Регенции в Египте восходят к временам фараонов . На протяжении долгой истории Египта было несколько случаев прихода к власти регентов из-за меньшинства правящего монарха , физического заболевания или плохого психического здоровья. Там также было несколько случаев из coregencies , где два монархи правили одновременно.
Древний Египет
Женщины-регенты
Регентства были очень частыми в эпоху фараонов, особенно в тех случаях, когда новый король был слишком молод, чтобы править. В таких случаях обычно была мать молодого короля (или иногда мачеха), которая действовала как регент, пока король не стал достаточно взрослым, чтобы править самостоятельно. Самым известным регентом Древнего Египта, вероятно, является Хатшепсут , которая первоначально служила регентом своего молодого племянника Тутмоса III, прежде чем сама взошла на трон и царствовала более двадцати лет.
- Нейтотеп правила как регент от имени своего сына Хор-Аха или внука Джера (ок. 3050 г. до н.э.)
- Мернейт правил от имени своего сына Дена (ок. 2970 г. до н.э.)
- Нимаатхап, возможно, правил от имени своего сына Джосера (ок. 2670 г. до н. Э.)
- Хенткаус I, вероятно, правил как регент, но ее сын или сыновья неизвестны.
- Хенткаус II, возможно, правил как регент для одного из ее сыновей ( Неферефре или Ньюсерре Ини ).
- Ипут I, возможно, правил как регент ее сына Пепи I (ок. 2332 г. до н. Э.)
- Анхесенпепи II правил как регент для своего сына Пепи II (ок. 2278 г. до н.э.)
- Аххотеп I правил как регент своего сына Яхмоса I (ок. 1550 г. до н.э.)
- Яхмос-Нефертари правил как регент своего сына Аменхотепа I (ок. 1541 г. до н.э.)
- Хатшепсут первоначально правила в качестве регента для своего пасынка Тутмоса III (ок. 1479 г. до н.э.), прежде чем стать фараоном по собственному праву и со-править Египтом вместе с Тутмосом III.
- Туосрет правила в качестве регента для своего пасынка Сиптаха (ок. 1197 г. до н.э.), а позже стала фараоном сразу после его смерти.
Мужчины-регенты
Известно, что мужчины-регенты приходили к власти в эпоху фараонов, хотя и реже.
- Хоремхеб - де - факто регентом в более поздние годы Тутанхамона правления «s
- Тджахапиму - регент Египта, когда Теос был в военной экспедиции против империи Ахеменидов.
Со-правление
Coregencies were also very common, and aging monarchs often appointed their sons and heirs as coregents towards the end of their reigns. Most Pharaohs of the Twelfth Dynasty until Amenemhat III had a period of co-rule with their eventual successors.[citation needed]
Птолемеевский Египет
The Ptolemaic Dynasty implemented a policy of co-rule starting with Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II. It was common during this dynasty to have husband-wife and sibling pairings ruling over Egypt. Co-rule could also happen between unmarried siblings or parents and children. In at least one case, Egypt had three reigning Pharaohs at the same time with Ptolemy VI, Cleopatra II and Ptolemy VIII.
Timeline of Rulers of the Ptolemaic Dynasty (All dates BC)
Dates | Rulers |
---|---|
305-284 | Ptolemy I (Sole Rule) |
284-282 | Ptolemy I and Ptolemy II |
282-277 | Ptolemy II (Sole Rule) |
277-270 | Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II |
270-246 | Ptolemy II (Sole Rule) |
246-222 | Ptolemy III and Berenice II |
222-220 | Ptolemy IV (Sole Rule) |
220-204 | Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III |
204-202 | Ptolemy V – under regency of Agathocles |
202-201 | Ptolemy V – under regency of Tlepolemus |
201-196 | Ptolemy V – under regency of Aristomenes |
196-193 | Ptolemy V (Sole Rule) |
193-180 | Ptolemy V and Cleopatra I |
180-176 | Cleopatra I and Ptolemy VI |
176-175 | Ptolemy VI – under regency of Eulaeus and Lenaeus |
175-170 | Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II |
170-164 | Ptolemy VI, Cleopatra II and Ptolemy VIII |
164-163 | Ptolemy VIII (Sole Rule) |
163-145 | Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II |
145 | Ptolemy VI, Cleopatra II and Ptolemy VII |
145-144 | Cleopatra II and Ptolemy VII |
144-140 | Cleopatra II and Ptolemy VIII |
140-131 | Cleopatra II, Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III |
131-127 | Cleopatra II (Sole Rule) |
127-124 | Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III |
124-116 | Cleopatra II, Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III |
116 | Cleopatra II, Cleopatra III and Ptolemy IX |
116-115 | Cleopatra III, Ptolemy IX and Cleopatra IV |
115-107 | Cleopatra III and Ptolemy IX |
107-101 | Cleopatra III and Ptolemy X |
101-88 | Ptolemy X and Berenice III |
88-81 | Ptolemy IX (Sole Reign) |
81 | Ptolemy IX and Berenice III |
81-80 | Berenice III (Sole Reign) |
80 | Berenice III and Ptolemy XI |
80 | Ptolemy XI (Sole Reign) |
80-79 | Ptolemy XII (Sole Reign) |
79-69 | Ptolemy XII and Cleopatra V |
69-58 | Ptolemy XII (Sole Reign) |
58-57 | Berenice IV and Cleopatra VI |
57-55 | Berenice IV (Sole Reign) |
55-52 | Ptolemy XII (Sole Reign) |
52-51 | Ptolemy XII and Cleopatra VII |
51-48 | Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII – under regency of Pothinus |
48-47 | Cleopatra VII Ptolemy XIII and Arsinoe IV (In Opposition to Cleopatra VII) |
47-44 | Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIV |
44-30 | Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XV |
Средневековый Египет
During the Middle Ages, Egypt was ruled by a succession of Islamic dynasties, and regencies were not uncommon. A famous example of a female regent is that of the Fatimid Sitt al-Mulk.
