] | 1330–1520 | 1300–1530 | 1300–1540 | 1930–2290 | 1870–2250 | 1840–2230 | 1870–2240 | 1840–2240 | 1870–2230 |
ACT среднее [11] [121] [122] [128] [129] [130] [131] [132] [133] | 31 год | 31 год | 32 | 32 | 32 | 31 год | 30 | 30 | 31 год |
GPA (невзвешенный) [11] [121] [122] [128] [129] [130] [131] [132] [133] | 3,89 | 3,89 | 3,91 | 3,86 | 3,87 | 3,85 | 3,86 | 3,84 | 3,83 |
Студенты Беркли имеют право на различную государственную и частную финансовую помощь. Как правило, запросы финансовой помощи обрабатываются через Бюро по финансовой помощи и стипендий, хотя некоторые школы, такие как Хаас школа бизнеса [134] и Беркли закон , [135] имеют свои собственные офисы финансовой помощи. Набор стипендиатов национальных заслуг в Беркли был третьим в стране до 2002 года, когда участие в программе за заслуги перед национальными заслугами было прекращено. [136] В 2017–2018 годах Беркли занял четвертое место по количеству получателей стипендии в размере 2500 долларов США за заслуги перед национальными заслугами (124 стипендиата). [137] Двадцать семь процентов принятых студентов получают федеральные гранты Пелла . [138]
Открытия и инновации
Преподаватели и исследователи Беркли сделали ряд значительных изобретений и открытий: [14]
Природные науки
- Атомная бомба - профессор физики Дж. Роберт Оппенгеймер был во время войны директором Лос-Аламосской национальной лаборатории и Манхэттенского проекта .
- Углерод 14 и фотосинтез - Мартин Камен и Сэм Рубен впервые открыли углерод 14 в 1940 году, а лауреат Нобелевской премии Мелвин Кальвин и его коллеги использовали углерод 14 в качестве молекулярного индикатора, чтобы выявить путь ассимиляции углерода в фотосинтезе, известный как цикл Кальвина . [139]
- Канцерогены - идентифицированные химические вещества, повреждающие ДНК. Тест Эймса был описан в серии статей в 1973 году Брюсом Эймсом и его группой в университете.
- Химические элементы - 16 элементов были обнаружены в Беркли ( астатин , нептуний , плутоний , кюрий , америций , беркелии , калифорния , эйнштейний , Fermium , менделеевий , нобелий , лоуренсий , дубний , сиборгия , технеций и резерфордия ). [140] [141]
- Ковалентная связь - Гилберт Н. Льюис в 1916 году описал совместное использование электронных пар между атомами и изобрел нотацию Льюиса для описания механизмов.
- Редактирование генов CRISPR - лауреат Нобелевской премии Дженнифер Доудна обнаружила точный и недорогой способ манипулирования ДНК в клетках человека. [142]
- Циклотрон - Эрнест О. Лоуренс создал ускоритель элементарных частиц в 1934 году и был удостоен Нобелевской премии по физике в 1939 году [143].
- Темная энергия - Сол Перлмуттер и многие другие участники проекта Supernova Cosmology Project обнаруживают, что Вселенная расширяется из-за темной энергии 1998 года.
- Вакцина от гриппа - Венделл М. Стэнли и его коллеги открыли вакцину в 1940-х годах.
- Водородная бомба - Эдвард Теллер , отец водородной бомбы, был профессором в Беркли и исследователем Ливерморской национальной лаборатории Лоуренса и Лос-Аламосской национальной лаборатории .
- Иммунотерапия рака - Джеймс П. Эллисон открывает и разрабатывает терапию моноклональными антителами, которая использует иммунную систему для борьбы с раком 1992–1995 гг.
- Молекулярные часы - открытие Аллана Уилсона в 1967 году.
- Нейропластичность - Мэриан Даймонд обнаруживает структурные, биохимические и синаптические изменения в мозге, вызванные обогащением окружающей среды 1964
- Онкоген - Питер Дюсберг обнаружил первый ген, вызывающий рак, в вирусе 1970-х годов.
- Теломераза - Элизабет Х. Блэкберн , Кэрол Грейдер и Джек Шостак открыли фермент, который способствует делению и росту клеток 1985.
- Витамин Е - Глэдис Андерсон Эмерсон выделяет витамин Е в чистом виде в 1952 г. [144]
Компьютерные и прикладные науки
- Berkeley RISC - Дэвид Паттерсон приводит ARPA «s VLSI проект по микропроцессорной дизайн 1980-1984. [145]
- Berkeley UNIX / Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) - Исследовательская группа компьютерных систем была исследовательской группой в Беркли, которая занималась усовершенствованием операционной системы AT&T Unix и финансировалась Агентством перспективных исследовательских проектов Министерства обороны США . Билл Джой изменил код и выпустил его в 1977 году под лицензией BSD с открытым исходным кодом , начав революцию с открытым исходным кодом.
- Глубоководное погружение - Джоэл Генри Хильдебранд использовал гелий с кислородом для облегчения декомпрессионной болезни . [146]
- GIMP - В 1995 году Спенсер Кимбалл и Питер Мэттис начали разработку GIMP как семестрового проекта в Беркли.
- Полиграф - изобретен Джоном Огастесом Ларсоном и полицейским из полицейского управления Беркли в 1921 году. [147]
- Project Genie - проект, финансируемый DARPA . Она произвела раннюю систему разделения времени , включая систему разделения времени Беркли , которая затем была коммерциализирована как SDS 940 . Концепции Project Genie повлияли на разработку операционной системы TENEX для PDP-10 и Unix , унаследовавшей от нее концепцию разветвления процессов . [148] Соавтор Unix Кен Томпсон работал над Project Genie в Беркли.
