Провинции Китая

Административные единицы провинциального уровня
Категория	Унитарное однопартийная социалистическая республика ( КНР ) унитарным полу-президентской республики ( РПЦ )
Место расположения	Китайская Народная Республика Китайская Республика ( Тайвань ) [1]
Созданный	1947 (конституция Китайской республики)
Число	КНР: 31 ( прямая юрисдикция ) + 2 ( особые административные районы ) + 1 ( оспариваемые ) ОКР: 22 ( прямая юрисдикция + 2 (упрощенная) + 48 (заявленные территории)
Населения	552300 ( Макао ) - 104 303 132 ( Гуандун )
Области	30,4 км 2 (11,7 квадратных миль) ( Макао ) [2] - 1,664 897 км 2 (642 820 квадратных миль) ( Синьцзян ) [3]
Правительство	Односторонние государственные SAR : 1 страна, 2 системы Правительство провинции
Подразделения	Субпровинциальный город , округа префектуры

Административные единицы провинциального уровня ( упрощенный китайский :省级 行政区; традиционный китайский :省級 行政區; пиньинь : Shěng-jí xíngzhèng qū ) или административные единицы первого уровня (упрощенный китайский:一级 行政区; традиционный китайский:一級 行政區; пиньинь: yī-jí xíngzhèng qū ), являются высшими административными единицами Китая . Китайская Народная Республика заявляет о 34 таких подразделениях , которые классифицируются как 23 провинции ( китайский язык :省; пиньинь).: shěng ), четыре муниципалитета , пять автономных округов и два специальных административных округа ; Политический статус в « Тайване провинции » вместе с небольшой долей провинции Фуцзянь остается спорным, те находятся под отдельным правилом в Китайской Республике .

Every province on mainland China (including the island province of Hainan) has a Communist Party of China provincial committee (Chinese: 省委; pinyin: shěngwěi), headed by a secretary (Chinese: 书记; pinyin: shūjì). The Committee Secretary is effectively in charge of the province, rather than the governor of the provincial government.^[4]

Типы подразделений провинциального уровня [ править ]

Провинция [ править ]

Правительство каждой стандартной провинции (китайский:省; пиньинь: шэн ) номинально возглавляется провинциальным комитетом, возглавляемым секретарем. Секретарь комитета является первым ответственным за провинцию; его заместитель - губернатор правительства провинции. На практике повседневными делами управляет провинциальный постоянный комитет партии , который принимает решения для провинции аналогично Политбюро центрального правительства.

The People's Republic of China (PRC) claims the island of Taiwan and its surrounding islets, including Penghu, as "Taiwan Province", though Taiwan has not been under control of a government that ruled from mainland China since 1949, when the Republic of China (ROC) lost the mainland to the Communist Party of China, which established the PRC. (Kinmen and the Matsu Islands are claimed by the PRC as part of its Fujian Province. Pratas Island and the Vereker Banks and Itu Aba (Taiping Island) are claimed by the PRC as part of Guangdong and Hainan provinces respectively.) The territory is controlled by the Republic of China (Китайская республика, обычно называемая «Тайвань»), хотя провинции были упорядочены в 1998 году, а провинциальные правительства были де-факто распущены в 2019 году.

Муниципалитет [ править ]

Муниципалитет (упрощенный китайский:直辖市; традиционный китайский:直轄市; пиньинь: zhíxiáshì ; букв. «Город с прямым управлением») или муниципалитет, находящийся под непосредственным управлением центрального правительства, - это город более высокого уровня, который находится непосредственно под управлением правительства Китая. со статусом, равным статусу провинции. На практике их политический статус выше, чем у обычных провинций.

Автономная область [ править ]

Автономный регион (упрощенный китайский:自治区; традиционный китайский:自治區; пиньинь: zìzhìqū ) является субъектом меньшинства, в котором проживает более высокое население определенной этнической группы меньшинства вместе с собственным местным правительством, но автономный регион теоретически имеет больше законодательных прав, чем на практике. Губернатор каждой автономной области обычно назначается из соответствующей этнической группы меньшинства.

