Саут-Бенд - это город и административный центр округа Сент-Джозеф , штат Индиана , [5] на реке Сент-Джозеф, недалеко от ее самой южной излучины, от которой он получил свое название. По данным переписи 2010 года в городе проживало 101 168 жителей; его столичный статистический район имел население 318 586 человек, а его объединенный статистический район - 721 296 человек. [6] Это четвертый по величине город в Индиане.
Саут-Бенд, Индиана | |
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Город Саут-Бенд | |
С высоты птичьего полета | |
Тюлень | |
Девиз (ы): "Мир" | |
Расположение Саут-Бенд в округе Сент-Джозеф, штат Индиана. | |
Саут-Бенд Расположение Саут-Бенд в округе Сент-Джозеф, штат Индиана. | |
Координаты: 41 ° 40′35 ″ с.ш., 86 ° 15′01 ″ з.д. / 41,67639 ° с.ш.86,25028 ° з.д.Координаты : 41 ° 40′35 ″ с.ш., 86 ° 15′01 ″ з.д. / 41,67639 ° с.ш.86,25028 ° з.д. | |
Страна | Соединенные Штаты |
Состояние | Индиана |
округ | Святой Иосиф |
Incorporated (Город) | 1865 г. |
Правительство | |
• Тип | Сильный мэр-совет |
• Мэр | Джеймс Мюллер ( з ) |
Область [1] | |
• Город | 42,40 квадратных миль (109,81 км 2 ) |
• Земля | 41,97 квадратных миль (108,70 км 2 ) |
• Воды | 0,43 кв. Мили (1,11 км 2 ) |
Высота [2] | 692 футов (211 м) |
Население ( 2010 ) [3] | |
• Город | 101 166 |
• Оценивать (2019) [4] | 102 026 |
• Плотность | 2430,87 / кв. Миль (938,57 / км 2 ) |
• Метро | 318 586 (США: 152-е ) |
• CSA | 721 296 (США: 65-е ) |
Часовой пояс | UTC − 5 ( EST ) |
• Лето ( DST ) | UTC-4 ( EDT ) |
Почтовые индексы | 46601, 46604, 46612–46617, 46619–46620, 46624, 46626, 46628–46629, 46634–46635, 46637, 46660, 46680, 46699 |
Код (а) города | 574 |
Код FIPS | 18-71000 |
Идентификатор функции GNIS | 452796 |
Веб-сайт | www |
Этот район был заселен в начале 19 века торговцами мехом [7] и был основан как город в 1865 году. Река Св. Иосифа формировала экономику Саут-Бенда в середине 20-го века. Доступ к реке способствовал развитию тяжелой промышленности, такой как Студебеккер Корпорейшн , Оливер Чилд Плау Компани и другие крупные корпорации.
Население Саут-Бенда сократилось после 1960 года, когда оно составило 132 445 человек. В основном это было связано с миграцией в пригороды, а также с упадком компании «Студебеккер» и других предприятий тяжелой промышленности. Сегодня крупнейшие отрасли в Саут-Бенде - это здравоохранение, образование, малый бизнес и туризм . Остальные крупные корпорации, базирующиеся в этом районе, включают Crowe , Honeywell и AM General . На экономику и культуру города влияет близлежащий университет Нотр-Дам . [8]
Население города в последнее время начало увеличиваться, впервые почти за 50 лет. [9] Старый завод Студебеккер и его окрестности, которые сейчас называются Ignition Park , перестраиваются в технологический центр для привлечения новой промышленности. [10]
Город недавно был показан в национальных новостях бывшего мэра Пита Буттигига , кандидата на президентских праймериз от Демократической партии 2020 года и нынешнего министра транспорта в администрации Байдена . [11]
История
Ранняя история
Долина Святого Иосифа долгое время была заселена коренными американцами. Одной из первых известных групп, населявших территорию, которая впоследствии стала северной Индией, было племя Майами . Позже потаватоми перебрались в этот регион, используя богатую пищу и природные ресурсы, найденные вдоль реки. Потаватоми оккупировали этот регион Индианы, пока большинство из них не было насильственно выселено в 1840-х годах. Район Саут-Бенд был популярен, потому что его перевал был самым коротким сухопутным маршрутом от реки Сент-Джозеф до реки Канкаки . [12] Этот маршрут использовался веками сначала коренными американцами, затем французскими исследователями, миссионерами и торговцами. [13] Французский исследователь Рене-Робер Кавелье, сьер де ла Саль, первый белый европеец, ступивший на территорию нынешней Саут-Бенд [14], использовал этот перевал между реками Сент-Джозеф и Канкаки в декабре 1679 года.
Первые поселения
Первые постоянные белые поселенцы Саут-Бенда были торговцами мехом, которые открыли здесь торговые посты. В 1820 году прибыл Пьер Фришуц Наварра , представлявший Американскую меховую компанию (AFC) Джона Джейкоба Астора . Он поселился недалеко от того, что сейчас является центром города Саут-Бенд. [15] Алексис Кокиллар , другой агент AFC, [15] [16] основал торговый пост, известный как Большой вокзал Сент-Джозеф. [17] В 1827 году Латроп Минор Тейлор учредил должность для компании Samuel Hanna and Company, в записях которой использовалось имя Сент-Джозеф, штат Индиана. [16] К 1829 году город рос, лидерами стали Кокийяр и Тейлор. Они подали заявку на почтовое отделение. Тейлор был назначен почтмейстером , а почтовое отделение было обозначено как Саутолд, округ Аллен, штат Индиана. [15] В следующем году название было изменено на Саут-Бенд, вероятно, для облегчения путаницы, так как в то время несколько других общин назывались Саутолд.