- SPICE - Дональд О. Педерсон разрабатывает программу моделирования с акцентом на интегральные схемы (SPICE) 1972 г. [149]
- Язык программирования Tcl - разработан Джоном Остерхаутом в 1988 году. [150]
- Трехмерный транзистор - Ченмин Ху выиграл Национальную технологическую медаль 2014 года за разработку «первых трехмерных транзисторов, которые радикально продвинули полупроводниковую технологию». [151]
- Текстовый редактор Vi - Билл Джой создал первый редактор Vi в 1976 году. [152]
- Гидрокостюм - Хью Брэднер изобрел первый гидрокостюм в 1952 г. [153]
Компании и предпринимательство
Выпускники и преподаватели Беркли основали множество компаний, некоторые из которых показаны ниже. [154] [21] Беркли часто приводится в качестве одного из университетов, которые произвели большинство предпринимателей, а также имеет свой собственный инкубатор запуска , Berkeley SKYDECK . [21] [155] [156] [157] [158]
- Activision Blizzard , 1979 (как Activision ), соучредитель Алан Миллер (BS) и Ларри Каплан (BA)
- AIG , 1919, основатель Корнелиус Вандер Старр (присутствовал)
- Apple , 1976, соучредитель Стив Возняк (BS)
- Coursera , 2012 г., соучредитель Эндрю Нг (PhD)
- eBay , 1995, основатель Пьер Омидьяр (присутствовал) [159] [160]
- Gap Inc. , 1969, соучредитель Дональд Фишер (BS)
- HTC Corporation , 1997, соучредитель Шер Ван (BA)
- Intel , 1968 год, соучредители Гордон Мур (бакалавр наук) и Энди Гроув (доктор философии)
- Marvell Technology Group , 1995, соучредители Сехат Сутарджа (MS, PhD) и Вейли Дай (BA)
- Морган Стэнли , 1924 (как Дин Виттер и компания ), соучредитель Дин Г. Виттер (бакалавр)
- Mozilla Corporation , 2005, соучредитель Митчелл Бейкер (BA, JD)
- Myspace , 2003, соучредитель Том Андерсон (бакалавр)
- Renaissance Technologies , 1982, основатель Джеймс Саймонс (доктор философии)
- Rotten Tomatoes , 1998, основатели Сень Зыонг (бакалавр), Патрик Й. Ли (бакалавр) и Стивен Ван (бакалавр)
- SanDisk , 1988, соучредитель Санджай Мехротра (BS, MS)
- Softbank , 1981, основатель Масаёши Сон (бакалавр)
- Sun Microsystems , 1982, соучредитель Билл Джой (MS)
- Tesla , 2003 г., соучредитель Марк Тарпеннинг (BS)
- VMware , 1998, соучредители Дайан Грин (MS) и Мендель Розенблюм (PhD)
Кампус
The Berkeley campus encompasses approximately 1,232 acres (499 ha), though the "central campus" occupies only the low-lying western 178 acres (72 ha) of this area. Of the remaining acres, approximately 200 acres (81 ha) are occupied by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; other facilities above the main campus include the Lawrence Hall of Science and several research units, notably the Space Sciences Laboratory, the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, an 800-acre (320 ha) ecological preserve, the University of California Botanical Garden and a recreation center in Strawberry Canyon. Portions of the mostly undeveloped, eastern area of the campus are actually within the City of Oakland; these portions extend from the Claremont Resort north through the Panoramic Hill neighborhood to Tilden Park.[161]
To the west of the central campus is the downtown business district of Berkeley; to the northwest is the neighborhood of North Berkeley, including the so-called Gourmet Ghetto, a commercial district known for high quality dining due to the presence of such world-renowned restaurants as Chez Panisse. Immediately to the north is a quiet residential neighborhood known as Northside with a large graduate student population;[162] situated north of that are the upscale residential neighborhoods of the Berkeley Hills. Immediately southeast of campus lies fraternity row and beyond that the Clark Kerr Campus and an upscale residential area named Claremont. The area south of the university includes student housing and Telegraph Avenue, one of Berkeley's main shopping districts with stores, street vendors and restaurants catering to college students and tourists. In addition, the University also owns land to the northwest of the main campus, a 90-acre (36 ha) married student housing complex in the nearby town of Albany ("Albany Village" and the "Gill Tract"), and a field research station several miles to the north in Richmond, California.
The campus is home to several museums including the University of California Museum of Paleontology, the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, and the Lawrence Hall of Science. The Museum of Paleontology, found in the lobby of the Valley Life Sciences Building, showcases a variety of dinosaur fossils including a complete cast of a Tyrannosaurus Rex. The campus also offers resources for innovation and entrepreneurship, such as the Big Ideas Competition (Blum Center for Developing Economies), SkyDeck, the Sutardja Center for Entrepreneurship and Technology, and the Berkeley Haas Innovation Lab.[163] The campus is also home to the University of California Botanical Garden, one of the most diverse plant collections in the United States, famous for its large number of rare and endangered species, with more than 12,000 individual species.
Outside of the Bay Area, the University owns various research laboratories and research forests in both northern and southern Sierra Nevada.
Architecture
What is considered the historic campus today was the result of the 1898 "International Competition for the Phoebe Hearst Architectural Plan for the University of California", funded by William Randolph Hearst's mother and initially held in the Belgian city of Antwerp; eleven finalists were judged again in San Francisco in 1899.[164] The winner was Frenchman Émile Bénard, however he refused to personally supervise the implementation of his plan and the task was subsequently given to architecture professor John Galen Howard. Howard designed over twenty buildings, which set the tone for the campus up until its expansion in the 1950s and 1960s. The structures forming the "classical core" of the campus were built in the Beaux-Arts Classical style, and include Hearst Greek Theatre, Hearst Memorial Mining Building, Doe Memorial Library, California Hall, Wheeler Hall, (Old) Le Conte Hall, Gilman Hall, Haviland Hall, Wellman Hall, Sather Gate, and the 307-foot (94 m) Sather Tower (nicknamed "the Campanile" after its architectural inspiration, St Mark's Campanile in Venice), the tallest university clock tower in the United States.[165] Buildings he regarded as temporary, nonacademic, or not particularly "serious" were designed in shingle or Collegiate Gothic styles; examples of these are North Gate Hall, Dwinelle Annex, and Stephens Hall. Many of Howard's designs are recognized California Historical Landmarks[166] and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Built in 1873 in a Victorian Second-Empire-style, South Hall, designed by David Farquharson, is the oldest university building in California. It, and the Frederick Law Olmsted-designed Piedmont Avenue east of the main campus, are two of the only surviving examples of the nineteenth-century campus. Other notable architects and firms whose work can be found in the campus and surrounding area are Bernard Maybeck[167] (Faculty Club); Julia Morgan (Hearst Women's Gymnasium and Julia Morgan Hall); William Wurster (Stern Hall); Moore Ruble Yudell (Haas School of Business); Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects (C.V. Starr East Asian Library), and Diller Scofidio + Renfro (Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive).
Natural features
Flowing into the main campus are two branches of Strawberry Creek. The south fork enters a culvert upstream of the recreational complex at the mouth of Strawberry Canyon and passes beneath California Memorial Stadium before appearing again in Faculty Glade. It then runs through the center of the campus before disappearing underground at the west end of campus. The north fork appears just east of University House and runs through the glade north of the Valley Life Sciences Building, the original site of the Campus Arboretum.