Особый административный район (SAR) [ править ]

Особый административный район (САР) (упрощенный китайский:特别 行政区; традиционный китайский:特別 行政區; пиньинь: тэбиэ xíngzhèngqū ) - высоко автономный и самоуправляемый субнациональный субъект Китайской Народной Республики, который находится непосредственно под центральным народным правительством. . В каждом SAR есть исполнительный директор в качестве главы региона и главы правительства. Правительство региона не является полностью независимым, поскольку внешняя политика и военная оборона являются обязанностью центрального правительства в соответствии с основными законами.

Список подразделений на уровне провинции [ править ]

GB / T 2260-2007 [5]	ISO [6]	Провинция	Китайский Ханью Пиньинь	Столица	Население [а]	Плотность [b]	Площадь [c]	Сокращение [d]
AH	CN-AH	Провинция Аньхой	安徽省 Anhui Sheng	Хэфэй	59 500 510	425,91	139 700	皖 Wǎn
Минет	CN-BJ	Муниципалитет Пекина	北京市 Běijīng Shì		19 612 368	1 167,40	16 800	京 Jīng
CQ	CN-CQ	Чунцин муниципалитет	重庆 市 Chóngqìng Shì		28 846 170	350,50	82 300	渝 Ю
FJ	CN-FJ	Провинция Фуцзянь [e]	福建省 FUJIAN Sheng	Фучжоу (КНР) Цзиньчэн (Китайская республика ) [ж]	36 894 216	304,15	121 580	闽 Mǐn
GD	CN-GD	Провинция Гуандун [г]	广东 省 Gungdōng Shěng	Гуанчжоу	104 303 132	579,46	180 000	粤 Юэ
GS	CN-GS	Провинция Ганьсу	甘肃省 Gānsù Shěng	Lanzhou	25,575,254	56.29	454,300	甘(陇) Gān (Lǒng)
GX	CN-GX	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region	广西壮族自治区 Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū	Nanning	46,026,629	195.02	236,000	桂 Guì
GZ	CN-GZ	Guizhou Province	贵州省 Guìzhōu Shěng	Guiyang	34,746,468	197.42	176,000	贵(黔) Guì (Qián)
HA (HEN)	CN-HA	Henan Province	河南省 Hénán Shěng	Zhengzhou	94,023,567	563.01	167,000	豫 Yù
HB (HUB)	CN-HB	Hubei Province	湖北省 Húběi Shěng	Wuhan	57,237,740	307.89	185,900	鄂 È
HE (HEB)	CN-HE	Hebei Province	河北省 Héběi Shěng	Shijiazhuang	71,854,202	382.81	187,700	冀 Jì
HI	CN-HI	Hainan Province[h]	海南省 Hǎinán Shěng	Haikou	9,171,300[8]	255.04	34,000	琼 Qióng
HK	CN-HK[i]	Hong Kong Special Administrative Region	香港特别行政区 Xiānggǎng Tèbié Xíngzhèngqū		7,061,200	6,396.01	1,108	港 Gǎng
HL	CN-HL	Heilongjiang Province	黑龙江省 Hēilóngjiāng Shěng	Harbin	38,312,224	84.38	454,000	黑 Hēi
HN (HUN)	CN-HN	Hunan Province	湖南省 Húnán Shěng	Changsha	65,683,722	312.77	210,000	湘 Xiāng
JL	CN-JL	Jilin Province	吉林省 Jílín Shěng	Changchun	27,462,297	146.54	187,400	吉 Jí
JS	CN-JS	Jiangsu Province	江苏省 Jiāngsū Shěng	Nanjing	78,659,903	766.66	102,600	苏 Sū
JX	CN-JX	Jiangxi Province	江西省 Jiāngxī Shěng	Nanchang	44,567,475	266.87	167,000	赣 Gàn
LN	CN-LN	Liaoning Province	辽宁省 Liáoníng Shěng	Shenyang	43,746,323	299.83	145,900	辽 Liáo
MO	CN-MO[j]	Macau Special Administrative Region	澳门特别行政区 Àomén Tèbié Xíngzhèngqū		552,300	19,044.82	29	澳 Ào
NM	CN-NM	Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region	内蒙古自治区 Nèi Měnggǔ Zìzhìqū	Hohhot	24,706,321	20.88	1,183,000	内蒙古(绥/蒙) Nèi Měnggǔ (Suí/Měng)
NX	CN-NX	Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region	宁夏回族自治区 Níngxià Huízú Zìzhìqū	Yinchuan	6,301,350	94.89	66,400	宁 Níng
QH	CN-QH	Qinghai Province	青海省 Qīnghǎi Shěng	Xining	5,626,722	7.80	721,200	青 Qīng
SC	CN-SC	Sichuan Province	四川省 Sìchuān Shěng	Chengdu	80,418,200	165.81	485,000	川(蜀) Chuān (Shǔ)
SD	CN-SD	Shandong Province	山东省 Shāndōng Shěng	Jinan	95,793,065	622.84	153,800	鲁 Lǔ
SH	CN-SH	Shanghai Municipality	上海市 Shànghǎi Shì		23,019,148	3,630.20	6,341	沪(申) Hù (Shēn)
SN (SAA)	CN-SN	Shaanxi Province	陕西省 Shǎnxī Shěng	Xi'an	37,327,378	181.55	205,600	陕(秦) Shǎn (Qín)
SX (SAX)	CN-SX	Shanxi Province	山西省 Shānxī Shěng	Taiyuan	35,712,111	228.48	156,300	晋 Jìn
TJ	CN-TJ	Tianjin Municipality	天津市 Tiānjīn Shì		12,938,224	1,144.46	11,305	津 Jīn
TW	CN-TW[k]	Taiwan Province[l]	台湾省 Táiwān Shěng	Taipei (PRC claimed) Zhongxing New Village (ROC)[m]	23,162,123	650.97	36,161	台(臺) Tái
XJ	CN-XJ	Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region	新疆维吾尔自治区 Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū	Ürümqi	21,813,334	13.13	1,660,400	新 Xīn
XZ	CN-XZ	Tibet Autonomous Region	西藏自治区 Xīzàng Zìzhìqū	Lhasa	3,002,166	2.44	1,228,400	藏 Zàng
YN	CN-YN	Yunnan Province	云南省 Yúnnán Shěng	Kunming	45,966,239	116.66	394,000	云(滇) Yún (Diān)
ZJ	CN-ZJ	Zhejiang Province	浙江省 Zhèjiāng Shěng	Hangzhou	54,426,891	533.59	102,000	浙 Zhè