В 1831 году Саут-Бенд был задуман как административный центр и один из четырех первоначальных поселков округа Сент-Джозеф со 128 жителями. [18] В том же году Горацио Чапин переехал в поселение, открыл первый универсальный магазин с импортными (зарубежными) товарами и помог основать первую церковь и воскресную школу. [15] Примерно в то же время началось проектирование того, что впоследствии стало городом Саут-Бенд. Город был официально основан в 1835 году, когда Чапин был первым президентом попечительского совета города. [19] В 1856 году поверенный Эндрю Андерсон, зять Чапина, основал May Oberfell Lorber, старейшее предприятие в округе Сент-Джозеф. [20] Он составил полный указатель записей о недвижимости Саут-Бенда. [21]
В 1841 году Шайлер Колфакс был назначен заместителем аудитора округа Сент-Джозеф. Колфакс приобрел South Bend Free Press, а затем превратил ее в газету, поддерживающую вигов , « Регистр долины Святого Иосифа» . Он был членом конституционного собрания штата в 1850 году, на котором выступил против запрета афроамериканской миграции в Индиану. Он присоединился к Республиканской партии , как и многие виги его времени, и был избран в Конгресс в 1855 году, став спикером Палаты представителей в 1863 году во время правления Авраама Линкольна . В 1868 году он был избран вице-президентом при Улиссе С. Гранте . Колфакс вернулся в Саут-Бенд после своего пребывания в Вашингтоне и похоронен на Городском кладбище к западу от центра города. [22]
Ранний бизнес
В период с конца 1830-х до 1850-х годов большая часть развития Саут-Бенда была сосредоточена на промышленном комплексе заводов, расположенных на двух расах (искусственные каналы вдоль реки Сент-Джозеф в Саут-Бенд). По обе стороны реки было построено несколько плотин и построены фабрики. 4 октября 1851 года первый паровоз вошел в Саут-Бенд. [15] Это привело к общему смещению предприятий с реки на железную дорогу . В 1852 году Генри Студебеккер основал вагонный цех « Студебеккер» , который впоследствии стал крупнейшим в мире производителем вагонов и единственным, кто впоследствии преуспел в качестве производителя автомобилей. Singer Sewing Company и Оливер охлажденные Плуг компания была среди других компаний , которые сделали не производство движущей силой в экономике South Bend до середины 20-го века. [15] Другим важным экономическим актом было углубление реки Канкаки в 1884 году для создания сельскохозяйственных угодий. [23] В это время происходила большая иммиграция европейцев, таких как поляки, венгры, ирландцы, немцы, итальянцы и шведы, в Саут-Бенд из-за наличия работы на местных фабриках. [24]
Саут-Бенд извлекал выгоду из своего местоположения на Мичиган-роуд , главной артерии север-юг северной Индианы в 19 веке. [15] Еще одно важное событие произошло недалеко от Саут-Бенд в 1842 году, когда отец Эдвард Сорин основал университет Нотр-Дам к северу от города. [25] Это стало важным фактором в экономике и культуре области. [26]
Создание и ранняя история
Саут-Бенд был включен как город 22 мая 1865 года, и его первые выборы состоялись 5 июня 1865 года, а Уильям Дж. Джордж был избран первым мэром города. [16] Официальный девиз города «Мир» относится к Дело в том, что объединение произошло через месяц после капитуляции Конфедерации, которая фактически положила конец Гражданской войне в США .
Африканская методистская епископальная церковь Оливета (AME) была основана в Саут-Бенде в марте 1870 года, что сделало ее первой афроамериканской церковью в городе. [27] Olivet AME по-прежнему является активной африканской методистской епископальной церковью и в 2015 году отметила свое 145-летие. [28]
Сержант из Саут-Бенда выпустил первые американские снаряды по Германии во время Первой мировой войны [29].
История с Ку-клукс-кланом
В 1923 году афроамериканец, владелец фонтана с газировкой, получил письмо, подписанное «KKK», с угрозой убить афроамериканца, содержащегося в городской тюрьме, и нанести вред остальному афроамериканскому населению города. В течение нескольких дней из города бежало более тысячи афроамериканцев. [30]
В 1924 году Ку-клукс-клан провел конференцию и запланировал парад из своей местной штаб-квартиры на улице С. Мичиган, 230. В процессе подготовки члены клана были размещены по городу для управления движением транспорта. Студенты Нотр-Дама , хорошо осведомленные об антикатолической природе Клана, решительно протестовали против этого вторжения, и до полудня все директора Клана были «разоблачены и раздеты». Студенты Нотр-Дама продолжили борьбу, несколько сотен человек собрались возле штаб-квартиры Клана, бросали камни и били окна в знак протеста. Местной полиции, а также должностным лицам Нотр-Дама в конце концов удалось убедить их вернуться в университетский городок. [31] [32] [33] Говорят, что даже легендарный футбольный тренер Кнут Рокне включился в борьбу, чтобы успокоить студентов. [34]
Позже дело
Другие отрасли, развитые в Саут-Бенде в начале 20-го века, в том числе Birdsell Manufacturing Company, Bendix Corporation , Honeywell , AlliedSignal , South Bend Lathe Works , O'Brien Paint Corp., South Bend Toy Company, South Bend Range, South Bend Bait Company и South Bend Watch Company . Рабочие Bendix Corporation устроили первую сидячую забастовку в истории Америки в 1936 году. [35] Быстрое развитие привело к созданию электрического рельсового транспорта по всему региону, и в 1925 году междугородний трамвай South Shore был открыт из южного центра города. Поверните в центр Чикаго. [36] Саут-Бенд был первым сообществом в Соединенных Штатах, где была электрифицированная троллейбусная система (хотя это было за несколько лет до того, как она стала удобной и прибыльной). Линия South Shore до сих пор ежедневно курсирует в и из Чикаго, а также является крупным грузовым перевозчиком в этом районе.
30 июня 1934 года Национальный банк торговцев в Саут-Бенде стал последним банком, ограбленным бандой Диллинджера . [37]
Недавняя история
29 сентября 1929 года Саут-Бенд завершил свою «программу подъема путей». [38] Это был проект инфраструктуры железной дороги, в рамках которого были удалены железнодорожные пути Grand Trunk Western Railroad с Дивизион-стрит, убраны переезды с улиц Чапин на улицы Майами, создана современная грузовая схема и построена станция Union Station . [38] Этот проект разрабатывался семнадцать лет [38] и был предметом рассмотрения Верховным судом штата Индиана дела «Вандалия Рейлроуд против Саут-Бенд», которое впоследствии было подтверждено Верховным судом Соединенных Штатов . [38] [39]
В 1949 году легендарный перкуссионист Лайонел Хэмптон был проинформирован о том, что его концерт во Дворце Саут-Бенда будет предназначен только для чернокожих; он пригрозил объявить бойкот месту проведения мероприятия, и мероприятие продолжилось как единый вечер, который, по сообщениям газет, привел к тому, что у всех участников начались «приступы экстаза». [40]
К 1950 году более половины всех занятых было в производственном секторе. [41] Из-за экономических трудностей Студебеккер закрыл свои автомобильные заводы в Саут-Бенде в декабре 1963 года. [42] Вскоре последовал общий спад в производстве, когда промышленность была реструктурирована по всей стране. К 2000 году производство составляло только 16 процентов местной экономики. Из-за серьезной потери рабочих мест население города за этот период сократилось почти на 30 000 человек. [41]
В 1984 году лидеры общины Саут-Бенд начали искать для города бейсбольную команду низшей лиги. Стадион был построен в 1986 году, и с « Чикаго Уайт Сокс» был подписан 10-летний контракт на развитие игроков . Команда будет известна как Саут-Бенд Уайт Сокс. В 1994 году название команды было изменено на South Bend Silver Hawks , [43], а затем на The South Bend Cubs в 2015 году. Они являются филиалом низшей лиги класса A Chicago Cubs в Среднезападной лиге.
