Орфографический алфавит

Написание алфавит , слово по буквам алфавит , голос процедура алфавит , радио алфавит , или телефон алфавит представляет собой набор слов , используемых стоять буквы в алфавите в устной речи. Написание алфавита также часто называют фонетический алфавит , особенно радиолюбителей энтузиастов, ^[1] рекреационных моряков в США и Австралии, ^[2] и военные организации НАТО. ^[3] Однако это противоречит использованию той же фразы в фонетике для обозначения обозначений, используемых для фонетической транскрипции.или фонетическое написание , такое как Международный фонетический алфавит , который используется для обозначения звуков человеческой речи.

История [ править ]

До написания алфавитов для обозначения английских букв использовались слова «a», «bee», «cee», «dee», «e» и т. Д. Их звуки трудно различить, особенно в ограниченной полосе частот и шумный канал связи, отсюда использование вооруженными службами однозначных фонетических алфавитов для электрической голосовой связи (телефон и радио, но не телеграф)). Путаница между буквами может не быть проблемой в некоторых обстоятельствах, но, особенно в некоторых военных контекстах, это может иметь летальные последствия. За последние сто с лишним лет было разработано большое количество орфографических алфавитов, первые из которых использовались для преодоления проблем с ранними проводными телефонными сетями, а более поздние были ориентированы на беспроводные двусторонние радиосвязи (радиотелефонная связь). Часто каждая коммуникационная компания и каждое подразделение вооруженных сил каждой страны разработали свой собственный алфавит правописания, в результате чего в результате одного исследования 1959 года были задокументированы полные 203 различных алфавита правописания, состоящих из 1600 различных слов, что заставило автора отчета задаться вопросом:

Должен ли эффективный американский секретарь, например, знать несколько алфавитов: один для использования по телефону, другой для разговора с телеграфистом, третий для вызова полиции и третий для гражданской обороны? ^[4]

Каждое слово в орфографическом алфавите обычно заменяет название буквы, с которой оно начинается ( акрофония ). Он используется для произнесения слов при разговоре с кем-то, кто не видит говорящего, или когда аудиоканал нечеткий. Отсутствие высоких частот на стандартных телефонахНапример, трудно отличить букву «F» от буквы «S». Кроме того, отсутствие визуальных подсказок во время устного общения может вызвать замешательство. Например, губы сомкнуты в начале произнесения буквы «B», но приоткрыты в начале буквы «D», благодаря чему эти похожие по звучанию буквы легче различить при взгляде на говорящего. Без этих визуальных подсказок, например, во время объявления номеров выхода авиалиний «B1» и «D1» в аэропорту, слушатель может спутать «B» с «D». Написание имени, пароля или тикера по телефону - это другие сценарии, в которых полезен орфографический алфавит.

Связисты британской армии начали использовать алфавит с частичным правописанием в конце 19 века. Записанная в «Инструкции по сигнализации» 1898 года, выпущенной Военным министерством, и сопровождаемая Правилами сигнализации 1904 года ^[5], эта система различала только буквы, которые наиболее часто неправильно понимаются: Ack (первоначально «Ак») Пиво (или Бар) CDEFGHIJKL eMma NO Pip QR eSses Toc U Vic WXY Z. Этот алфавит послужил источником таких фраз, как «ack-ack» (AA для зенитных ), «pip-emma» для pm и Toc H для ассоциации бывших военнослужащих. Он был разработан на Западном фронте Первой мировой войны. RAF разработали свой "Орфографический алфавит для телефонной связи"., который был принят на вооружение всех трех служб и гражданской авиации Великобритании с 1921 года.

Позже он был официально кодифицирован, чтобы обеспечить фонетический эквивалент для всех 26 букв (см. Сравнительную таблицу западных военных алфавитов).

Для гражданских пользователей, в частности в области финансов, такие термины, как «ноябрь» для N и «килограмм» для K, были сочтены слишком длинными или непонятными ^{[ необходима цитата ]} , и возник альтернативный алфавит. Обычные имена были популярным выбором, и алфавит имен вошел в широкое употребление.

Голосовая процедура [ править ]

Орфографические алфавиты особенно полезны при разговоре в шумной обстановке, когда важны четкость и оперативность связи, например, во время двусторонней радиосвязи между пилотом самолета и авиадиспетчерской службой или в военных операциях. В то время как названия многих букв звучат одинаково, набор заменяемых слов можно выбрать так, чтобы они были как можно более отличными друг от друга, чтобы минимизировать вероятность двусмысленности или ошибочного принятия одной буквы за другую. Например, если импульс статического электричества прерывает начало произнесения буквы J на английском языке , это может быть ошибочно принято за A или K.. В международном правописании радиотелефонного алфавита, известном как фонетический алфавит ИКАО (или НАТО) , последовательность J – A – K будет произноситься как Juliett – Alfa – Kilo . Некоторые стандарты голосовых процедур требуют, чтобы числа записывались цифра за цифрой, поэтому некоторые орфографические алфавиты заменяют запутанные названия цифр более четкими альтернативами; например, в алфавите НАТО есть «девятка» вместо 9, чтобы лучше отличать ее от 5 (произносится как «файф») и немецкого слова «неин».

Орфографические алфавиты Flaghoist [ править ]

Хотя радиосвязь или традиционная телефонная связь не используются для передачи сигналов флага между судами, инструкции о том, какие флаги нужно поднять, передаются голосом на каждом судне с флагами, и выполняется ли это посредством крика между палубами, звуковых трубок или с помощью звукового питания. телефоны , некоторые из тех же искажений, которые создают орфографический алфавит для радиотелефонной связи, также делают орфографический алфавит желательным для указания морякам, на каких флагах поднимать флаги. Первым задокументированным использованием этого было два разных алфавита, которые использовались ВМС США примерно в 1908 году. К 1942 году орфографический алфавит радиотелефонной связи армии США стал ассоциироваться с флагами ICS. ^[6]