Trees in the area date from the founding of the university. The campus features numerous wooded areas, including: Founders' Rock, Faculty Glade, Grinnell Natural Area, and the Eucalyptus Grove, which is both the tallest stand of such trees in the world and the tallest stand of hardwood trees in North America.[168] The campus sits on the Hayward Fault, which runs directly through California Memorial Stadium.[169]
Студенческая жизнь и традиции
The official university mascot is Oski the Bear, who debuted in 1941. Previously, live bear cubs were used as mascots at Memorial Stadium until it was decided in 1940 that a costumed mascot would be a better alternative. Named after the Oski-wow-wow yell, he is cared for by the Oski Committee, whose members have exclusive knowledge of the identity of the costume-wearer.[170]
The University of California Marching Band, which has served the university since 1891, performs at every home football game and at select road games as well. A smaller subset of the Cal Band, the Straw Hat Band, performs at basketball games, volleyball games, and other campus and community events.[171]
The UC Rally Committee, formed in 1901, is the official guardian of California's Spirit and Traditions. Wearing their traditional blue and gold rugbies, Rally Committee members can be seen at all major sporting and spirit events. Committee members are charged with the maintenance of the five Cal flags, the large California banner overhanging the Memorial Stadium Student Section and Haas Pavilion, the California Victory Cannon, Card Stunts and The Big "C" among other duties. The Rally Committee is also responsible for safekeeping of the Stanford Axe when it is in Cal's possession.[172] The Chairman of the Rally Committee holds the title "Custodian of the Axe" while it is in the Committee's care.
The Cal Mic Men, a standard at home football games, has recently expanded to involve basketball and volleyball. The traditional role comes from students holding megaphones and yelling, but now includes microphones, a dedicated platform during games, and the direction of the entire student section.[173] Both men and women are allowed to fulfill the role, despite the name.Overlooking the main Berkeley campus from the foothills in the east, The Big "C" is an important symbol of California school spirit. The Big "C" has its roots in an early 20th-century campus event called "Rush", which pitted the freshman and sophomore classes against each other in a race up Charter Hill that often developed into a wrestling match. It was eventually decided to discontinue Rush and, in 1905, the freshman and sophomore classes banded together in a show of unity to build "the Big C".[174] Owing to its prominent position, the Big "C" is often the target of pranks by rival Stanford University students who paint the Big "C" red and also fraternities and sororities who paint it their organization's colors. One of the Rally Committee's functions is to repaint the Big "C" to its traditional color of King Alfred Yellow.
Cal students invented the college football tradition of card stunts. Then known as Bleacher Stunts, they were first performed during the 1910 Big Game and consisted of two stunts: a picture of the Stanford Axe and a large blue "C" on a white background. The tradition continues today in the Cal student section and incorporates complicated motions, for example tracing the Cal script logo on a blue background with an imaginary yellow pen.[175]
The California Victory Cannon, placed on Tightwad Hill overlooking the stadium, is fired before every football home game, after every score, and after every Cal victory. First used in the 1963 Big Game, it was originally placed on the sidelines before moving to Tightwad Hill in 1971. The only time the cannon ran out of ammunition was during a game against Pacific in 1991, when Cal scored 12 touchdowns.[176]
Student housing
Berkeley students are offered a variety of housing options, including university-owned or affiliated residences, private residences, fraternities and sororities, and cooperative housing (co-ops).
University housing
The university runs twelve different residence halls: seven undergraduate residence halls or complexes, both with and without themes; family student housing; re-entry student housing; and optional international student housing at the International House, built with a gift from John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and the erstwhile home of six Nobel laureates. Undergraduate residence halls are located off-campus in the city of Berkeley. Units 1, 2 and 3, located on the south side of campus, offer high-rise accommodations with common areas on every other floor. Units 1 and 2 share a common dining hall, Crossroads. The oldest unit, Unit 3, has its own dining hall, Café 3, on the first floor.[177] At the beginning of the 2018–2019 school year, a new building called Blackwell Hall, was opened across the street from Unit 3. These buildings share a dining hall. Further away and also on the south side of campus is Clark Kerr, an undergraduate residential complex that houses many student athletes and was once a school for the deaf and blind.
In the foothills east of the central campus, there are three additional undergraduate residence halls: Foothill, Stern, and Bowles. Foothill is a co-ed, suite-style hall reminiscent of a Swiss chalet. Just south of Foothill, overlooking the Hearst Greek Theatre, is the all-women's traditional-style Stern Hall, which boasts an original mural by Diego Rivera. Because of their proximity to the College of Engineering and College of Chemistry, these residence halls often house science and engineering majors. They tend to be quieter than the southside complexes but often get free glimpses of concerts owing to their proximity to the theater.
Bowles Hall, the country's oldest residential college, is located on the north side of campus between California Memorial Stadium and the Hearst Greek Theater. Gifted by Mary McNear Bowles in 1929 to honor her late husband, Regent Philip E. Bowles, the college began as a student-governed residence hall.[178] The hall was originally all male until its reopening in 2016 following a $45 million renovation.[179] Bowles is known for its Collegiate Gothic architecture, its sense of community, and its unusual traditions and pranks.[180]
The Channing-Bowditch and Ida Jackson apartments cater to re-entry students,[181][182] while the 58-acre University Village, located some 3 miles (4.8 km) northwest of campus, provides housing for students with families.
Cooperative housing
Berkeley students, and those of other local schools, have the option of living in one of the twenty cooperative houses participating in the Berkeley Student Cooperative (BSC), a nonprofit housing cooperative network consisting of 20 residences and 1250 member-owners.[183] Notable BCS alumni include Norman Mineta, Steve Wozniak, Gordon Moore, Nathan Huggins, Marion Nestle, and Beverly Cleary.
Fraternities and sororities
About three percent of undergraduate men and nine percent of undergraduate women—or 3,400 of total undergraduates—are active in Berkeley's Greek system.[184] University-sanctioned fraternities and sororities comprise over 60 houses affiliated with four Greek councils.[185][186]
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Student-run organizations
Associated Students of the University of California (ASUC)
The Associated Students of the University of California (ASUC) is the official student association that controls funding for student groups and organizes on-campus student events. It is considered[by whom?] the most autonomous student government at any university in the U.S. due to its independent funding model, level of university involvement and resources.[citation needed] The two main political parties are "Student Action"[188] and "CalSERVE."[189] The organization was founded in 1887 and has an annual operating budget of $1.7 million (excluding the budget of the Graduate Assembly of the ASUC), in addition to various investment assets. Its alumni include multiple State Senators, Assemblymembers, and White House Administration officials.[190][circular reference]
The ASUC's Student Union Program, Entertainment, and Recreation Board (SUPERB) is a student-run, non-profit branch dedicated to providing entertainment for the campus and community. Founded in 1964, SUPERB's programming includes the Friday Film Series, free Noon Concerts on Lower Sproul Plaza, Comedy Competitions, Poker Tournaments, free Sneak Previews of upcoming movies, and more.