В 2015 году городу Саут-Бенд исполнилось 150 лет. Кульминацией этого продолжавшегося в течение года фестиваля стало торжественное зажжение первых речных фонарей на реке Св. Иосифа. Мэр Пит Буттигиг приветствовал наступление следующих 150 лет наследия Саут-Бенда в сопровождении пяти предыдущих мэров Саут-Бенда: Стива Люке, Джо Кернана, Роджера Пэрента, Питера Немета и Джерри Миллера. [44]
В 2015 году население города увеличилось на 286 человек, что является самым большим годовым приростом за более чем двадцать лет. [9] Бывший завод Студебеккер был разработан как центр Ignition Park для привлечения новых предприятий, особенно в сфере высоких технологий. [10] Саут-Бенд также стал свидетелем нового развития, особенно в области технологий, снижения уровня безработицы и обновления центральной части города под властью Буттигига, который был описан как возрождение, а Саут-Бенд - как «город перемен». [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] Саут-Бенд также был в центре внимания всей страны во время президентской кампании бывшего мэра Пита Буттигига от Демократической партии 2019-2020 годов .
География
Саут-Бенд расположен в 8,0 км от границы с Мичиганом и примерно на одинаковом расстоянии от Иллинойса и Огайо . Город находится в 150 км от Чикаго. Ближайший берег озера Мичиган находится в 32 км.
Согласно переписи 2010 года, Саут-Бенд имеет общую площадь 41,877 квадратных миль (108,46 км 2 ), из которых 41,46 квадратных миль (107,38 км 2 ) (или 99%) - это земля и 0,417 квадратных миль (1,08 км 2 ) (или 1%) - вода. [50]
Городской пейзаж
Река Святого Иосифа протекает с восточной оконечности города, поворачивая на север около центра города, давая Саут-Бенд свое название на излучине реки. Саут-Бенд расположен на континентальном водоразделе с севера на юг, и река течет на северо-запад в озеро Мичиган. [51] Центр города расположен в северо-центральной части города вдоль реки Сент-Джозеф. Нотр-Дам, штат Индиана , примыкает к северу. Город простирается дальше на север с западной стороны, в основном с производственными и торговыми предприятиями рядом с международным аэропортом Саут-Бенд . Мишавака , штат Индиана, примыкает к восточной стороне Саут-Бенда.
Климат
Саут-Бенд имеет влажный континентальный климат с климатической классификацией Кеппена Dfa. Озеро Мичиган оказывает большое влияние на климат Саут-Бенд, включая снежный эффект озера зимой и тенденцию к умеренным температурам круглый год. [52] Июнь, июль и август - самые теплые месяцы со средней температурой выше 69 ° F (21 ° C). Обычно каждый год бывает 42 дня с грозами . [52] Самый снежный месяц - обычно январь, а снегопады обычно регистрируются с октября по апрель. [53] В среднем в Саут-Бенд выпадает 179 см снега в год. [52] Весна и осень могут быть мягкими и пасмурными, но также временами сильными штормами с 293 частично облачными или пасмурными днями в году. [54]
Климатические данные для Саут-Бенд, штат Индиана ( региональный аэропорт Саут-Бенд ), нормы 1981–2010 гг. | |||||||||||||
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Месяц | Янв | Фев | Мар | Апр | Может | Июн | Июл | Авг | Сен | Октябрь | Ноя | Декабрь | Год |
Рекордно высокая ° F (° C) | 68 (20) | 74 (23) | 85 (29) | 91 (33) | 96 (36) | 106 (41) | 109 (43) | 105 (41) | 99 (37) | 92 (33) | 82 (28) | 70 (21) | 109 (43) |
Средняя высокая ° F (° C) | 31,8 (-0,1) | 35,6 (2,0) | 47,0 (8,3) | 59,9 (15,5) | 70,4 (21,3) | 79,8 (26,6) | 83,3 (28,5) | 81,3 (27,4) | 74,4 (23,6) | 62,0 (16,7) | 48,6 (9,2) | 35,5 (1,9) | 59,1 (15,1) |
Средняя низкая ° F (° C) | 17,9 (-7,8) | 20,7 (-6,3) | 28,7 (-1,8) | 38,9 (3,8) | 48,8 (9,3) | 58,9 (14,9) | 63,3 (17,4) | 61,9 (16,6) | 53,8 (12,1) | 42,8 (6,0) | 33,4 (0,8) | 22,6 (-5,2) | 41,0 (5,0) |
Рекордно низкая ° F (° C) | -22 (-30) | -20 (-29) | -13 (-25) | 11 (-12) | 24 (-4) | 35 (2) | 42 (6) | 40 (4) | 29 (-2) | 12 (-11) | −7 (−22) | -18 (-28) | -22 (-30) |
Среднее количество осадков в дюймах (мм) | 2,28 (58) | 1,95 (50) | 2,41 (61) | 3,23 (82) | 3,83 (97) | 3,79 (96) | 4,00 (102) | 3,76 (96) | 3,53 (90) | 3,32 (84) | 3,27 (83) | 2,61 (66) | 37,97 (964) |
Средний снегопад в дюймах (см) | 21,6 (55) | 15,1 (38) | 6,8 (17) | 1,4 (3,6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0,4 (1,0) | 4,7 (12) | 17,3 (44) | 70,4 (179) |
Среднее количество дней с осадками (≥ 0,01 дюйма) | 15,7 | 11,8 | 12,7 | 13,2 | 12,3 | 10,3 | 9,5 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.9 | 13,4 | 15,8 | 145,4 |
Среднее количество снежных дней (≥ 0,1 дюйма) | 13,1 | 9.2 | 5,3 | 1,7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0,1 | 0,4 | 3,6 | 10.9 | 44,3 |
Источник 1: The Weather Channel (крайности) [55] | |||||||||||||
Источник 2: NOAA [56] |
Демография
Историческое население | |||
---|---|---|---|
Перепись | Поп. | % ± | |
1850 г. | 1,652 | - | |
1860 г. | 3 832 | 132,0% | |
1870 г. | 7 206 | 88,0% | |
1880 г. | 13 280 | 84.3% | |
1890 | 21,819 | 64.3% | |
1900 | 35,999 | 65.0% | |
1910 | 53,684 | 49.1% | |
1920 | 70,983 | 32.2% | |
1930 | 104,193 | 46.8% | |
1940 | 101,268 | −2.8% | |
1950 | 115,911 | 14.5% | |
1960 | 132,445 | 14.3% | |
1970 | 125,850 | −5.0% | |
1980 | 109,727 | −12.8% | |
1990 | 105,511 | −3.8% | |
2000 | 107,789 | 2.2% | |
2010 | 101,166 | −6.1% | |
2019 (est.) | 102,026 | [4] | 0.9% |
U.S. Decennial Census[57] 2018 Estimate[58] |
2010 census
As of the census[3] of 2010, there were 101,168 people, 39,760 households, and 23,526 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,440.1 inhabitants per square mile (942.1/km2). There were 46,324 housing units at an average density of 1,117.3 per square mile (431.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 60.5% White, 26.6% African American, 0.5% Native American, 1.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 6.9% from other races, and 4.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.0% of the population.