Символ	c. 1908 ^[7]		1920 г. (предложено) ^[8]	c. 1942 ^[6]	1969 – настоящее время ^[9]
А	Актер	Ash	Argentine	Afirm	Alpha
B	Baker	Back	Brussels	Baker	Bravo
C	Canteen	Chain	Canada	Cast	Charlie
D	Diver	Dog	Damascus	Dog	Delta
E	Eagle	Egg	Ecuador	Easy	Echo
F	Fisher	Fox	France	Fox	Foxtrot
G	Gangway	Gig	Greece	George	Golf
H	Halliard	Horse	Hanover	Hypo	Hotel
I	Insect	Ice	Italy	Int	India
J	Jockey	Jake	Japan	Jig	Juliet
K	Knapsack	King	Khartoum	King	Kilo
L	Lugger	Lash	Lima	Love	Lima
M	Musket	Mule	Madrid	Mike	Mike
N	Neptune	Net	Nancy	Negat	November
O	Oyster	Oak	Ostend	Option	Oscar
P	Pistol	Page	Paris	Prep	Papa
Q	Quadrant	Quail	Quebec	Queen	Quebec
R	Reefer	Raft	Rome	Roger	Romeo
S	Shipmate	Scout	Sardinia	Sail	Sierra
T	Topsail	Tide	Tokio	Tare	Tango
U	Unload	Use	Uruguay	Unit	Uniform
V	Vessel	Vast	Victoria	Victor	Victor
W	Windage	Winch	Washington	William	Whiskey
X	Xray	Xray	Xaintrie	Xray	X-ray
Y	Yeoman	Yacht	Yokohama	Yoke	Yankee
Z	Zebra	Zoo	Zanzibar	Zed	Zulu

Telephone spelling alphabets[edit]

While spelling alphabets today are mostly used over two-way radio voice circuits (radiotelephony), early on in telecommunications there were also telephone-specific spelling alphabets, which were developed to deal with the noisy conditions on long-distance circuits. Their development was loosely intertwined with radiotelephony spelling alphabets, but were developed by different organizations; for example, AT&T developed a spelling alphabet for its long-distance operators, another for its international operators; Western Union developed one for the public to use when dictating telegrams over the telephone;^[10] and ITU-T developed a spelling alphabet for telephone networks, while ITU-R was involved in the development of radiotelephony spelling alphabets. Even though both of these groups were part of the same ITU, and thus part of the UN, their alphabets often differed from each other. Uniquely, the 1908 Tasmanian telegraph operator's code was designed to be memorized as follows:^[11]

Englishmen Invariably Support High Authority Unless Vindictive.
The Managing Owners Never Destroy Bills.
Remarks When Loose Play Jangling. Fractious Galloping Zigzag Knights Xpeditely Capture Your Queen.

Symbol	1904 British Army^[12] (Signalling Regulations)	1904 AT&T^[4]	1908 Tasmania^[11]	1910 Western Union^[4]	1912 Western Union^[4]	1914 British Post Office^[13]	1917 AT&T^[4]	c. 1917 AT&T Overseas^[4]	1918 Western Union^[4]^[13]^[10]	c. 1928 Western Union^[13]^[10]	1932 ITU-T IITS Article 40 (Code A; French)^[13]^[14]	1932 ITU-T IITS Article 40 (Code B; English)^[13]^[14]	1942 Western Union^[4]	1947 International Telecommunications Convention	1958 International Telecommunications Convention
A	Ack		Authority		Adams	Apple	Alice	AMERICA	Adams	Adams	Amsterdam	Andrew	Adams	Amsterdam	Amsterdam
B	Beer	ab	Bills		Boston	Brother	Bertha	BENJAMIN	Boston	Boston	Baltimore	Benjamin	Boston	Baltimore	Baltimore
C		abc	Capture		Chicago	Charlie	Charles	CHARLIE	Chicago	Chicago	Casablanca	Charles	Chicago	Casablanca	Casablanca
D		bcd	Destroy	Dora	Denver	Dover	David	DAVID	Denver	Denver	Danemark	David	Denver	Danemark	Danemark
E			Englishmen		Edward	Eastern	Edward	EDWARD	Edward	Edward	Edison	Edward	Edward	Edison	Edison
F		def	Fractious	D-E-F	Frank	Father	Frank	FRANK	Frank	Frank	Florida	Frederick	Frank	Florida	Florida
G			Galloping		George	George	George	GEORGE	George	George	Gallipoli	George	George	Gallipoli	Gallipoli
H		fgh	High		Henry	Harry	Henry	HARRY	Henry	Henry	Havana	Harry	Henry	Havana	Havana
I			Invariably		Ireland (late 1912=Ida)	India	Ida	ISAAC	Ida	Ida	Italia	Isaac	Ida	Italia	Italia
J			Juggling		Jersey	Jack	James	JACK	John	John	Jérusalem	Jack	John	Jude	Jude
K			Knights		King	King	Kate	KING	King	King	Kilogramme	King	King	Kilogramme	Kilogramme
L			Loose		Lincoln	London	Louis	LONDON	Lincoln	Lincoln	Liverpool	Lucy	Lincoln	Liverpool	Liverpool
M	eMma	klm	Managing		Mary	Mother	Mary	MARY	Mary	Mary	Madagascar	Mary	Mary	Madagascar	Madagascar
N		lmn	Never		Newark	November	Nelly	?	New York	New York	New York	Nellie	New York	New York	New York
O			Owners		Ocean	October	Oliver	OLIVER	Ocean	Ocean	Oslo	Oliver	Ocean	Oslo	Oslo
P	Pip	nop	Play		Peter	Peter	Peter	PETER	Peter	Peter	Paris	Peter	Peter	Paris	Paris
Q			Queen		Queen	Queen	Quaker	QUEBEC	Queen	Queen	Québec	Queen	Queen	Quebec	Quebec
R			Remarks		Robert	Robert	Robert	ROBERT	Robert	Robert	Roma	Robert	Robert	Roma	Roma
S	eSses	qrs	Support		Sugar	Sugar	Samuel	SAMUEL?	Sugar	Sugar	Santiago	Samuel	Sugar	Santiago	Santiago
T	Toc	rst	The		Texas	Thomas	Thomas		Thomas	Thomas	Tripoli	Tommy	Thomas	Tripoli	Tripoli
U			Unless		Union	Uncle	Utah	?	Union	Union	Upsala	Uncle	Union	Upsala	Upsala
V	Vic	tuv	Vindictive		Violet	Victoria	Victor	VICTORY	Victor	Victor	Valencia	Victor	Victory	Valencia	Valencia
W			When		William	Wednesday	William	WILLIAM	William	William	Washington	William	William	Washington	Washington
X		vwx	Xpeditiously		X-Ray	Xmas	X-Ray	?	X-Ray	X-ray	Xanthippe	Xray	X-ray	Xanthippe	Xanthippe
Y		wxy	Your		Yale	Yellow	Young	?	Young	Young	Yokohama	Yellow	Young	Yokohama	Yokohama
Z		xyz	Zigzag	X-Y-Z	Zero	Zebra	Zebra	?	Zero	Zero	Zürich	Zebra	Zero	Zurich	Zurich
0														Zero^{[Note 1]}	Zero^{[Note 1]}
1														One^{[Note 1]}	One^{[Note 1]}
2														Two^{[Note 1]}	Two^{[Note 1]}
3														Three^{[Note 1]}	Three^{[Note 1]}
4														Four^{[Note 1]}	Four^{[Note 1]}
5														Five^{[Note 1]}	Five^{[Note 1]}
6														Six^{[Note 1]}	Six^{[Note 1]}
7														Seven^{[Note 1]}	Seven^{[Note 1]}
8														Eight^{[Note 1]}	Eight^{[Note 1]}
9														Nine^{[Note 1]}	Nine^{[Note 1]}
,														Comma	Comma
/														Fraction bar	Fraction bar
.														Full stop (period)	Full stop (period)