Media and publications
Berkeley's student-run online television station, CalTV, was formed in 2005 and broadcasts online. It is run by students with a variety of backgrounds and majors. Since the mid-2010s, it has been a program of the ASUC.[191]
Berkeley's independent student-run newspaper is The Daily Californian. Founded in 1871, The Daily Cal became independent in 1971 after the campus administration fired three senior editors for encouraging readers to take back People's Park. The Daily Californian has both a print and online edition. Print circulation is about 10,000. The newspaper is an important source of information for students, faculty, staff, and the surrounding City of Berkeley.
Berkeley's FM Student radio station, KALX, broadcasts on 90.7 MHz. It is run largely by volunteers, including both students and community members.
Berkeley also features an assortment of student-run publications:
- California Law Review, law journal published by Berkeley Law, est. 1912.
- Berkeley Fiction Review, American literary magazine, est. 1981.
- Berkeley Poetry Review, national poetry journal, est. 1974.
- Berkeley Political Review, nonpartisan political magazine, est. 2001.
- Berkeley Economic Review, economics journal, est. 2016.
- Business Berkeley, Haas undergraduate journal.
- Caliber Magazine, an "everything magazine," featuring articles and blogs on a wide range of topics, est. 2008.
- Free Peach, satirical newspaper, est. 2019.
- B-Side, music magazine, est. 2013.
- California Patriot, conservative political magazine, est. 2000.
- Smart Ass, liberal magazine, est. 2015.
Student groups
There are some 94 political student groups on campus, including MEChXA de UC Berkeley, Berkeley ACLU, Berkeley Students for Life, Campus Greens, The Sustainability Team (STEAM), the Berkeley Student Food Collective, Students for Sensible Drug Policy, Cal Berkeley Democrats, and the Berkeley College Republicans.[192]
The Residence Hall Assembly (RHA) is the student-led umbrella organization that oversees event planning, legislation, sponsorships and other activities for over 7,2000 on-campus undergraduate residents.[193]
Berkeley students also run a number of consulting groups, including the Berkeley Group, founded in 2003 and affiliated with the Haas School.[194] Students from various concentrations are recruited and trained to work on pro-bono consulting engagements with actual nonprofit clients. Berkeley Consulting, founded in 1996, has served over 140 companies across the high-tech, retail, banking, and non-profit sectors.[195]
ImagiCal[196] has been the college chapter of the American Advertising Federation at Berkeley since the late 1980s. The team competes annually in the National Student Advertising Competition, with students from disparate majors working together on a marketing case underwritten by a corporate sponsor.
The Berkeley Forum is a nonpartisan student organization that hosts panels, debates, and speeches across a variety of fields.[197] Past speakers include Senator Rand Paul, entrepreneur and venture capitalist Peter Thiel, and Khan Academy founder Salman Khan.
Democratic Education at Cal, or DeCal, is a program that promotes the creation of professor-sponsored, student-facilitated classes.[198] DeCal arose out of the 1960s Free Speech movement and was officially established in 1981. The program offers around 150 courses on a vast range of subjects that appeal to the student community, including classes on the Rubik's Cube, blockchain, web design, metamodernism, cooking, Jewish art, 3D animation, and bioprinting.[199]
The campus is home to several a cappella groups, including Drawn to Scale, Artists in Resonance, Berkeley Dil Se, the UC Men's Octet, the California Golden Overtones, and Noteworthy. The University of California Men's Octet was founded in 1948 and features a repertoire of barbershop, doo-wop, contemporary pop, modern alternative, and fight songs. Hewing to tradition, the groups perform weekly under Sather Gate on alternating days. Berkeley hosts a myriad other performing arts groups in comedy, dance, acting and instrumental music, and include jericho!, Improv & Sketch Comedy, The Movement, Taiko drumming, BareStage student musical theater, the Remedy Music Project, Main Stacks, AFX Dance, and TruElement.
Since 1967, students and staff jazz musicians have had an opportunity to perform and study with the University of California Jazz Ensembles. Under the direction of Dr. David W. Tucker, who was hired by the Cal Band as a composer, arranger, and associate director, but was later asked to direct the jazz ensembles as it grew in popularity and membership, the group grew rapidly from one big band to multiple big bands, numerous combos, and numerous instrumental classes with multiple instructors. For several decades it hosted the Pacific Coast Collegiate Jazz Festival, part of the American Collegiate Jazz Festival, a competitive forum for student musicians. PCCJF brought jazz artists including Hubert Laws, Sonny Rollins, Freddie Hubbard, and Ed Shaughnessy to the Berkeley campus as performers, clinicians, and adjudicators. The festival later included high school musicians. Michael Wolff and Andy Narell are just a couple of its more famous alumni.
Berkeley student organizations also hosts many other conferences, seminars, and musical and theatrical performances, including the annual Sociological Research Symposium.