There were 39,760 households, of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.9% were married couples living together, 18.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.8% were non-families. 33.3% Of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.19.
The median age in the city was 33.3 years. 27.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 10% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.1% were from 25 to 44; 23.1% were from 45 to 64; and 12.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.
Ethnicity
Per the 2013 American Community Survey of the U.S. Census Bureau, the following ancestries were reported: African-American - 26%, German - 14.8%, Irish - 10.4%, Polish - 8.2%, English - 5.0%, American - 3.3%, Italian - 2.6%, Hungarian - 2.4%, French - 2.0%, Dutch - 1.4%, Swedish - 1.1%, Belgian - 0.9%.[59]
Экономика
South Bend's location on the St. Joseph River led to an industrial-based economy in the late 19th century and early-to-mid-20th century. In 1923, industrialist and entrepreneur Vincent H. Bendix selected South Bend as the site of his new manufacturing plant for automotive parts.[60] He chose South Bend primarily because it was on a rail line midway between Chicago and Detroit, the two automotive manufacturing centers of the United States at the time.[60] Eventually, the Bendix corporation built a vast manufacturing complex on its South Bend acreage served by the major railroads, including a huge shipping and receiving building where railroad cars could enter at one end, unload, and depart at the opposite end.
By the end of World War II, manufacturing began to diminish.[61] The Studebaker plant, which had at one time employed 45,000 persons, closed in 1963; its engine block plant shuttered the following year. Parts of the Bendix factory complex were later acquired and divided between Honeywell Corporation and Bosch Corporation respectively. Honeywell Aerospace continues to manufacture aviation products at its former Bendix facility. In 2010, Bosch announced that it would cease all operations at its Bendix plant location in South Bend by the end of 2011.[62] Bosch vacated the building entirely in October 2012. Curtis Products of South Bend moved into the building in May 2013.
Employers
Since the 1960s, education, health care, and small business have come to the forefront of South Bend's economy, though the city has never regained the level of prosperity it enjoyed before that time. Nearby University of Notre Dame is a large contributor to the local economy. The university is the second largest employer in the city and in St. Joseph County, employing 6,086 people.[63]
Health care is another major contributor to the South Bend economy. In 2012, Memorial Health System announced that it was merging with Elkhart General Hospital, located in Elkhart County, to form Beacon Health System.[64] Beacon is the largest employer in the city and in St. Joseph County, employing 7,088 people.[63] Other notable businesses include Honeywell, Bosch, and PEI Genesis. AM General, Crowe Horwath, and Tire Rack all have corporate headquarters in South Bend.
According to the 2017 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[63] the city's top employers are:
# | Employer | # of employees |
---|---|---|
1 | Beacon Health System (Memorial) | 7,088 |
2 | University of Notre Dame | 6,086 |
3 | South Bend Community School Corporation | 3,432 |
4 | Indiana University South Bend | 1,401 |
5 | St. Joseph County | 1,377 |
6 | City of South Bend | 1,285 |
7 | Four Winds Casino | 1,200 |
8 | AM General | 1,200 |
9 | The South Bend Clinic | 854 |
10 | Press Ganey | 850 |
Technology
Efforts are under way to spur economic growth in South Bend. The St. Joe Valley Metronet is a 50-mile dark fiber optic network that encircles South Bend and Mishawaka that allows for strong telecommunications connectivity.[65] The South Bend Metronet, named Zing, is bringing more high-tech firms to the city and surrounding area. This telecommunications network has allowed for the advent of various data centers in South Bend, which serves as a hub between Chicago, Indianapolis, Detroit, and Cincinnati. The City of South Bend recently announced it will provide free wireless internet access via the Metronet in the city's downtown and East Bank areas.[66]
The Union Station Technology Center was purchased from the city in 1979 and is currently Northern Indiana's largest data center.[67] There are currently plans to extend the data center into a fully operating high tech data hub in the old Studebaker "Ivy Tower" assembly plant next door, creating what will be called the Renaissance District.[68]
Innovation Park and Ignition Park
Innovation Park and Ignition Park, dual-certified technology parks, have attracted technology businesses to South Bend. Located across the street from the University of Notre Dame, Innovation Park was completed in 2009 and houses innovative researchers from companies and the university.[69] Ignition Park, located just south of the downtown area, is planned to become home to 3 million square feet of high tech space on 140 acres of land previously owned by the Studebaker Corporation.[70] The first tenant, Data Realty, moved into the location in the fall of 2012.[71] The second building in the new park, a research and testing facility for massive turbo machinery is part of a partnership between the city, General Electric, Great Lakes Capital, Indiana Michigan Power, University of Notre Dame, and the state of Indiana.[72]
Redevelopment
Redevelopment is underway for some of the abandoned industrial facilities, with the abandoned Oliver Corporation buildings being the most recent example of reclaimed property.[73] The city also faced programs with large swaths of vacant housing after the decline of the manufacturing industry. In 2013, 1,347 homes were vacant or abandoned.[74] The city created the Vacant and Abandoned Properties Initiative in February 2013, which aimed to take care of 1,000 vacant or abandoned homes in 1,000 days, either through demolition, repairs, or some other satisfactory means.[75]
The Smart Street Initiative, a 20-year plan to make the city safer for pedestrians, bicyclists, and motorists, began in 2013 with the conversion of one-way streets to two-way streets,[76] to bring more businesses to the area, create shorter travel routes, and to reduce speeding. The other part of the initiative is the West Side Main Streets Plan, a revitalization plan for the Lincoln Way West and Western Avenue corridor focusing on guiding business owners, residents, and developers to improve the street front by offering a reimbursement on exterior improvements from the city and the Urban Enterprise Association.[77]
Recognition