Radiotelephony spelling alphabets[edit]

During WWI[edit]

Symbol	1915 British Army^[13]	1917 Royal Navy^[13]	1918 British Army^[13]
A	Ack	Apples	Ack
B	Beer	Butter	Beer
C		Charlie	Cork
D	Don	Duff	Don
E		Edward	Eddy
F		Freddy
G		George
H		Harry
I		Ink	Ink
J		Johnnie	Jug
K		King
L		London
M	eMma	Monkey	eMma
N		Nuts
O		Orange
P	Pip	Pudding	Pip
Q		Queenie	Quad
R		Robert
S	eSses	Sugar	eSses
T	Toc	Tommy	Talk
U		Uncle
V	Vic	Vinegar	Vic
W		Willie
X		Xerxes
Y		Yellow
Z		Zebra

Between WWI and WWII[edit]

Commercial and international telephone and radiotelephone spelling alphabets.

Symbol	1919 U.S. Air Service^[4]	1920 UECU Proposal (never adopted)^[8]	1927 (Washington, D.C.) International Radiotelegraph Convention (CCIR)^[15]	1930 ARRL List (same as 1918 Western Union)^[4]	1930 Bokstaveringstabell Televerket^[16]	1932 General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations (CCIR/ICAN)^[17]^[13]	1932 American Association of Railroads (same as 1918 Western Union)^[4]	1936 ARRL^[18]	1938 (Cairo) International Radiocommunication Conference code words^[19]
A	Able	Argentine	Amsterdam	Adams	Adam	Amsterdam	Adams	Able	Amsterdam
B	Boy	Brussels	Baltimore	Boston	Bertil	Baltimore	Boston	Boy	Baltimore
C	Cast	Canada	Canada	Chicago	Caesar	Casablanca	Chicago	Cast	Casablanca
D	Dock	Damascus	Denmark	Denver	David	Danemark	Denver	Dog	Danemark
E	Easy	Ecuador	Eddystone	Edward	Erik	Edison	Edward	Easy	Edison
F	Fox	France	Francisco	Frank	Filip	Florida	Frank	Fox	Florida
G	George	Greece	Gibraltar	George	Gustav	Gallipoli	George	George	Gallipoli
H	Have	Hanover	Hanover	Henry	Helge (Harald prior 1960)	Havana	Henry	Have	Havana
I	Item	Italy	Italy	Ida	Ivar	Italia	Ida	Item	Italia
J	Jig	Japan	Jerusalem	John	Johan	Jérusalem	John	Jig	Jérusalem
K	King	Khartoum	Kimberley	King	Kalle	Kilogramme	King	King	Kilogramme
L	Love	Lima	Liverpool	Lincoln	Ludvig	Liverpool	Lincoln	Love	Liverpool
M	Mike	Madrid	Madagascar	Mary	Martin	Madagascar	Mary	Mike	Madagascar
N	Nan	Nancy	Neufchatel	New York	Nicklas	New York	New York	Nan	New-York
O	Oble	Ostend	Ontario	Ocean	Olof	Oslo	Ocean	Oboe	Oslo
P	Pup	Paris	Portugal	Peter	Petter	Paris	Peter	Pup	Paris
Q	Quack	Quebec	Quebec	Queen	Quintus	Québec	Queen	Quack	Québec
R	Rush	Rome	Rivoli	Robert	Rudolf	Roma	Robert	Rot	Roma
S	Sail	Sardinia	Santiago	Sugar	Sigrud	Santiago	Sugar	Sail	Santiago
T	Tare	Tokio	Tokio	Thomas	Tore	Tripoli	Thomas	Tare	Tripoli
U	Unit	Uruguay	Uruguay	Union	Urban	Upsala	Union	Unit	Upsala
V	Vice	Victoria	Victoria	Victor	Viktor	Valencia	Victor	Vice	Valencia
W	Watch	Washington	Washington	William	Willhelm	Washington	William	Watch	Washington
X	X-ray	Xaintrie	Xantippe	X-Ray	Xerxes	Xanthippe	X-ray	X-ray	Xanthippe
Y	Yoke	Yokohama	Yokohama	Young	Yngve	Yokohama	Young	Yoke	Yokohama
Z	Zed	Zanzibar	Zululand	Zero	Zäta	Zürich	Zero	Zed	Zurich
Å					Åke
Ä					Ärlig
Ö					Östen

					Nolla				Zero
					Ett (Etta prior 1960)				One
					Tvåa				Two
					Trea				Three
					Fyra				Four
					Femma				Five
					Sexa				Six
					Sju (Sjua prior 1960)				Seven
					Åtta				Eight
					Nia				Nine

During WWII[edit]

The later NATO spelling alphabet evolved from the procedures of several different Allied nations during World War II, including:

The United States Navy (multiple versions in 1913, 1927, 1938, and WWII)
The United States Army (multiple versions in 1916, 1939, 1944, and 1961)
The United States Army Air Force
Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet (1941–1956)
The British Royal Air Force phonetic alphabet (1921 onwards)

Allied military alphabet history
Symbol
	Royal Navy	RAF phonetic alphabet		Navy Department	Joint Army/Navy phoneticalphabet
	1914–1918 (World War I)	1924–1942	1943–1956	1927–1937	1941–1956
A	Apples	Ace	Able/Affirm	Afirm	Able
B	Butter	Beer	Baker	Baker	Baker
C	Charlie	Charlie	Charlie	Cast	Charlie
D	Duff	Don	Dog	Dog	Dog
E	Edward	Edward	Easy	Easy	Easy
F	Freddy	Freddie	Fox	Fox	Fox
G	George	George	George	George	George
H	Harry	Harry	How	Hypo	How
I	Ink	Ink	Item/Interrogatory	Int	Item
J	Johnnie	Johnnie	Jig/Johnny	Jig	Jig
K	King	King	King	King	King
L	London	London	Love	Love	Love
M	Monkey	Monkey	Mike	Mike	Mike
N	Nuts	Nuts	Nab/Negat	Negat	Nan
O	Orange	Orange	Oboe	Option	Oboe
P	Pudding	Pip	Peter/Prep	Prep	Peter
Q	Queenie	Queen	Queen	Quack	Queen
R	Robert	Robert	Roger	Roger	Roger
S	Sugar	Sugar	Sugar	Sail	Sugar
T	Tommy	Toc	Tare	Tare	Tare
U	Uncle	Uncle	Uncle	Uncle	Uncle
V	Vinegar	Vic	Victor	Vice	Victor
W	Willie	William	William	William	William
X	Xerxes	X-ray	X-ray	X-ray	X-ray
Y	Yellow	Yorker	Yoke	Yoke	Yoke
Z	Zebra	Zebra	Zebra	Zebra	Zebra