Regents of the Fatimid Caliphate
- Barjawan (997-1000) – de facto regent during the reign of Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.
- Sitt al-Mulk (1021-1023) – Regent during the reign of her nephew Ali az-Zahir.
- Rasad (1044-1062) – While never formally regent, she wielded a great deal of power during the reign of her son Al-Mustansir Billah and was the effective head of state.
Regents of the Mamluk Sultanate
- Shajar al-Durr (1249-1250) – de facto regent in the aftermath of As-Salih Ayyub's death and before the official accession of Turanshah.
- Izz al-Din Aybak (1250-1254) – Regent during Al-Ashraf Musa's reign. Briefly ruled as sultan before him and later deposed and replaced him as sultan in 1254.
- Al-Mansur Qalawun (1279) – Regent during Badr al-Din Solamish's reign. Later deposed Solamish and became sultan.
- Al-Adil Kitbugha (1293-1294) – Regent during Al-Nasir Muhammad's first reign. Later deposed Al-Nasir and became sultan.
- Baibars II (1299-1309) – Regent during Al-Nasir Muhammad's second reign. Later replaced him as sultan.
- Seif ad-Din Salar (1299-1309) – Regent during Al-Nasir Muhammad's second reign.
- Qawsun (1341-1342) – Regent during Al-Ashraf Kujuk's reign.
- Yalbugha al-Umari (1361-1366) – Regent for the entirety of the Al-Mansur Muhammad's reign and the early part of Al-Ashraf Sha'ban's reign.
- Barquq (1377-1382) – Regent during the reigns of Al-Mansur Ali II and As-Salih Hajji before becoming Sultan himself.
Современный Египет
The Muhammad Ali Dynasty, which ruled Egypt from 1805 until 1953, witnessed three different regencies.
Regency during Muhammad Ali's illness
Ibrahim Pasha presided the Regency Council that was formed on 15 April 1848 to run Egypt due to Muhammad Ali Pasha's declining physical and mental health. Legal documents were still written in the latter's name; however, Ibrahim Pasha became the de facto ruler of the country from this moment on. On 20 July of the same year, an extraordinary envoy of Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I arrived in Alexandria with the firman by which the Porte recognized Ibrahim Pasha as Egypt's new wāli. The latter then travelled to Istanbul, where his investiture took place on 25 August in the presence of the Ottoman Sultan. However, his reign was very brief, and his death occurred shortly after his return to Cairo. He died on 10 November 1848 due to ill health, thus predeceasing his father.[1]
Regency during Farouk I's minority
A Regency Council was established following the death of King Fuad I, since his son Farouk was still a minor. Prior to his death, Fuad I had named in a formal document the three members who were to serve on the Regency Council: Adli Yakan Pasha (a former Prime Minister who had already died by the time Farouk I became King), Tawfiq Nasim Pasha (another former Prime Minister) and Mahmoud Fakhri Pasha (a former Foreign Minister married to Fuad I's eldest daughter Princess Fawkia). However, Parliament rejected King Fuad I's choices, and appointed three totally different regents: Prince Muhammad Ali (son of the late Khedive Tawfiq Pasha and thus first cousin of King Farouk I), Aziz Ezzat Pasha (a former Foreign Minister married to Behiye Yakan Hanem, another cousin of Farouk I) and Sherif Sabri Pasha (Farouk I's maternal uncle). The Regency Council was formally sworn in on 8 May 1936 in front of a joint session of Parliament. King Farouk I assumed his full constitutional powers upon reaching his age of majority (fixed at 18 years and calculated according to the Islamic calendar) on 29 July 1937.[2]
Regency during Fuad II's minority
The Revolution of July 1952 did not immediately lead to the abolition of the monarchy. King Farouk I abdicated in favour of his six-month-old son Ahmad Fuad, who ascended the throne as King Fuad II. However, the latter only reigned as a nominal king-in-exile. Initially, his powers were assumed during a week by the Cabinet, headed at the time by Ali Maher Pasha. On 2 August 1952, a temporary regency "body" (not a formal Regency Council) was created. Headed by Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim (son of the late Khedive Abbas Helmi II and Fuad II's second cousin), the three-member Regency Body also included Bahey El Din Barakat Pasha (a former Minister of Education and Speaker of Parliament) and Rashad Mehanna (a colonel appointed as representative of the Army). The Regency Body was dissolved on 7 September 1952, and Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim was appointed as sole Prince regent. However, throughout this period, real powers lay in the hands of the Revolutionary Command Council. The monarchy was formally abolished on 18 June 1953: Egypt was declared a republic for the first time in its history, and Muhammad Naguib became its first ever President.[2]
Рекомендации
- ^ Sinoué, Gilbert (1997). Le dernier pharaon. Paris: Pygmalion/Gérard Watelet. pp. 417–420. ISBN 978-2-85704-517-5. OCLC 231771745. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ^ a b Rizk, Yunan Labib (27 January – 2 February 2005). "Royal help". Al-Ahram Weekly (727). ISSN 1110-2977. OCLC 163624446. Retrieved 27 July 2008. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)