History[edit]

Han provinces[edit]

The names of the provinces that the Eastern (Later) Han created were Bing, Ji, Jiao, Jing, Liang (at first Yong, later changed to Liang), Qing, Si (the Sili Xiaowei Department), Xu, Yan, Yang, Yi, You and Yu. The capital, Luoyang, was in the Si province, as was the former capital, Chang An.

Sui provinces[edit]

By the time unity was finally reestablished by the Sui dynasty, the provinces had been divided and redivided so many times by different governments that they were almost the same size as commanderies, rendering the two-tier system superfluous. As such, the Sui merged the two together. In English, this merged level is translated as "prefectures". In Chinese, the name changed between zhou and jun several times before being finally settled on zhou. Based on the apocryphal Nine Province system, the Sui restored nine zhou.^[9]

Tang provinces[edit]

Emperor Taizong (r. 626–649) set up 10 "circuits" (道; dào) in 627 as inspection areas for imperial commissioners monitoring the operation of prefectures, rather than a new primary level of administration. In 639, there were 10 circuits, 43 commanderies (都督府; dūdū fǔ), and 358 prefectures (州 and later 府; fǔ).^[10] In 733, Emperor Xuanzong expanded the number of circuits to 15 by establishing separate circuits for the areas around Chang'an and Luoyang, and by splitting the large Shannan and Jiangnan circuits into 2 and 3 new circuits respectively. He also established a system of permanent inspecting commissioners, though without executive powers.^[11]

* Circuits established under Xuanzong, as opposed to Taizong's original ten circuits.

** Circuits established under Xuanzong by dividing Taizong's Jiangnan and Shannan circuits.

Other Tang-era circuits include the West Lingnan, Wu'an, and Qinhua circuits.

Song provinces[edit]

The Song government abolished the previous commissioners and renamed their circuits (路; lù, literally meaning "roads", but is still usually translated as "circuits"). They also added a number of "army" prefectures (軍; jūn). Similarly, Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties also established circuits as the first-level administrative division.