Post-WWII[edit]

Symbol	1946 ARRL^[4]	1947 (Atlantic City) International Radio Conference^[20]	1949 ICAO^[4]	1951 IATA code words	1957 American Association of Railroads (same as 1917 AT&T)^[4]	1959 (Geneva) Administrative Radio Conference code words^[21]	1969–present code words^[whose?]	1969–present pronunciation^{[citation needed]}
A	Adam	Amsterdam	Alfa	Alfa	Alice	Alfa	Alfa	AL FAH
B	Baker	Baltimore	Beta	Bravo	Bertha	Bravo	Bravo	BRAH VOH
C	Charlie	Casablanca	Coca	Coca	Charles	Charlie	Charlie	CHAR LEE
D	David	Danemark	Delta	Delta	David	Delta	Delta	DELL TAH
E	Edward	Edison	Echo	Echo	Edward	Echo	Echo	ECK OH
F	Frank	Florida	Foxtrot	Foxtrot	Frank	Foxtrot	Foxtrot	FOKS TROT
G	George	Gallipoli	Golf	Gold	George	Golf	Golf	GOLF
H	Henry	Havana	Hotel	Hotel	Henry	Hotel	Hotel	HOH TELL
I	Ida	Italia	India	India	Ida	India	India	IN DEE AH
J	John	Jerusalem	Julietta	Juliett	James	Juliett	Juliett	JEW LEE ETT
K	King	Kilogramme	Kilo	Kilo	Kate	Kilo	Kilo	KEY LOH
L	Lewis	Liverpool	Lima	Lima	Louis	Lima	Lima	LEE MAH
M	Mary	Madagascar	Metro	Metro	Mary	Mike	Mike	MIKE
N	Nancy	New York	Nectar	Nectar	Nelly	November	November	NO VEM BER
O	Otto	Oslo	Oscar	Oscar	Oliver	Oscar	Oscar	OSS CUR
P	Peter	Paris	Polka	Papa	Peter	Papa	Papa	PAH PAH
Q	Queen	Quebec	Quebec	Quebec	Quaker	Quebec	Quebec	KEH BECK
R	Robert	Roma	Romeo	Romeo	Robert	Romeo	Romeo	ROW ME OH
S	Susan	Santiago	Sierra	Sierra	Samuel	Sierra	Sierra	SEE AIR RAH
T	Thomas	Tripoli	Tango	Tango	Thomas	Tango	Tango	TANG GO
U	Union	Upsala	Union	Union	Utah	Uniform	Uniform	YOU NEE FORM or OO NEE FORM
V	Victor	Valencia	Victor	Victor	Victor	Victor	Victor	VIK TAH
W	William	Washington	Whiskey	Whiskey	William	Whiskey	Whiskey	WISS KEY
X	X-ray	Xanthippe	eXtra	eXtra	X-Ray	X-ray	X-ray	ECKS RAY
Y	Young	Yokohama	Yankey	Yankee	Young	Yankee	Yankee	YANG KEY
Z	Zebra	Zurich	Zebra	Zulu	Zebra	Zulu	Zulu	ZOO LOO
0		Zero^{[Note 1]}				Zero^{[Note 1]} (proposal A: ZE-RO; proposal B: ZERO)	Nadazero	NAH-DAH-ZAY-ROH
1		One^{[Note 1]}				One^{[Note 1]} (proposal A: WUN; proposal B: WUN)	Unaone	OO-NAH-WUN
2		Two^{[Note 1]}				Two^{[Note 1]} (proposal A: TOO; proposal B: BIS)	Bissotwo	BEES-SOH-TOO
3		Three^{[Note 1]}				Three^{[Note 1]} (proposal A: TREE; proposal B: TER)	Terrathree	TAY-RAH-TREE
4		Four^{[Note 1]}				Four^{[Note 1]} (proposal A: FOW-ER; proposal B: QUARTO)	Kartefour	KAR-TAY-FOWER
5		Five^{[Note 1]}				Five^{[Note 1]} (proposal A: FIFE; proposal B: PENTA)	Pantafive	PAN-TAH-FIVE
6		Six^{[Note 1]}				Six^{[Note 1]} (proposal A: SIX; proposal B: SAXO)	Soxisix	SOK-SEE-SIX
7		Seven^{[Note 1]}				Seven^{[Note 1]} (proposal A: SEV-EN; proposal B: SETTE)	Setteseven	SAY-TAY-SEVEN
8		Eight^{[Note 1]}				Eight^{[Note 1]} (proposal A: AIT; proposal B: OCTO)	Oktoeight	OK-TOH-AIT
9		Nine^{[Note 1]}				Nine^{[Note 1]} (proposal A: NIN-ER; proposal B: NONA)	Novenine	NO-VAY-NINER
,		Comma				Comma
/		Fraction bar				Fraction bar		Forward slash
		Break signal				Break signal
.		Full stop (period)				Full stop (period)	Stop	STOP
.						Point (proposal A: DAY-SEE-MAL; proposal B: DECIMAL)	Decimal	DAY-SEE-MAL
Thousand						(Proposal A: TOUS-AND)

For the 1938 and 1947 phonetics, each transmission of figures is preceded and followed by the words "as a number" spoken twice.

The ITU adopted the International Maritime Organization's phonetic spelling alphabet in 1959,^[22] and in 1969 specified that it be "for application in the maritime mobile service only".^[23]

During the late 1940s and early 1950s, there were two international aviation radio spelling alphabets, the "Able Baker" was used by most Western countries, while the "Ana Brazil" alphabet was used by South American and Caribbean regions.^[24]^[25]

Pronunciation was not defined prior to 1959. From 1959 to present, the underlined syllable of each code word^[whose?] for the letters should be stressed, and from 1969 to present, each syllable of the code words for the digits should be equally stressed, with the exceptions of the unstressed second syllables of fower, seven, niner, hundred.