In 2012, Kiplinger's Personal Finance ranked South Bend eighth in the "Ten Best Cities for Cheapskates".[78] South Bend was also ranked among the 40 hottest real estate markets for business by Expansion Management magazine,[79] and Smart+Connected Communities Institute featured South Bend as one of the top ten cities worldwide that is reinventing themselves through technology.[80]
Искусство и культура
Culture
South Bend was influenced by a large influx of Polish Catholic immigrants in the late 19th century.[81] Dyngus Day is widely celebrated on the Monday after Easter and it is the beginning of the city elections campaign season.[82] Fat Tuesday is also celebrated in South Bend, with paczkis being a staple food product in the city for the day.[83] The city and surrounding county have 23 Catholic churches, 11 Catholic schools and three Catholic universities (the University of Notre Dame, Holy Cross College, and Saint Mary's College, all located in the adjacent unincorporated area of Notre Dame).[84]
Music festivals
The city has several annual festivals. The South Bend International Festival began ten years ago as the South Bend Reggae Festival and now features local and international musical artists who perform in African, Latino, and American cultural styles. Proceeds from the festival are given to the Pangani Foundation of South Bend, which provides medical supplies to hospitals in Malawi.[85]
WBYT FM – B100 (Country Station) hosts an Annual All Day Country Concert, with over 37,000 free tickets in early September.
The World Pulse Festival, broadcast by LeSEA Broadcasting network, is held annually in South Bend. It is hosted by Pulse FM, a local Christian music radio station. The event is an annual Contemporary Christian music festival, attracting more than 50,000 visitors each year.[86]
In 2013, a new annual festival began in South Bend called South by South Bend, named after the famous South By Southwest of Austin, TX. The festival is a celebration of the local music scene, with local bands and artists performing on the park grounds and other public venues around the city.[87] The goals of the festival include strengthening the bond between the communities of South Bend and Notre Dame, supporting local artistic expression, and promoting local business.[88] In 2015, the festival was renamed Sounds by South Bend, to avoid confusion with the Austin festival and to more accurately represent the purpose of the event.[89]
Museums, arts and entertainment
The South Bend Museum of Art is located in Century Center in downtown South Bend. The museum was opened to the public in March 1996, and features a variety of artists from South Bend and the Michiana region. Currently, over 850 works are featured in the permanent collection. The museum also offers several classes and workshops for adults and children.[90]
The History Museum
The History Museum is the public name of the Northern Indiana Historical Society, the second-oldest historical society in Indiana, established in 1867 to collect and interpret the history of the northern Indiana region by St. Joseph County's leading citizens. The Oliver Mansion (also known by its original name, Copshaholm) is one of the central features of the museum. The 38-room mansion was built in 1895 and is currently listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The home was built by Joseph Doty Oliver, son of James Oliver, the founder of the Oliver Farm Equipment Company, once the largest plow manufacturer in the United States.[91] In addition to the Oliver Mansion and the Workers Home (a 1920s Polish-American family home), the museum includes areas dedicated to the history of the St. Joseph River Valley, the University of Notre Dame, the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League, and the Kidsfirst Children's Museum.[91]
Studebaker National Museum
The Studebaker National Museum holds a large collection of wagons and automobiles from the 150-year history of the Studebaker Corporation.[92] The museum began as a collection of wagons and automobiles produced by Studebaker, including the presidential carriages of Lincoln, McKinley, Harrison, and Grant. The company donated the collection to the city of South Bend in 1966. The collection was housed in various locations from Century Center to its current location in downtown South Bend, adjacent to The History Museum. The two museums share one campus, and together form The Museums at Washington and Chapin.[93] The former South Bend mansion of Clement Studebaker, named Tippecanoe Place, is now a restaurant.
Indiana University Civil Rights Heritage Center
The Indiana University South Bend Civil Rights Heritage Center is housed in the former Engman Public Natatorium. What was once the city's first indoor swimming pool excluded and then segregated against African Americans for its first twenty-eight years. In 2010, Indiana University South Bend re-opened the building, and now offers tours and events focusing on the histories of civil rights and the experiences of African Americans, Latinos, and LGBTQ people in South Bend.
Theatrical buildings
The Morris Performing Arts Center, built in 1922, included the Palace Theater, a venue for vaudeville. The theatre's heyday was in 1940 with the premiere of Knute Rockne, All American, starring Ronald Reagan. A crowd estimated at 24,000 gathered outside. The theater was scheduled for demolition in 1959, when E. M. Morris purchased the facility and sold it to the city for one dollar, after which it was renamed the Morris Civic Auditorium. A total renovation as well as expansion of the stage area was completed in 2000. The Morris Performing Arts Center also includes the restored Palais Royale Ballroom.[94] The center houses the Broadway Theater League and the South Bend Symphony Orchestra. The orchestra's Shanghai-born former conductor, Tsung Yeh, was the first conductor ever to hold music directorships of both a western symphony orchestra and a major Chinese orchestra.[95]
South Bend is also home to The South Bend Hot Patooties, a group that performs a shadowcast of The Rocky Horror Picture Show.[96] The group has performed at various South Bend venues including the State Theater, Legends of Notre Dame, The Potawatomi Conservatories, and the historic Birdsell Mansion.[97]
The South Bend Civic Theatre, founded in 1957, was for many years located at The Firehouse, 701 Portage Avenue. In 2007, a new theatre opened at 403 North Main Street in what was formerly the Scottish Rite Building. This facility includes a 209-seat main-stage auditorium and a 90-seat "black-box" studio theatre.[98] The South Bend Civic Theatre produces more than a dozen plays per year, including several productions in its Family Series.