Engineering Student Teams
Given UC Berkeley's STEM education and its proximity to Silicon Valley, there are a variety of student-run engineering teams that focus on winning design and engineering competitions. Berkeley has two prominent amateur rocketry teams: Space Enterprise at Berkeley (SEB)[200] and Space Technologies and Rocketry (STAR).[201] Both have launched solid-fuel sounding rockets and are currently developing liquid propellant rockets. The university also has two Formula SAE teams: Berkeley Formula Racing[202] and Formula Electric Berkeley.[203] Both of these teams participate in Formula SAE–run competitions, with the former focusing on internal combustion engines and the latter on electric motors. Berkeley has a number of other vehicle teams, including CalSol,[204] CalSMV,[205] and Human Powered Vehicle.[206]
Athletics
The university's athletic teams are known as the California Golden Bears (often shortened to "Cal Bears" or just "Cal") and are primarily members of the NCAA Division I Pac-12 Conference (Pac-12). Cal is also a member of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation in several sports not sponsored by the Pac-12 and the America East Conference in women's field hockey. The first school colors, established in 1873 by a committee of students, were Blue (specifically Yale Blue) and Gold.[207][208] Yale Blue was originally chosen because many of the university's inaugural faculty were Yale graduates, including Henry Durant, its first president. Blue and Gold were specified and made the official colors of the university and the state colors of California in 1955.[207][209] However, the athletic department has recently specified a darker blue, close to but not the same as the Berkeley Blue now used by the university.[210][211]
The California Golden Bears have a long history of excellence in athletics, having won national titles in football, men's basketball, baseball, softball, men's and women's crew, men's gymnastics, men's tennis, men's and women's swimming, men's water polo, men's Judo, men's track, and men's rugby. In addition, Cal athletes have won numerous individual NCAA titles in track, gymnastics, swimming and tennis. On January 31, 2009, the university's Hurling club made athletic history by defeating Stanford in the first collegiate hurling match ever played on American soil. Berkeley teams have won national championships in baseball (2), men's basketball (2), men's crew (15), women's crew (3), football (5), men's golf (1), men's gymnastics (4), men's lacrosse (1), men's rugby (26), softball (1), men's swimming & diving (4), women's swimming & diving (3), men's tennis (1), men's track & field (1), and men's water polo (13). Cal students and alumni have also won 207 Olympic medals.[212]
California finished in first place[213] in the 2007–08 Fall U.S. Sports Academy Directors' Cup standings (Now the NACDA Directors' Cup), a competition measuring the best overall collegiate athletic programs in the country, with points awarded for national finishes in NCAA sports. Cal finished the 2007–08 competition in seventh place with 1119 points.[214] Most recently, California finished in third place in the 2010–11 NACDA Directors' Cup with 1219.50 points, finishing behind Stanford and Ohio State. This is California's highest ever finish in the Director's Cup.[215]
The Golden Bears' traditional arch-rival is the Stanford Cardinal, and the most anticipated sporting event between the two universities is the annual football match dubbed the Big Game, celebrated with spirit events on both campuses. Since 1933, the winner of the Big Game has been awarded custody of the Stanford Axe. Other sporting games between these rivals have related names such as the Big Splash (water polo) or the Big Kick (soccer).[216]
One of the most famous moments in college football history occurred during the 85th Big Game on November 20, 1982. In what has become known as "the band play" or simply The Play, Cal scored the winning touchdown in the final seconds with a kickoff return that involved a series of laterals and the Stanford marching band rushing onto the field.
Известные выпускники, преподаватели и сотрудники
Berkeley alumni, faculty and staff have distinguished themselves in a wide range of endeavors and include 110 Nobel laureates (34 alumni), 25 Turing Award winners (11 alumni), 14 Fields Medalists, 28 Wolf Prize winners, 103 MacArthur Fellows (62 alumni) , 30 Pulitzer Prize recipients, 19 Academy Award winners, five foreign heads of state, chief justices of the United States and California,[18] 22 cabinet members, ten state governors, numerous members of Congress, 36 general and flag officers of the United States Armed Forces, 40 billionaires, and the founders or co-founders of many world-renowned companies.
Earl Warren, BA 1912, JD 1914, 14th Chief Justice of the United States, 30th Governor of California
Steven Chu, PhD 1976, Nobel laureate and former United States Secretary of Energy
Jennifer Granholm, BA 1984, First female Governor of Michigan and U.S. Secretary of Energy
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, BA 1950,[217] 4th President of Pakistan, 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan
Robert Reich, Professor of Public Policy, 22nd United States Secretary of Labor
Christina Romer, Professor of Economics, 25th Chairperson of the President's Council of Economic Advisers
Steve Wozniak, BS 1986, cofounder of Apple Inc.
Gordon Moore, BS 1950, cofounder of semiconductor company Intel
Eric Schmidt, MS 1979, PhD 1982, Executive Chairman of Alphabet
Edmund Gerald "Jerry" Brown, Jr, BA 1961, Governor of California, former California Attorney General
Gregory Peck, BA 1939, Academy Award–winning actor
Natalie Coughlin, BA 2005, multiple gold medal-winning Olympic swimmer
Haakon Magnus, Crown Prince of Norway, BA 1999[218]
Robert McNamara, BA 1937, President of World Bank (1968–81), United States Secretary of Defense (1961–68), President of Ford Motor Company (1960)
Daniel Kahneman, PhD 1961, awarded the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his work in Prospect theory
Harold Urey, PhD 1923, Nobel laureate and discoverer of deuterium
Faculty and staff
- Shiing-Shen Chern, a leading geometer of the 20th century, co-founded the renowned Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and served as its founding Director until 1984.[219][49]
- Physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer was scientific director of the Manhattan Project and was the founder of the Berkeley Center for Theoretical Physics.[220]
- Faculty member Edward Teller was (together with Stanislaw Ulam) the "father of the hydrogen bomb", who laid important foundations for the establishment of Space Sciences Laboratory at Berkeley.[221]
- Ernest Lawrence, a Nobel laureate in physics who invented the cyclotron at Berkeley, and founded the Radiation Laboratory on campus, which later became the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.[222]
- Gilbert N. Lewis, former Dean of the College of Chemistry, was nominated 41 times for Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[223][224] He mentored and influenced numerous Berkeley Nobel laureates, including Harold Urey (1934 Nobel Prize), William F. Giauque (1949 Nobel Prize), Glenn T. Seaborg (1951 Nobel Prize), Willard Libby (1960 Nobel Prize), and Melvin Calvin (1961 Nobel Prize).[225][226]
- Nobel laureate Glenn T. Seaborg discovered or co-discovered 10 chemical elements at Berkeley and served as Chancellor from 1958 to 1961.[227][228]
- Hans Albert Einstein, the first son of Albert Einstein and a world's leading scholar in hydraulic engineering, was a long-time faculty member at Berkeley.[229]
- Former United States Secretary of Energy and Nobel laureate Steven Chu (PhD 1976), was Director of Berkeley Lab, 2004–2009.