ICAO Radiotelephone Spelling Alphabet[edit]

After WWII, the major work in producing a better spelling alphabet was conducted by the ICAO, which was subsequently adopted in modified form by the ITU and IMO. Its development is related to these various international conventions on radio, including:

Universal Electrical Communications Union, Washington, D.C., December 1920^[8]
International Radiotelegraph Convention, Washington, 1927 (which created the CCIR)^[26]
General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations (Madrid, 1932)^[27]
Instructions for the International Telephone Service, 1932 (ITU-T E.141; withdrawn in 1993)
The c. 1936 ARRL and 1928 Western Union alphabets likely originated earlier.^[28]
General Radiocommunication Regulations and Additional Radiocommunication Regulations (Cairo, 1938)^[29]
Radio Regulations and Additional Radio Regulations (Atlantic City, 1947),^[30] where "it was decided that the International Civil Aviation Organization and other international aeronautical organizations would assume the responsibility for procedures and regulations related to aeronautical communication. However, ITU would continue to maintain general procedures regarding distress signals."
1959 Administrative Radio Conference (Geneva, 1959)^[31]
Final Acts of WARC-79 (Geneva, 1979).^[32] Here the alphabet was formally named "Phonetic Alphabet and Figure Code".
International Code of Signals for Visual, Sound, and Radio Communications, United States Edition, 1969 (Revised 2003)^[33]
NATO phonetic alphabet history^[34]
International Telecommunications Union, Radio

The ICAO Radiotelephony Alphabet is defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization for international aircraft communications.^[35]^[36]

Symbol	1932 ITU/ICAN Phonetic	1951 IATA Phonetic	1956–Present ICAO Phonetic
A	Amsterdam	Alfa	Alfa
B	Baltimore	Bravo	Bravo
C	Casablanca	Coca	Charlie
D	Denmark	Delta	Delta
E	Edison	Echo	Echo
F	Florida	Foxtrot	Foxtrot
G	Gallipoli	Golf	Golf
H	Havana	Hotel	Hotel
I	Italia	India	India
J	Jerusalem	Juliett	Juliett
K	Kilogramme	Kilo	Kilo
L	Liverpool	Lima	Lima
M	Madagascar	Mike	Mike
N	New York	November	November
O	Oslo	Oscar	Oscar
P	Paris	Papa	Papa
Q	Quebec	Quebec	Quebec
R	Roma	Romeo	Romeo
S	Santiago	Sierra	Sierra
T	Tripoli	Tango	Tango
U	Upsala	Uniform	Uniform
V	Valencia	Victor	Victor
W	Washington	Whiskey	Whisky
X	Xanthippe	X-ray	X-ray
Y	Yokohama	Yankee	Yankee
Z	Zurich	Zulu	Zulu
1			One (Wun)
2			Two
3			Tree
4			Fower
5			Fife
6			Six
7			Seven
8			Eight
9			Niner
0			Zero
-00			Hundred^[37]
-,000			Tousand^[37]
.			Decimal

Law enforcement[edit]

Defined by the Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials-International.^[38]

The APCO first suggested that its Procedure and Signals Committee work out a system for a "standard set of words representing the alphabet should be used by all stations" in its April 1940 newsletter.^[39]^[40]

Note: The old APCO alphabet has wide usage among Public Safety agencies nationwide, even though APCO itself deprecated the alphabet in 1974, replacing it with the ICAO spelling alphabet. See https://www.apcointl.org and APCO radiotelephony spelling alphabet.

Symbol	APCO Project 2 1967^[41]	APCO Project 14 (1974)^[42]
A	Adam	ALPHA
B	Boy	BRAVO
C	Charles	CHARLIE
D	David	DELTA
E	Edward	ECHO
F	Frank	FOXTROT
G	George	GOLF
H	Henry	HOTEL
I	Ida	INDIA
J	John	JULIETTE
K	King	KILO
L	Lincoln	LIMA
M	Mary	MIKE
N	Nora	NOVEMBER
O	Ocean	OSCAR
P	Paul	PAPA
Q	Queen	QUEBEC
R	Robert	ROMEO
S	Sam	SIERRA
T	Tom	TANGO
U	Union	UNIFORM
V	Victor	VICTOR
W	William	WHISKEY
X	X-ray	XRAY
Y	Young	YANKEE
Z	Zebra	ZULU
0	ZERO (with a strong Z and a short RO)
1	WUN (with a strong W and N)
2	TOO (with a strong and long OO)
3	TH-R-EE (with a slightly rolling R and long EE)
4	FO-WER (with a long O and strong W and final R
5	VIE-YIV (with a long I changing to short and strong Y and V)
6	SIKS (with a strong S and KS)
7	SEV-VEN (with a strong S and V and well-sounded VEN)
8	ATE (with a long A and strong T)
9	NI-YEN (with a strong N at the beginning, a long I and a well sounded YEN)

Amateur radio[edit]

The FCC regulations for Amateur radio state that "Use of a phonetic alphabet as an aid for correct station identification is encouraged" (47 C.F.R. § 97.119(b)(2)^[43]), but does not state which phonetic alphabet should be used. Officially the same as used by ICAO, but there are significant variations commonly used by stations participating in HF contests and DX (especially in international HF communications).^[44]^[45]

The official ARRL alphabet changed over the years, sometimes to reflect the current norms, and sometimes by the force of law. In rules made effective beginning April 1, 1946, the FCC forbade using the names of cities, states, or countries in phonetic spelling alphabets.^[46]

Symbol	1930 ARRL List (same as 1918 Western Union)^[4]	1936–1946 ARRL^[18]	1946–1969 ARRL^[46]	1970–present ARRL^[47] (ICAO)	DX^[48]	DX alternate^[48]
A	Adams	Able	ADAM	Alpha	America	Amsterdam
B	Boston	Boy	BAKER	Bravo	Boston	Baltimore
C	Chicago	Cast	CHARLIE	Charlie	Canada	Chile
D	Denver	Dog	DAVID	Delta	Denmark
E	Edward	Easy	EDWARD	Echo	England	Egypt
F	Frank	Fox	FRANK	Foxtrot	France	Finland
G	George	George	GEORGE	Golf	Germany	Geneva
H	Henry	Have	HENRY	Hotel	Honolulu	Hawaii
I	Ida	Item	IDA	India	Italy	Italy
J	John	Jig	JOHN	Juliett	Japan
K	King	King	KING	Kilo	Kilowatt	Kentucky
L	Lincoln	Love	LEWIS	Lima	London	Luxembourg
M	Mary	Mike	MARY	Mike	Mexico	Montreal
N	New York	Nan	NANCY	November	Norway	Nicaragua
O	Ocean	Oboe	OTTO	Oscar	Ontario	Ocean
P	Peter	Pup	PETER	Papa	Pacific	Portugal
Q	Queen	Quack	QUEEN	Quebec	Quebec	Queen
R	Robert	Rot	ROBERT	Romeo	Radio	Romania
S	Sugar	Sail	SUSAN	Sierra	Santiago	Sweden
T	Thomas	Tare	THOMAS	Tango	Tokyo	Texas
U	Union	Unit	UNION	Uniform	United	Uruguay
V	Victor	Vice	VICTOR	Victor	Victoria	Venezuela
W	William	Watch	WILLIAM	Whiskey	Washington
X	X-Ray	X-ray	X-RAY	X-ray	X-Ray
Y	Young	Yoke	YOUNG	Yankee	Yokohama
Z	Zero	Zed	ZEBRA	Zulu	Zanzibar	Zulu
1			One
2			Two
3			Tree
4			Fower
5			Fife
6			Six
7			Seven
8			Eight
9			Niner
0			Zero
.			Stop
.			Decimal