Other
The Snite Museum of Art of the University of Notre Dame is a fine arts museum that contains 29,000 works of art.
The Fischoff National Chamber Music Association, sponsor of the world's largest chamber music competition, was founded in South Bend in 1973. The annual Fischoff National Chamber Music Competition is held on the campus of the University of Notre Dame.
Schuyler Colfax, the 17th Vice President of the United States, is interred in South Bend City Cemetery.[99]
Виды спорта
South Bend Lions FC
A USL2 soccer franchise named in November 2019, located in South Bend. The team plays at TCU School Field with an inaugural season in Summer of 2020.
South Bend Cubs
The city is home to the South Bend Cubs, a Class A Minor League Baseball team, which plays at Four Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium in downtown South Bend. In 2014, the franchise changed its name and logo to the South Bend Cubs[100] and became affiliated with the Chicago Cubs; prior to this, it had been known as the South Bend Silver Hawks and affiliated with the Arizona Diamondbacks. In 2005, the franchise nearly moved to Marion, Illinois, but a group of investors, led by former Indiana governor and former South Bend mayor Joe Kernan, bought the Silver Hawks in order to ensure the team stayed in South Bend.[9]
Buildings and stadium
The Ballpark Synagogue is a 1901 synagogue building on the grounds of the ballpark, which serves as the team's fan store. It is the nation's only ballpark synagogue and it is available for weddings and other events.[101][102] The stadium is also used for multiple community events. In 2015, the South Bend Cubs broke their previous ticket sales record, with a total of 347,678 tickets sold.[103]
South Bend Roller Girls
The city also hosts the South Bend Roller Girls,[104] the city's non-profit flat-track roller derby league. Founded in March 2010, the league has worked to support fundraising for local charities, such as the Salvation Army's Adopt-A-Family program, the American Cancer Society's Making Strides Against Breast Cancer, and the St. Joe County Humane Society. The South Bend Roller Girls traveling/competitive team, The Studebreakers, is named after the historic Studebaker Corporation. The team is a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association.
East Race Waterway
South Bend is home to the first artificial whitewater center in North America, the East Race Waterway, adjacent to Century Center. The East Race Waterway is one of only four operating artificial whitewater facilities in the United States, the others being Dickerson Whitewater Course (in Dickerson, Maryland), U.S. National Whitewater Center (in Charlotte, North Carolina), Adventure Sports Center International (in McHenry, Maryland), and Riversports Rapids (in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma). The East Race Waterway is one of only six such facilities to have ever been operated in the US, the others being the four aforementioned courses and the now-defunct Ocoee Whitewater Center (in Ducktown, Tennessee). Prior to the opening of Riversports Rapids, the East Race had long been the only such US facility not located in an East Coast state. The waterway is closed as of 2021 because a hydroelectric dam is being built at the source.[105]
Other sports
During World War II, the South Bend Blue Sox All-American Girls Professional Baseball League team was formed in the city. The team participated in all the league's seasons from 1943 to 1954.[106]
High-school sports are also a big draw in South Bend.
The Notre Dame Fighting Irish provide much of the sports action for the South Bend locale. Football Saturdays have become a major event for the city, attracting fans who come to watch the game and have tailgate parties.[26] Notre Dame basketball games are also popular, along with other university sports.
The Blackthorn Golf Course in South Bend is home to the Four Winds Invitational of the Symetra Tour.[107]
Along with Notre Dame, South Bend was the site of the VII Special Olympics Summer World Games in 1987. Notre Dame also hosted the 1983 AAU Junior Olympics.
Парки и отдых
South Bend's first zoo was located at Leeper Park from 1902 until 1914. The present zoo at Potawatomi Park began in 1921 when Albert R. Erskine, the president of the Studebaker Corporation, donated a single deer as the start of the zoo. The Potawatomi Zoo is the second oldest zoo in Indiana. It features more than 400 animals in its 23 acres (93,000 m2). The zoo is now operated by the Potawatomi Zoological Society. Along with the zoo, the South Bend Parks and Recreation department operates over 50 parks, golf courses, and recreational areas throughout the city.[108] Notable parks include Rum Village Park, which has a disc golf course, mountain bike trails, hiking trails, and a nature center,[109] and Potawatomi Park, which has the region's largest Universally Accessible Playground and an outdoors Performance Arts Pavilion and viewing area.[110]
Near the Potawatomi Zoo are the Potawatomi Greenhouses and the Ella Morris and Muessel-Ellison Botanical Conservatories. The greenhouses were originally constructed in the 1920s, with the conservatories added in the 1960s.[111] In 2007, the greenhouses and conservatories were in danger of closing due to increased operating costs, but a campaign by the Botanical Society of South Bend was able to raise funds to keep the facilities operating.[112]
The city is home to the East Race Waterway, which is used for boating and water sports (see above).[112]
While developing the 2006 City Plan, the city's 20-year comprehensive plan, citizens said the encouragement of bicycling as a form of alternative transportation was a top priority. In 2010, South Bend became one of 303 communities in the United States to be recognized as a "Bicycle-Friendly Community" by the League of American Bicyclists due to the city's "remarkable commitments to bicycling.[113] The city has developed a long-term plan for building a 116-mile South Bend Bikeway network. In late 2014, 66.8 miles of bicycle routes have been established: 17.4 miles of multipurpose paths separated from streets, 17.0 miles of striped bike lanes, and 32.4 other designated on-street routes.[114] The area is also served by the St. Joseph County Parks Dept, which maintains eight different parks and recreation areas. The Parks department serves the metro area and is headed by a permanent staff and an appointed board.
Закон и правительство
South Bend government follows the mayor-council representative model of municipal government and, along with the St. Joseph county government, occupies the County-City Building in downtown South Bend.
The government of South Bend is led by the office of the mayor, who is elected to a four-year term and acts as chief executive for the city government. The current mayor is James Mueller.