- Janet Yellen, the 15th Chair of the Federal Reserve Board and current United States Secretary of Treasury, is a professor emeritus at Berkeley Haas School of Business and the Department of Economics.[230][231]
Alumni
Berkeley alumni have served in a range of prominent government offices, both domestic and foreign, including Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (Earl Warren, BA, JD); United States Attorney General (Edwin Meese III, JD); United States Secretary of State (Dean Rusk, LLB); United States Secretary of the Treasury (W. Michael Blumenthal, BA, and G. William Miller, JD); United States Secretary of Defense (Robert McNamara, BS); United States Secretary of the Interior (Franklin Knight Lane, 1887); United States Secretary of Transportation and United States Secretary of Commerce (Norman Mineta, BS); United States Secretary of Agriculture (Ann Veneman, MPP); National Security Advisor (Robert C. O'Brien, JD); scores of federal judges and members of the United States Congress (10 currently serving) and United States Foreign Service; governors of California (George C. Pardee; Hiram W. Johnson; Earl Warren, BA and LLB; Jerry Brown, BA; and Pete Wilson, JD), Michigan (Jennifer Granholm, BA), and the United States Virgin Islands (Walter A. Gordon, BA); Chief of Staff of the United States Army (Frederick C. Weyand, Class of 1938); Lieutenant General of the United States Army (Jimmy Doolittle); Vice Admiral of the United States Navy (Murry L. Royar, Class of 1916); Major General of the United States Marine Corps (Oliver Prince Smith); Brigadier General of the United States Marine Corps (Bertram A. Bone); Director of the Central Intelligence Agency and Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (John A. McCone, BS); chair and members of the Council of Economic Advisors (Michael Boskin, BA, PhD.; Sandra Black, BA; Jesse Rothstein, PhD; Robert Seamans, PhD; Jay Shambaugh, PhD; James Stock, MA, PhD); Governor of the Federal Reserve System (H. Robert Heller, PhD) and President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (William Dudley, PhD); Commissioners of the SEC (Troy A. Paredes, BA) and the FCC (Rachelle Chong, BA); and United States Surgeon General (Kenneth P. Moritsugu, MPH); Georgia Institute of Technology president, invented the California pipe method (Blake R Van Leer, M.S. in mechanical engineering).[232]
Foreign alumni include the President of Colombia 1922–1926, (Pedro Nel Ospina Vázquez, BA, Mining Engineering); the President of Mexico (Francisco I. Madero, attended 1892–93); the President and Prime Minister of Pakistan; the Premier of the Republic of China (Sun Fo, BA); the President of Costa Rica (Miguel Angel Rodriguez, MA, PhD); and members of parliament of the United Kingdom (House of Lords, Lydia Dunn, Baroness Dunn, BS), India (Rajya Sabha, the upper house, Prithviraj Chavan, MS); Iran (Mohammad Javad Larijani, PhD); Nigerian Minister of Science and Technology and first Executive Governor of Abia State (Ogbonnaya Onu, PhD Chemical Engineering); Barbados' Ambassador to Brazil (Tonika Sealy-Thompson).
Alumni have also served in many supranational posts, notable among which are President of the World Bank (Robert McNamara, BS); Deputy Prime Minister of Spain and Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (Rodrigo Rato, MBA); Executive Director of UNICEF (Ann Veneman, MPP); member of the European Parliament (Bruno Megret, MS); and judge of the World Court (Joan Donoghue, JD).
Alumni have made important contributions to science. Some have concentrated their studies on the very small universe of atoms and molecules. Nobel laureate William F. Giauque (BS 1920, PhD 1922) investigated chemical thermodynamics, Nobel laureate Willard Libby (BS 1931, PhD 1933) pioneered radiocarbon dating, Nobel laureate Willis Lamb (BS 1934, PhD 1938) examined the hydrogen spectrum, Nobel laureate Hamilton O. Smith (BA 1952) applied restriction enzymes to molecular genetics, Nobel laureate Robert Laughlin (BA math 1972) explored the fractional quantum Hall effect, and Nobel laureate Andrew Fire (BA math 1978) helped to discover RNA interference-gene silencing by double-stranded RNA. Nobel laureate Glenn T. Seaborg (PhD 1937) collaborated with Albert Ghiorso (BS 1913) to discover 12 chemical elements, such as americium, berkelium, and californium. David Bohm (PhD 1943) discovered Bohm Diffusion. Nobel laureate Yuan T. Lee (PhD 1965) developed the crossed molecular beam technique for studying chemical reactions. Carol Greider (PhD 1987), professor of molecular biology and genetics at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in medicine for discovering a key mechanism in the genetic operations of cells, an insight that has inspired new lines of research into cancer. Harvey Itano (BS 1942) conducted breakthrough work on sickle cell anemia that marked the first time a disease was linked to a molecular origin.[233] While he was valedictorian of UC Berkeley's class of 1942, he was unable to attend commencement exercises due to internment.[233] Narendra Karmarkar (PhD 1983) is known for the interior point method, a polynomial algorithm for linear programming known as Karmarkar's algorithm.[234] National Medal of Science laureate Chien-Shiung Wu (PhD 1940), often known as the "Chinese Madame Curie", disproved the Law of Conservation of Parity for which she was awarded the inaugural Wolf Prize in Physics.[235] Kary Mullis (PhD 1973) was awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his role in developing the polymerase chain reaction,[236] a method for amplifying DNA sequences. Daniel Kahneman was awarded the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his work in Prospect theory. Richard O. Buckius, engineer, Bachelor's in Mechanical Engineering '72, Masters '73, PhD '75, currently Chief Operating Officer of the National Science Foundation. Edward P. Tryon (PhD 1967) is the physicist who first said our universe originated from a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum.[237][238][239]
John N. Bahcall (BS 1956) worked on the Standard Solar Model and the Hubble Space Telescope,[240] resulting in a National Medal of Science.[240] Peter Smith (BS 1969) was the principal investigator and project leader for the NASA robotic explorer Phoenix,[241] which physically confirmed the presence of water on the planet Mars for the first time.[242] Astronauts James van Hoften (BS 1966), Margaret Rhea Seddon (BA 1970), Leroy Chiao (BS 1983), and Rex Walheim (BS 1984) have orbited the earth in NASA's fleet of space shuttles.