Yuan provinces[edit]

China was reorganised into 11 provinces keeping most of the previous boundaries of provinces created by the previous dynasty unchanged, the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) had 2 addition regions: Central region ruled by the Zhongshu Sheng (中書省) and the Tibetan region ruled by the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (宣政院).

Ming provinces[edit]

The Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) kept the province system set up by the Yuan Dynasty, however, it divided the original 10 provinces into 16 provinces, later 2 capital metropolitan areas and 13 provinces (兩京十三省) within China proper and 5 additional military ruled regions.

Qing provinces[edit]

By the latter half of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912), there were 18 provinces, all of them in China proper (內地十八省). Jiangsu and Anhui were originally one province called Jiangnan, with its capital at Nanjing. There was no discrete time period when the two halves of Jiangnan were split, but rather, this was a gradual process.

New provinces[edit]

• Xinjiang (新疆省) 1884–1912
• Fengtian (奉天省) 1907–1912
• Jilin (吉林省) 1907–1912
• Heilongjiang (黑龍江省) 1907–1912
• Taiwan (臺灣省) 1885–1895

Each province had a xunfu (巡撫; xúnfǔ; translated as "governor"), a political overseer on behalf of the emperor, and a tidu (提督; tídū; translated as "captain general"), a military governor. In addition, there was a zongdu (總督; zǒngdū), a general military inspector or governor general, for every two to three provinces.

Outer regions of China (those beyond China proper) were not divided into provinces. Military leaders or generals (將軍; jiāngjūn) oversaw Manchuria (consisting of Fengtian (now Liaoning), Jilin, Heilongjiang), Xinjiang, and Mongolia, while vice-dutong (副都統; fù dūtǒng) and civilian leaders headed the leagues (盟長; méng zhǎng), a subdivision of Mongolia. The ambans (駐藏大臣; zhù cáng dàchén) supervised the administration of Tibet.

In 1884 Xinjiang became a province; in 1907 Fengtian, Jilin, and Heilongjiang were made provinces as well. Taiwan became a province in 1885, but China ceded Taiwan to Japan in 1895. As a result, there were 22 provinces in China (Outer China and China proper) near the end of the Qing Dynasty.

ROC provinces (1912–1949)[edit]

The Republic of China, established in 1912, set up four more provinces in Inner Mongolia and two provinces in historic Tibet, bringing the total to 28. In 1931, Ma Zhongying established Hexi in the northern parts of Gansu but the ROC never acknowledged the province. However, China lost four provinces with the establishment of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo in Manchuria. After the defeat of Japan in World War II in 1945, China re-incorporated Manchuria as 10 provinces, and assumed control of Taiwan as a province. As a result, the Republic of China in 1946 had 35 provinces. Although the Republic of China now only controls one province (Taiwan), and some islands of a second province (Fujian), it continues to formally claim all 35 provinces (including those that no longer form part of the area of the People's Republic of China).

Other province-level divisions[edit]

List of PRC/ROC province-level divisions[edit]

  abolished  claimed

Greater administrative areas[edit]

Provinces[edit]

Autonomous regions[edit]

Municipalities[edit]

Special administrative regions[edit]

Administrative territories[edit]

Regions[edit]

Territories[edit]

The People's Republic of China abolished many of the provinces in the 1950s and converted a number of them into autonomous regions. Hainan became a separate province in 1988, bringing the total number of provinces under PRC control to 22.

In contrast, the Republic of China also had a number of provinces under its control such as Taiwan and Fujian, which the ROC currently administers, though the ROC abolished the Xinjiang Provincial Office in 1992. In 1998, after streamlining of the two provinces, some of its powers from the Taiwan and Fujian Provincial Governments were gradually transferred to county governments. This fractured further between 2018 and 2019 when the ROC central government de facto abolished the provincial governments with most of the remaining powers given to the Executive Yuan.

Economies[edit]

The provinces in southeast coastal area of China such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and (mainly) Guangdong tend to be more industrialized, with regions in the hinterland less developed.

See also[edit]

• Federalism in China
• List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP
• List of Chinese administrative divisions by population
• List of current Chinese provincial leaders
• Regional discrimination in China
• Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China
• Tiao-kuai
• Yangtze Delta
• Zhou (country subdivision)

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Provinces of China.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for List of Chinese provinces and regions.

• Interactive Dbresearch.com: WebMap — with economic indicators for all Chinese Provinces.