Additions in other languages[edit]

Certain languages' standard alphabets have letters, or letters with diacritics (e.g., umlauts, rings, tildes), that do not exist in the English alphabet. If these letters have two-letter ASCII substitutes, the ICAO/ITU code words for the two letters are used.

Czech[edit]

Czech "ů", historically uo, is Uniform-Oscar (uo).^{[citation needed]}

Danish and Norwegian[edit]

In Danish and Norwegian the letters "æ", "ø" and "å" have their own code words. In Danish Ægir, Ødis and Åse represent the three letters,^[49] while in Norwegian the three code words are Ægir, Ørnulf and Ågot for civilians and Ærlig, Østen and Åse for military personnel.^[50]

Estonian[edit]

Estonian has four special letters, õ, ä, ö and ü. Õnne represents õ, Ärni for ä, Ööbik for ö and Ülle for ü.^{[citation needed]}

Finnish[edit]

In Finnish there are special code words for the letters å, ä and ö. Åke is used to represent å, Äiti is used for ä and Öljy for ö. These code words are used only in national operations, the last remnants of the Finnish radio alphabet.^[51]

German[edit]

In German, Alfa-Echo (ae) may be used for "ä", Oscar-Echo (oe) for "ö", Sierra-Sierra (ss) for "ß", and Uniform-Echo (ue) for "ü".

Greek[edit]

The Greek spelling alphabet is a spelling alphabet for the Greek language, i.e. a set of names used in lieu of alphabet letters for the purpose of spelling out words. It is used by the Greek armed and emergency services.

Malay[edit]

Malay and related languages (Indonesian etc.) represent letter "L" with "London", since the word lima also means "five" in these languages.^[52]^[53]^[54]

Russian[edit]

The Russian spelling alphabet is a spelling alphabet for the Russian version of the Cyrillic alphabet.

Spanish[edit]

In Spanish the word ñoño ([ˈɲo.ɲo], 'dull') is used for ñ.^[55]^[56]

Swedish[edit]

Åke is used for "å" 'Ärlig for" ä" and Östen for "ö" in the Swedish spelling alphabet, though the two-letter substitutes aa, ae and oe respectively may be used in absence of the specific letters.^[57]^[58]

Table of other language additions[edit]