Undergraduate alumni have founded or cofounded such companies as Apple Computer,[243] Intel,[244] LSI Logic[245] The Gap,[246] MySpace,[247] PowerBar,[248] Berkeley Systems,[249] Bolt, Beranek and Newman[250] (which created a number of underlying technologies that govern the Internet), Chez Panisse,[251] GrandCentral (known now as Google Voice),[252] HTC Corporation,[253] VIA Technologies,[253] Marvell Technology Group,[254] MoveOn.org,[249] Opsware,[255] RedOctane,[256] Rimon Law P.C.,[257] SanDisk,[258] Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker,[259] VMware[260] and Zilog,[261] while graduate school alumni have cofounded companies such as DHL,[262] KeyHole Inc (known now as Google Earth),[263] Sun Microsystems,[264] and The Learning Company.[265] Berkeley alumni have also led various technology companies such as Electronic Arts,[266] Google,[267] Adobe Systems,[268] Softbank (Masayoshi Son) and Qualcomm.[269]
Berkeley alumni have developed a number of key technologies associated with the personal computer and the Internet.[270] Unix was created by alumnus Ken Thompson (BS 1965, MS 1966) along with colleague Dennis Ritchie. Alumni such as L. Peter Deutsch[271][272][273] (PhD 1973), Butler Lampson (PhD 1967), and Charles P. Thacker (BS 1967)[274] worked with Ken Thompson on Project Genie and then formed the ill-fated US Department of Defense-funded Berkeley Computer Corporation (BCC), which was scattered throughout the Berkeley campus in non-descript offices to avoid anti-war protestors.[275] After BCC failed, Deutsch, Lampson, and Thacker joined Xerox PARC, where they developed a number of pioneering computer technologies, culminating in the Xerox Alto that inspired the Apple Macintosh. In particular, the Alto used a computer mouse, which had been invented by Doug Engelbart (BEng 1952, PhD 1955). Thompson, Lampson, Engelbart, and Thacker[276] all later received a Turing Award. Also at Xerox PARC was Ronald V. Schmidt (BS 1966, MS 1968, PhD 1971), who became known as "the man who brought Ethernet to the masses".[277] Another Xerox PARC researcher, Charles Simonyi (BS 1972), pioneered the first WYSIWIG word processor program and was recruited personally by Bill Gates to join the fledgling company known as Microsoft to create Microsoft Word. Simonyi later became the first repeat space tourist, blasting off on Russian Soyuz rockets to work at the International Space Station orbiting the earth.
In 1977, a graduate student in the computer science department named Bill Joy (MS 1982) assembled[278] the original Berkeley Software Distribution, commonly known as BSD Unix. Joy, who went on to co-found Sun Microsystems, also developed the original version of the terminal console editor vi, while Ken Arnold (BA 1985) created Curses, a terminal control library for Unix-like systems that enables the construction of text user interface (TUI) applications. Working alongside Joy at Berkeley were undergraduates William Jolitz (BS 1997) and his future wife Lynne Jolitz (BA 1989), who together created 386BSD, a version of BSD Unix that runs on Intel CPUs and evolved into the BSD family of free operating systems and the Darwin operating system underlying Apple Mac OS X.[279] Eric Allman (BS 1977, MS 1980) created SendMail, a Unix mail transfer agent that delivers about 12 percent of the email in the world.[280]
The XCF, an undergraduate research group located in Soda Hall, has been responsible for a number of notable software projects, including GTK+ (created by Peter Mattis, BS 1997), The GIMP (Spencer Kimball, BS 1996), and the initial diagnosis of the Morris worm.[281] In 1992, Pei-Yuan Wei,[282] an undergraduate at the XCF, created ViolaWWW, one of the first graphical web browsers. ViolaWWW was the first browser to have embedded scriptable objects, stylesheets, and tables. In the spirit of Open Source, he donated the code to Sun Microsystems, inspiring Java applets( Kim Polese (BS 1984) was the original product manager for Java at Sun Microsystems.) ViolaWWW also inspired researchers at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications to create the Mosaic web browser,[283] a pioneering web browser that became Microsoft Internet Explorer.
Alumni collectively have won at least twenty-five Pulitzer Prizes. Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist Marguerite Higgins (BA 1941) was a pioneering female war correspondent[284][285] who covered World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War.[286] Novelist Robert Penn Warren (MA 1927) won three Pulitzer Prizes,[287] including one for his novel All the King's Men, which was later made into an Academy Award–winning[288] movie. Pulitzer Prize–winning cartoonist Rube Goldberg (BS 1904) invented the comically complex—yet ultimately trivial—contraptions known as Rube Goldberg machines. Journalist Alexandra Berzon (MA 2006) won a Pulitzer Prize in 2009,[289] and journalist Matt Richtel (BA 1989), who also coauthors the comic strip Rudy Park under the pen name of "Theron Heir",[290] won the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting.[291] Pulitzer Prize–winning historian Leon Litwack (BA[292] 1951, PhD 1958) taught as a professor at UC Berkeley for 43 years;[293] three other UC Berkeley professors have also received the Pulitzer Prize. Alumna and professor Susan Rasky won the Polk Award for journalism in 1991. USC Professor and Berkeley alumnus Viet Thanh Nguyen's (PhD 1997) first novel The Sympathizer won the 2016 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction[294]
Alumni have also written novels and screenplays that have attracted Oscar-caliber talent, including The Call of the Wild author Jack London. Irving Stone (BA 1923) wrote the novel Lust for Life, which was later made into an Academy Award–winning film of the same name starring Kirk Douglas as Vincent van Gogh. Stone also wrote The Agony and the Ecstasy, which was later made into a film of the same name starring Oscar winner Charlton Heston as Michelangelo. Mona Simpson (BA 1979) wrote the novel Anywhere But Here, which was later made into a film of the same name starring Oscar-winning actress Susan Sarandon. Terry McMillan (BA 1986) wrote How Stella Got Her Groove Back, which was later made into a film of the same name starring Oscar-nominated actress Angela Bassett. Randi Mayem Singer (BA 1979) wrote the screenplay for Mrs. Doubtfire, which starred Oscar-winning actor Robin Williams and Oscar-winning actress Sally Field. Audrey Wells (BA 1981) wrote the screenplay The Truth About Cats & Dogs, which starred Oscar-nominated actress Uma Thurman. James Schamus (BA 1982, MA 1987, PhD 2003) has collaborated on screenplays with Oscar-winning director Ang Lee on the Academy Award–winning movies Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and Brokeback Mountain.
Collectively, alumni have won at least 20 Academy Awards. Gregory Peck (BA 1939), nominated for four Oscars during his career, won an Oscar for acting in To Kill a Mockingbird. Chris Innis (BA 1991) won the 2010 Oscar for film editing for her work on best picture winner, The Hurt Locker. Walter Plunkett (BA 1923) won an Oscar for costume design (for An American in Paris). Freida Lee Mock (BA 1961) and Charles H. Ferguson (BA 1978) have each[295][296] won an Oscar for documentary filmmaking. Mark Berger (BA 1964) has won four Oscars for sound mixing and is an adjunct professor at UC Berkeley.[297] Edith Head (BA 1918), who was nominated for 34 Oscars during her career, won eight Oscars for costume design. Joe Letteri (BA 1981[298]) has won four Oscars for Best Visual Effects in the James Cameron film Avatar and the Peter Jackson films King Kong, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King.[299]
Alumni have collectively won at least 25 Emmy Awards: Jon Else (BA 1968) for cinematography; Andrew Schneider (BA 1973) for screenwriting; Linda Schacht (BA 1966, MA 1981), two for broadcast journalism;[300][301] Christine Chen (dual BA's 1990), two for broadcast journalism;[302] Kristen Sze (BA), two for broadcast journalism;[303] Kathy Baker (BA 1977), three for acting; Ken Milnes (BS 1977), four for broadcasting technology; and Leroy Sievers (BA),[304] twelve for production. Elisabeth Leamy is the recipient of 13 Emmy awards. [305][306][307]
Alumni have acted in classic television series that are still broadcast on TV today. Karen Grassle (BA 1965) played the mother Caroline Ingalls in Little House on the Prairie, Jerry Mathers (BA 1974) starred in Leave it to Beaver, and Roxann Dawson (BA 1980) portrayed B'Elanna Torres on Star Trek: Voyager.