The legislative branch of the South Bend government is the South Bend Common Council. The council is composed of nine members, each elected to a four-year term. South Bend is divided into six districts, with each district electing one council member. The final three members are elected at-large. Under Indiana law, the council may pass resolutions and ordinances. Resolutions relate to internal council procedures, while ordinances address municipal codes.[115]
District | Councillor | In office since | Party |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Canneth Lee | 2020 | Democratic |
2 | Henry Davis Jr. | 2007-2015, 2019–Present | Democratic |
3 | Sharon McBride | 2018 | Democratic |
4 | Troy Warner | 2019 | Democratic |
5 | Eli Wax | 2020 | Republican |
6 | Shelia Niezgodsk | 2019 | Democratic |
At-Large | Lori K. Hamman | 2020 | Democratic |
Rachel Tomas Morgan | 2019 | Democratic | |
Karen White, President | 1999 | Democratic |
The final elected member of the South Bend government is the city clerk, who is responsible for maintaining official city records and providing general clerical assistance to the City Council.[116] The current clerk is Dawn M. Jones.[117]
Michael A. Dvorak is the prosecuting attorney for the 60th Judicial Circuit, which consists of St. Joseph County. He was first elected in 2002.[118]
State and national representation
South Bend is represented in the Indiana House of Representatives by Maureen Bauer, Jake Teshka, and Ryan Dvorak, and in the Indiana State Senate by David L. Niezgodski. All members of the Indiana General Assembly representing South Bend are Democrats, except Jake Teshka, who is a Republican.
South Bend is part of Indiana's 2nd Congressional District, represented by Republican Jackie Walorski.
Politics
The Democratic Party is very successful in South Bend. Every South Bend mayor since 1972 has been a Democrat.[119] As of 2021, all but one City Council member is a Democrat.[120]
On March 26, 2012, South Bend passed the Human Rights Ordinance, outlawing discrimination in employment, housing, or other areas against citizens based on "race, religion, color, sex, disability, national origin, ancestry, sexual orientation or gender identity, or familial status."[121] It is one of only 6 cities in Indiana to offer legal protections for citizens based on sexual orientation and gender identity.[122] The protections are enforced by the city's Human Rights Commission, which oversees investigation and legal recourse in cases of discrimination.[123]
On June 16, 2015, then-Mayor Pete Buttigieg announced in a South Bend Tribune editorial that he is gay, becoming the first openly gay executive in the state of Indiana.[124][125]
Law enforcement
The police force in South Bend has undergone many changes and expansions in its history, starting in 1831 when the first constables were appointed. Law enforcement was reorganized and renamed multiple times throughout its history, until the department became officially known as the South Bend Police Department in 1903.[126] Scott Ruszkowski has served as chief since 2015.[127]
Образование
Colleges
The South Bend area contains several institutions of higher education.
- Indiana University South Bend is the third-largest campus in the Indiana University system. Its total enrollment during the 2019–20 school year was 5,092 students.[128]
- Purdue Polytechnic South Bend[129]
- Ivy Tech Community College
- Trine University
Colleges located near South Bend:
- University of Notre Dame
- Saint Mary's College
- Holy Cross College
- Bethel University[130]
K–12 schools
Public schools in South Bend are operated by the South Bend Community School Corporation. The corporation runs 17 primary centers (grades K–5), seven intermediate centers (mostly grades 6–8), four high schools (grades 9–12) and an alternative school (grade 9-12), serving 16,725 students during the 2019–20 school year.[131] In 2018–19, the school district received an accountability grade overall of C.[132]
There are also several private schools: namely, Trinity School at Greenlawn, recipient of four Blue Ribbon Awards from the U.S. Department of Education,[133] and The Stanley Clark School. Additionally, the Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend operates 11 parochial grade schools and one high school in South Bend.[134]
Public library
South Bend is served by the St. Joseph County Public Library with a Main Library, and branches in Francis, German, and Lasalle townships.[135] There are a total of ten branches of the public library system throughout the county and from which any library card holder can select. The main library is currently closed through summer 2021 for extension renovation and expansion.
Места поклонения
South Bend is home to over 100 places of worship, including mostly Christian churches, three synagogues, and one mosque.
Christian churches
- Apostolic House of Deliverance
- Apostolic Temple AWCF
- Calvary Baptist Church
- Cathedral of St. James (Episcopal)
- Christ the King Catholic Church
- Christ the King Lutheran Church (ELCA)
- Church of the Holy Trinity (Episcopal)
- The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS)
- Clay Church (United Methodist)
- Community Baptist Church
- Community Congregational Church
- Corpus Christi Catholic Community
- Emmaus Evangelical Lutheran Church (LCMS)
- Evangel Heights United Methodist Church
- Faith Apostolic Ministries
- Fellowship Baptist Church
- First Baptist Church South Bend
- First Church of Christ, Scientist
- First Presbyterian Church
- First Unitarian Church of South Bend
- First United Methodist Church
- Gloria Dei Lutheran Church (ELCA)
- The Grace Place
- Grace United Methodist Church
- Holy Cross Catholic Church
- Holy Family Catholic Church
- Holy Trinity Lutheran Church (ELCA)
- New Bethel Tabernacle Church PAW
- New Life Assembly of God
- Oak Tree Community Church Baptist
- Our Lady of Hungary Catholic Church
- Our Redeemer Lutheran Church (LCMS)
- Sacred Heart of Jesus Catholic Church
- Southlawn United Methodist Church
- St. Adalbert Catholic Church
- St. Andrew Greek Orthodox Church
- St. Anthony de Padua Catholic Church
- St. Augustine Catholic Church
- St. Casimir Catholic Church
- St. Hedwig Catholic Church
- St. John the Baptist Catholic Church
- St. Joseph Catholic Church
- St. Jude Catholic Church
- St. Mary Polish National Catholic Church
- St. Matthew Cathedral (Catholic)
- St. Michael & All Angels Episcopal Church
- St. Nectarios Orthodox Church (ACROD)
- St. Patrick Catholic Church
- St. Paul Lutheran Church (LCMS)
- St. Paul's Memorial United Methodist Church
- Sts. Peter and Paul Serbian Orthodox Church
- St. Peter's United Church of Christ
- St. Stanislaus Catholic Church
- St. Thérèse, Little Flower Catholic Church
- South Bend City Church
- South Bend First Church of the Nazarene
- South Bend First Seventh-day Adventist Church
- South Side Baptist Church
- Southgate Church (Assemblies of God)
- United Pentecostal Church Ironwood UPCI
- Zion United Church of Christ
Non-Christian places of worship
- Hebrew Orthodox Congregation
- Islamic Society of Michiana
- Sinai Synagogue (Conservative Judaism)
- Temple Beth-El (Reform Judaism)
- Gurudwara (Sikhism)
Former places of worship
- B'nai Israel Synagogue (Reconstructionist; formerly Orthodox), closed in 1990
- First Presbyterian Church, congregation moved to new building
СМИ
Newspaper
One major daily newspaper serves the South Bend metro area, the South Bend Tribune. It is distributed throughout the Michiana region seven days per week. The South Bend Tribune is owned by GateHouse Media, part of the Gannett system, which publishes 156 daily newspapers in 39 states.[136]
Radio
South Bend's radio stations' formats include public radio, classical music, religious, country, classic rock, and urban contemporary, among others.