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Symbol	NATO phonetic alphabet	French	German (DIN 5009) / Austrian (ÖNORM A 1081)	Dutch	Italian	Spanish	Swedish ^[59]	Danish	Norwegian	Finnish	Turkish^[60]	European Portuguese	Brazilian Portuguese	Romanian^[61]	Czech	Yugoslav^[62]	Slovene^[63]
A	Alpha	Anatole	Anton	Anna/Anton	Ancona	Antonio	Adam	Anna	Anna	Aarne	Adana	Aveiro	Amor	Ana	Adam	Avala	Ankaran
B	Bravo	Berthe	Berta	Bernard	Bologna	Burgos	Bertil	Bernhard	Bernhard	Bertta	Bolu	Braga	Bandeira	Barbu	Božena	Beograd	Bled
C	Charlie	Célestin	Cäsar	Cornelis	Como	Carmen	Caesar	Cecilie	Caesar	Celsius	Ceyhan	Coimbra	Cobra	Constantin	Cyril	Cetinje	Celje
Ç	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Çanakkale	-	-	-	-	-	-
Ch	-	-	Charlotte	-	-	Chocolate	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Chrudim	-	-
Č	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Čačak	Čatež
Ć	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Ćuprija	-
D	Delta	Désiré	Dora	Dirk	Domodossola	David	David	David	David	Daavid	Denizli	Dafundo	Dado	Dumitru	David	Dubrovnik	Drava
DŽ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	džamija	-
Đ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Đakovo	-
E	Echo	Eugène	Emil	Eduard	Empoli	España	Erik	Erik	Edith	Eemeli	Edirne	Évora	Estrela	Elena	Emil	Evropa	Evropa
F	Foxtrot	François	Friedrich	Ferdinand	Firenze	Francia	Filip	Frederik	Fredrik	Faarao	Fatsa	Faro	Feira	Florea	František	Foča	Fala
G	Golf	Gaston	Gustav	Gerard	Genova	Granada	Gustav	Georg	Gustav	Gideon	Giresun	Guarda	Goiaba	Gheorghe	Gustav	Gorica	Gorica
Ğ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Yumuşak G^{[Note 2]}	-	-	-	-	-	-
H	Hotel	Henri	Heinrich	Hendrik	Hotel	Historia	Helge	Hans	Harald	Heikki	Hatay	Horta	Hotel	Haralambie	Helena	Hercegovina	Hrastnik
I	India	Irma	Ida	Izaak	Imola	Inés	Ivar	Ida	Ivar	Iivari	Isparta	Itália	Índio	Ion	Ivan	Istra	Izola
İ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	İzmir	-	-	-	-	-	-
J	Juliet	Joseph	Julius	Julius	Jolly, Juventus	José	Johan	Johan	Johan	Jussi	Jandarma	José	José	Jean	Josef	Jadran	Jadran
K	Kilo	Kléber	Kaufmann / Konrad	Karel	Kappa,^{[Note 2]} Kiwi	Kilo	Kalle	Karen	Karin	Kalle	Kars	Kodak	Kiwi	Kilogram	Karel	Kosovo	Kamnik
L	Lima	Louis	Ludwig	Lodewijk	Livorno	Lorenzo	Ludvig	Ludvig	Ludvig	Lauri	Lüleburgaz	Lisboa	Lua	Lazăr	Ludvik	Lika	Ljubljana
Ll	-	-	-	-	-	Llave	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
LJ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Ljubljana	-
M	Mike	Marcel	Martha	Maria	Milano	Madrid	Martin	Mari	Martin	Matti	Muş	Maria	Maria	Maria	Marie	Mostar	Maribor
N	November	Nicolas	Nordpol	Nico	Napoli	Navidad	Niklas	Nikolaj	Nils	Niilo	Niğde	Nazaré	Navio	Nicolae	Norbert	Niš	Nanos
Ñ	-	-	-	-	-	Ñoño	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
NJ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Njegoš	-
O	Oscar	Oscar	Otto	Otto	Otranto	Oviedo	Olof	Odin	Olivia	Otto	Ordu	Ovar	Ouro	Olga	Otakar	Osijek	Ormož
P	Papa	Pierre	Paula	Pieter	Padova	París	Petter	Peter	Petter	Paavo	Polatlı	Porto	Pipa	Petre	Petr	Pirot	Piran
Q	Quebec	Quintal	Quelle	Quotiënt	Quadro	Queso	Quintus	Quintus	Quintus	Kuu^{[Note 2]}	-	Queluz	Quilombo	Qu (Chiu)	Quido	kvadrat	Queen
R	Romeo	Raoul	Richard	Richard	Roma	Ramón	Rudolf	Rasmus	Rikard	Risto	Rize	Rossio	Raiz	Radu	Rudolf	Rijeka	Ravne
S	Sierra	Suzanne	Samuel / Siegfried	Simon	Savona	Sábado	Sigurd	Søren	Sigrid	Sakari	Sinop	Setúbal	Saci	Sandu	Svatopluk	Skopje	Soča
Ş	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Şırnak	-	-	-	-	-	-
Sch	-	-	Schule	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
ß	-	-	Eszett^{[Note 2]} / scharfes S	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Š	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Šibenik	Šmarje
T	Tango	Thérèse	Theodor	Theodor	Torino	Toledo	Tore	Theodor	Teodor	Tyyne	Tokat	Tavira	Tatu	Tudor	Tomáš	Tuzla	Triglav
U	Uniform	Ursule	Ulrich	Utrecht	Udine	Ulises	Urban	Ulla	Ulrik	Urho	Uşak	Unidade	Uva	Udrea	Urban	Užice	Unec
Ü	-	-	Übermut / Übel	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Ünye	-	-	-	-	-	-
V	Victor	Victor	Viktor	Victor	Verona, Venezia	Valencia	Viktor	Viggo	Enkelt-V	Vihtori	Van	Vidago	Vitória	Vasile	Václav	Valjevo	Velenje
W	Whiskey	William	Wilhelm	Willem	Whiskey, Washington	Washington	Wilhelm	William	Dobbelt-W^{[Note 2]}	Wiski	-	Waldemar	Wilson	dublu v	dvojité V	duplo ve	Dvojni v
X	X-ray	Xavier	Xanthippe / Xaver	Xanthippe	Ics,^{[Note 2]} Xilofono	Xilófono	Xerxes	Xerxes	Xerxes	Äksä^{[Note 2]}	-	Xavier	Xadrez	Xenia	Xaver	iks	Iks
IJ	-	-	-	IJmuiden	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Y	Yankee	Yvonne	Ypsilon^{[Note 2]}	Ypsilon^{[Note 2]}	York, yogurt	Yolanda	Yngve	Yrsa	Yngling	Yrjö	Yozgat	York	Yolanda	I grec	Ypsilon	ipsilon	Ipsilon
Z	Zulu	Zoé	Zacharias / Zürich	Zaandam	Zara, Zorro	Zaragoza	Zäta^{[Note 2]}	Zackarias	Zakarias	Tseta^{[Note 2]}	Zonguldak	Zulmira	Zebra	Zahăr	Zuzana	Zagreb	Zalog
Ž	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Žirovnica	Žalec
Å	-	-	-	-	-	-	Åke	Åse	Åse	Åke	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Ä	-	-	Ärger	-	-	-	Ärlig	-	-	Äiti	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Æ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Ægir	Ærlig	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Ö	-	-	Ökonom / Österreich	-	-	-	Östen	-	-	Öljy	Ödemiş	-	-	-	-	-	-
Ø	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Øresund	Østen	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Other alphabets[edit]

The PGP word list, the Bubble Babble wordlist used by ssh-keygen, and the S/KEY dictionary, are spelling alphabets for public key fingerprints (or other binary data) – a set of names given to data bytes for the purpose of spelling out binary data in a clear and unambiguous way via a voice channel.

Many unofficial spelling alphabets are in use that are not based on a standard, but are based on words the transmitter can remember easily, including first names, states, or cities. The LAPD phonetic alphabet has many first names. The German spelling alphabet ("Deutsches Funkalphabet" (literally "German Radio Alphabet")) also uses first names. Also, during the Vietnam war, soldiers used 'Cain' instead of 'Charlie' because 'Charlie' meant Viet Cong (Charlie being short for Victor Charlie, the International alphabet spelling of the initials VC).

Notes[edit]

^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Each transmission of figures is preceded and followed by "as a number" spoken twice.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k This is simply the ordinary name of the letter.

References[edit]

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^ "NATO phonetic alphabet". Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
^ "Alphabet - Radiotelephony". Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
^ "Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Aeronautical Telecommunications, Volume II Communication Procedures including those with PANS Status" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
^ a b After another digit. E.g. 1,500 is 'one fife hundred', 29,000 is 'two niner tausand'.
^ "Public Safety Communications Standard Operating Procedure Manual, (APCO Project Two, 1967)". Retrieved 27 April 2015.
^ "The APCO Bulletin (April, 1940)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
^ "Backscatter Journal" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-05-18.
^ "A NATIONAL TRAINING MANUAL AND PROCEDURAL GUIDE FOR POLICE AND PUBLIC SAFETY RADIO COMMUNICATIONS PERSONNEL".
^ "APCO Project 14 report, exhibit No. 8, International Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-11-07.
^ "47 CFR 97.119 - Station identification". Archived from the original on 2017-11-15.
^ "Phonetic Alphabets". Ham Radio School. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
^ "Phonetic alphabets, wordlists, texts, word and letter frequency". 15 September 2014. Archived from the original on 15 September 2014.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ a b ARRL Communications Department Operating Aid No. 1. ARRL. 1946.
^ "ARRL Operating Aids". Archived from the original on 2017-11-15.
^ a b "Ham Radio School Phonetic Alphabets". Archived from the original on 2015-07-02.
^ "Det fonetiske alfabet". Glemsom.dk. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
^ "Internasjonalt alfabet for radiokommunikasjon". Aktivioslo.no. 24 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
^ Sotilaan käsikirja 2013 (PDF). Puolustusvoimat. 2013. p. 205. ISBN 978-951-25-2463-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2014.
^ "Can You Speak in Code?". Archived from the original on 2018-04-09.
^ Nugraha, Iskandar; Ingham, Katherine (27 August 2013). Essential Indonesian Phrasebook and Dictionary: Speak Indonesian with Confidence! (Revised and Expanded). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462913381. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018 – via Google Books.
^ Ltd, Not Panicking. "h2g2 - The NATO phonetic alphabet - Edited Entry". www.h2g2.com. Archived from the original on 2018-04-09.
^ "The Spanish phonetic alphabet". wordpress.com. 6 November 2016. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
^ "Learn Spanish - Phonetic Alphabet". spainbuddy.com. 22 October 2012. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
^ "Svenska bokstaveringsalfabetet" (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
^ "Sambandsregelmente för Försvarsmakten, Telefoni – HKV 12800: 70799" dated 26 June 2006.
^ Swedish spelling alphabet
^ Türk Alfabesi
^ John W. Alcorn: Radiotelegraph & Radiotelephone Codes, Prowords and Abbreviations, 1997
^ Ivan Abramović (1972), Birotehnika, mehanografija i automatska obrada podataka, Beograd: Zavod za obrazovanje administrativnih kadrova SR Srbije, p. 24
^ Grabenšek, Drago; Kulauzović, Bajko; Souvent, Andrej; Vraničar, Jure (2004). Priročnik za radioamaterje, 2. dopolnjena izd (PDF). Ljubljana: Zveza radioamaterjev Slovenije. p. 43. ISBN 961-90200-1-4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-03.