Former undergraduates have participated in the contemporary music industry, such as Grateful Dead bass guitarist Phil Lesh, The Police drummer Stewart Copeland,[308] Rolling Stone Magazine founder Jann Wenner, The Bangles lead singer Susanna Hoffs (BA 1980), Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz, electronic music producer Giraffage, MTV correspondent Suchin Pak (BA 1997),[309] AFI musicians Davey Havok and Jade Puget (BA 1996), and solo artist Marié Digby (Say It Again). People Magazine included Third Eye Blind lead singer and songwriter Stephan Jenkins (BA 1987) in the magazine's list of 50 Most Beautiful People.[310]
Alumni have also participated in the world of sports. Tennis athlete Helen Wills Moody (BA 1925) won 31 Grand Slam titles, including eight singles titles at Wimbledon. Tarik Glenn (BA 1999) is a Super Bowl XLI champion, and Mitchell Schwartz (2011) is an All-Pro NFL offensive tackle. Michele Tafoya (BA 1988) is a sports television reporter for ABC Sports and ESPN.[311] Sports agent Leigh Steinberg ( BA 1970, JD 1973) has represented professional athletes such as Steve Young, Troy Aikman, and Oscar De La Hoya; Steinberg has been called the real-life inspiration[312] for the title character in the Oscar-winning[313] film Jerry Maguire (portrayed by Tom Cruise). Matt Biondi (BA 1988) won eight Olympic gold medals during his swimming career, in which he participated in three different Olympics. At the Beijing Olympics in 2008, Natalie Coughlin (BA 2005) became the first American female athlete in modern Olympic history[314] to win six medals in one Olympics.
Berkeley alumni—often generous benefactors—have long been among the billionaire ranks, their largess giving rise to many of the campus' eponymous schools, pavilions, centers, institutes, and halls, and with some of the more prominent being J. Paul Getty, Ann Getty, Sanford Diller and Helen Diller, Donald Fisher, Flora Lamson Hewlett, David Schwartz (Bio-Rad) and members of the Haas (Walter A. Haas, Rhoda Haas Goldman, Walter A. Haas Jr., Peter E. Haas, Bob Haas), Hearst, and Bechtel families. There are at least 30 living alumni billionaires: Gordon Moore (Intel founder), James Harris Simons (Renaissance Technologies), Masayoshi Son (SoftBank),[315] Jon Stryker (Stryker Medical Equipment),[316] Eric Schmidt (former Google Chairman) and Wendy Schmidt, Michael Milken, Bassam Alghanim, Kutayba Alghanim,[317] Charles Simonyi (Microsoft), Cher Wang (HTC), Robert Haas (Levi Strauss & Co.), Carlos Rodriguez-Pastor (Interbank, Peru),[318] Fayez Sarofim, Daniel S. Loeb, Paul Merage, David Hindawi, Orion Hindawi, Bill Joy (Sun Microsystems founder), Victor Koo, Tony Xu (DoorDash), Lowell Milken, Nathaniel Simons and Laura Baxter-Simons, Elizabeth Simons and Mark Heising,[319] Oleg Tinkov, Liong Tek Kwee (BS 1968), Liong Seen Kwee (BS 1974) and Alice Schwartz.
Споры
- Various human and animal rights groups have been in conflict with Berkeley. Native Americans contended with the school over repatriation of remains from the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology.[320][who else?]
- Cal's seismically unsafe Memorial Stadium reopened September 2012 after a $321 million renovation. The university incurred a controversial $445 million of debt for the stadium and a new $153 million student athletic center, which it planned to finance with the sale of special stadium endowment seats. However, in June 2013 news surfaced that the university has had trouble selling the seats.[321] The roughly $18 million interest-only annual payments on the debt consumes 20 percent of Cal's athletics' budget; principal repayment begins in 2032 and is scheduled to conclude in 2113.[322]
- On May 1, 2014, Berkeley was named one of fifty-five higher education institutions under investigation by the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights "for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints" by the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault.[323] Investigations continued into 2016, with hundreds of pages of records released in April 2016, showing a pattern of documented sexual harassment and firings of non-tenured staff.[324]
- On July 25, 2019, Berkeley was removed from the U.S. News Best Colleges Ranking for misreporting statistics. Berkeley had originally reported that its two-year average alumni giving rate for fiscal years 2017 and 2016 was 11.6 percent, U.S. News said. The school later told U.S. News the correct average alumni giving rate for the 2016 fiscal year was just 7.9 percent. The school incorrectly overstated its alumni giving data to U.S. News since at least 2014. The alumni giving rate accounts for five percent of the Best Colleges ranking.[325]
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- Blockeley
- Higher Education Recruitment Consortium
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дальнейшее чтение
- Brechin, Gray (1999). Imperial San Francisco. UC Press Ltd. ISBN 0-520-21568-0.
- Cerny, Susan Dinkelspiel (2001). Berkeley Landmarks: An Illustrated Guide to Berkeley, California's Architectural Heritage. Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association. ISBN 0-9706676-0-4.
- Freeman, Jo (2003). At Berkeley in the Sixties: The Education of an Activist, 1961–1965. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21622-2.
- Helfand, Harvey (2001). University of California, Berkeley. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 1-56898-293-3.
- Owens, MFEM (2004). America's Best Value Colleges. The Princeton Review. ISBN 0-375-76373-2.
- Rorabaugh, W. J. (1990). Berkeley at War: The 1960s. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506667-7.
- Wiseman, Frederick (Director) (2013). At Berkeley (Motion picture). Zipporah Films.
- Wong, Geoffrey (May 2001). A Golden State of Mind. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-55212-635-8.
Внешние ссылки
- Official website
- California Bears Athletics website
- . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
- . . 1914.
- University of California, Berkeley at Curlie