Television
As of the 2016-17 rankings, the South Bend-Elkhart designated market area is the 96th largest market in the United States, with 310,170 homes (0.27% of the U.S. population).[137] Most of the major television networks have affiliates in the Michiana area.
Television stations located in South Bend include WNDU-TV 16 (NBC), WNIT-TV 34 (PBS), WHME-TV 46 (Family), WBND-LD 57 (ABC), WCWW-LD 25 (CW) and WMYS-LD 69 (My Network TV). WSBT-TV 22 (CBS; Fox on DT2) is located in nearby Mishawaka. WSJV 28 (Heroes & Icons) also broadcasts in the greater South Bend region from Elkhart. MATV is the local Public Access Television station serving St. Joseph County in Indiana, and functions at the WNIT-TV (PBS) station.
Транспорт
Roads
South Bend's location around the St. Joseph River has influenced the development of its streets. While city streets mainly follow a grid layout, road development also adapted to the river's path. South Bend is connected to state and national highway systems by State Roads 2, 23, and 933; U.S. Route 20 and 31; and Interstate 80 and 90, the Indiana Toll Road. Original routes of both the Lincoln Highway and the Dixie Highway also pass through South Bend. South Bend was also a town along the intrastate Michigan Road.
Parts of Eddy Street, Sample Street, Chapin Avenue, Marion Street, and Madison Street form an incomplete loop around the downtown area; this was formerly referred to as "the innerbelt".[138] Portions of State Roads 23 and 933 follow this route.
For transportation around the South Bend metro area, there is the St. Joseph Valley Parkway, designated in places as US 20, US 31, and State Road 331, which bypasses South Bend to the south and west, and connects to Michigan to the north and the greater Elkhart area to the east. The Indiana Toll Road (Interstates 80 and 90) passes through northern South Bend.
Transit
Public transportation in South Bend is controlled by TRANSPO (South Bend Public Transportation Corporation). TRANSPO operates bus routes between stations located in South Bend and Mishawaka and provides services to the towns of Osceola and Roseland, from Monday through Saturday.[139] In 2006, the TRANSPO fleet switched to biodiesel fuel. In 2015, TRANSPO added 16 new buses powered by compressed natural gas. The TRANSPO facility is also the first LEED Platinum transit facility in the country.[140]
Aviation
South Bend serves as the transportation hub for Michiana. The South Bend International Airport lies off of U.S. 31 and the Indiana Toll Road in the northwest corner of South Bend. The airport connects South Bend to larger hubs including Atlanta, Charlotte, Chicago, Dallas, Detroit, Las Vegas, Minneapolis, New York City, Orlando, Phoenix, Punta Gorda, Sarasota, and St. Petersburg, Florida. In April 2014, the airport changed its name from "South Bend Regional Airport" to the current "South Bend International" after receiving International designation from U.S. Customs and Border Protection.[141] Final design plans are being approved for a Federal Inspection Station and General Aviation Facility.[142] The airport welcomed its first international arrival through the General Aviation Facility in June 2017.
Rail
The South Shore Line, an electric commuter railroad, runs from South Bend Airport station seven times a day (five on weekends) to Millennium Station in downtown Chicago. A once-daily limited-stop express service was added in 2015 on weekdays, with trains taking 1 hour and 55 minutes from South Bend to Chicago.[143] There are plans to further upgrade the tracks to allow for additional passenger traffic.
Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to South Bend Station via two trains a day, the Lake Shore Limited between Chicago and New York City or Boston, and the Capitol Limited between Chicago and Washington, D.C. A bus line connects Notre Dame and the South Bend airport to Chicago's O'Hare and Midway airports, with several northwest Indiana stops.[144]
Утилиты
Electricity in South Bend is provided by Indiana Michigan Power, a subsidiary of American Electric Power.[146] Natural gas is supplied by the Northern Indiana Public Service Company (NIPSCO).[147]
The South Bend Water Works delivers water to residents of South Bend. The water is collected from 32 deep wells and runs through 545 miles (877 km) of water main to be distributed to South Bend residents.[148] In 2008, in order to increase the efficiency of its sewer system, South Bend began the installation of an array of intelligent sensors and valves allowing it to become the first city to migrate its sewer system management to the cloud. When a section of the system is under heavy use, this system can divert flow to other, less busy, sections. Via more efficient sewage management this system has helped to save the city an estimated 100 million dollars in new sewage pipes.[149]
Environmental initiatives
South Bend has recently engaged in a partnership with the University of Notre Dame to revitalize the Bowman Creek ecosystem. Bowman Creek is a tributary of the St. Joseph River in South Bend, Indiana that has recently suffered from contamination. The Bowman Creek initiative included partners from local high schools, colleges, and business leaders focused on improvements to both the creek and the neighborhoods. The vision for the collaboration is to institute a unique water quality monitoring system, similar to South Bend's combined sewer overflow system.[150]
Города-побратимы
South Bend has four sister cities:[151][152]
- Częstochowa (Poland)
- Arzberg, Bavaria (Germany)
- Guanajuato (Mexico)
- Bergisch Gladbach, North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany)
Известные люди
Notable people from South Bend include Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court Amy Coney Barrett, United States Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg, United States Vice President Schuyler Colfax, and Las Vegas Raiders coach Jon Gruden.
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Внешние ссылки
- Official website
- Downtown South Bend
- South Bend, Indiana and St. Joseph County
- St. Joseph County Chamber of Commerce
- Visit South Bend Mishawaka
- South Bend, Indiana at Curlie
- Geographic data related to South Bend, Indiana at OpenStreetMap