External links[edit]

Phonetic/spelling Alphabets for various languages from Brian Kelk's website
Website converting text to telephone alphabet, (non-standard English, NATO, 14 other languages).
Website converting text to NATO and several military English-language telephone alphabets
Learn the NATO Radio Alphabet (and others) with flash cards game.
Spelling alphabets from around the world including sound.

[:03-15] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Each transmission of figures is preceded and followed by "as a number" spoken twice.

[letter-name-65] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k This is simply the ordinary name of the letter.

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[5] "toc, n.". OED Online. September 2013. Oxford University Press. http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/202780?redirectedFrom=toc (accessed September 14, 2013)^{[dead link]}.

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[:0-13] ^ a b c d e f g h i Alcorn, John. "Radiotelegraph and Radiotelephone Codes, Prowords And Abbreviations" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-06-03.

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[17] "Sambandsregelmente för Försvarsmakten, Telefoni – HKV 12800: 70799" dated 26 June 2006.

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[23] "Documents of the World Administrative Radio Conference to deal with matters relating to the maritime mobile service (WARC Mar) (Geneva, 1967)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.

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[26] Estival, Dominique; Farris, Candace; Molesworth, Brett (8 January 2016). Aviation English: A Lingua Franca for Pilots and Air Traffic Controllers. ISBN 9781317339328. Archived from the original on 2018-05-01.

[27] "International Radiotelegraph Convention of Washington, 1927". Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-10-30.

[28] "General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations (Madrid, 1932)". Retrieved 26 April 2015.

[29] "The Radio Amateur's Handbook" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2015.

[30] "General Radiocommunication Regulations and Additional Radiocommunication Regulations (Cairo, 1938)". Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-10-30.

[31] "Radio Regulations and Additional Radio Regulations (Atlantic City, 1947)". Retrieved 26 April 2015.

[32] "Administrative Radio Conference (Geneva, 1959)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2015.

[33] "Final Acts of WARC-79 (Geneva, 1979)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2015.

[34] International Code of Signals for Visual, Sound, and Radio Communications, United States Edition, 1969 (Revised 2003) (PDF), 1969, archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-03-20

[35] "NATO phonetic alphabet". Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2015.

[36] "Alphabet - Radiotelephony". Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.

[37] "Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Aeronautical Telecommunications, Volume II Communication Procedures including those with PANS Status" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.

[hundred-38] After another digit. E.g. 1,500 is 'one fife hundred', 29,000 is 'two niner tausand'.

[39] "Public Safety Communications Standard Operating Procedure Manual, (APCO Project Two, 1967)". Retrieved 27 April 2015.

[40] "The APCO Bulletin (April, 1940)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.

[41] "Backscatter Journal" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-05-18.

[42] "A NATIONAL TRAINING MANUAL AND PROCEDURAL GUIDE FOR POLICE AND PUBLIC SAFETY RADIO COMMUNICATIONS PERSONNEL".

[43] "APCO Project 14 report, exhibit No. 8, International Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-11-07.

[44] "47 CFR 97.119 - Station identification". Archived from the original on 2017-11-15.

[45] "Phonetic Alphabets". Ham Radio School. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.

[46] "Phonetic alphabets, wordlists, texts, word and letter frequency". 15 September 2014. Archived from the original on 15 September 2014.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

[:6-47] ARRL Communications Department Operating Aid No. 1. ARRL. 1946.

[48] "ARRL Operating Aids". Archived from the original on 2017-11-15.

[:5-49] "Ham Radio School Phonetic Alphabets". Archived from the original on 2015-07-02.

[50] "Det fonetiske alfabet". Glemsom.dk. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2014.

[51] "Internasjonalt alfabet for radiokommunikasjon". Aktivioslo.no. 24 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2014.

[52] Sotilaan käsikirja 2013 (PDF). Puolustusvoimat. 2013. p. 205. ISBN 978-951-25-2463-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2014.

[53] "Can You Speak in Code?". Archived from the original on 2018-04-09.

[54] Nugraha, Iskandar; Ingham, Katherine (27 August 2013). Essential Indonesian Phrasebook and Dictionary: Speak Indonesian with Confidence! (Revised and Expanded). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462913381. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018 – via Google Books.

[55] Ltd, Not Panicking. "h2g2 - The NATO phonetic alphabet - Edited Entry". www.h2g2.com. Archived from the original on 2018-04-09.

[56] "The Spanish phonetic alphabet". wordpress.com. 6 November 2016. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.

[57] "Learn Spanish - Phonetic Alphabet". spainbuddy.com. 22 October 2012. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2018.

[58] "Svenska bokstaveringsalfabetet" (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.

[59] "Sambandsregelmente för Försvarsmakten, Telefoni – HKV 12800: 70799" dated 26 June 2006.

[60] Swedish spelling alphabet

[61] Türk Alfabesi

[62] John W. Alcorn: Radiotelegraph & Radiotelephone Codes, Prowords and Abbreviations, 1997

[63] Ivan Abramović (1972), Birotehnika, mehanografija i automatska obrada podataka, Beograd: Zavod za obrazovanje administrativnih kadrova SR Srbije, p. 24

[64] Grabenšek, Drago; Kulauzović, Bajko; Souvent, Andrej; Vraničar, Jure (2004). Priročnik za radioamaterje, 2. dopolnjena izd (PDF). Ljubljana: Zveza radioamaterjev Slovenije. p. 43. ISBN 961-90200-1-4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-03.

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