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A trade agreement (also known as trade pact) is a wide-ranging taxes, tariff and trade treaty that often includes investment guarantees. It exists when two or more countries agree on terms that help them trade with each other. The most common trade agreements are of the preferential and free trade types, which are concluded in order to reduce (or eliminate) tariffs, quotas and other trade restrictions on items traded between the signatories.
Логика официальных торговых соглашений состоит в том, что они определяют то, что согласовано, и наказания за отклонение от правил, установленных в соглашении. [1] Таким образом, торговые соглашения снижают вероятность недопонимания и создают уверенность с обеих сторон в том, что мошенничество будет наказано; это увеличивает вероятность долгосрочного сотрудничества. [1] Международная организация, такая как МВФ , может дополнительно стимулировать сотрудничество, отслеживая соблюдение соглашений и сообщая третьим странам о нарушениях. [1] Для выявления нетарифных барьеров , которые представляют собой замаскированные попытки создания торговых барьеров, может потребоваться мониторинг со стороны международных агентств . [1]
Trade pacts are frequently politically contentious since they may change economic customs and deepen interdependence with trade partners. Increasing efficiency through "free trade" is a common goal. For the most part, governments are supportive of further trade agreements.
Однако ВТО выразила некоторую озабоченность . По словам Паскаля Лами , генерального директора ВТО, распространение региональных торговых соглашений (РТС) «... порождает озабоченность - озабоченность по поводу непоследовательности, путаницы, экспоненциального роста затрат для бизнеса, непредсказуемости и даже несправедливости в торговых отношениях. " [2] Позиция ВТО заключается в том, что, хотя типичные торговые соглашения (называемые ВТО преференциальными или региональными ) в определенной степени полезны, гораздо выгоднее сосредоточиться на глобальных соглашениях в рамках ВТО, таких как переговоры текущий раунд Доха .
The anti-globalization movement opposes such agreements almost by definition, but some groups normally allied within that movement, e.g. green parties, seek fair trade or safe trade provisions that moderate real and perceived ill effects of globalization.
Classification of trade pacts[edit]
By number and type of signatories[edit]
There are three different types of trade agreements. The first is unilateral trade agreement,[3] this is what happens when a country wants certain restrictions to be enforced but no other countries want them to be imposed. This also allows countries to decrease the amount of trade restrictions. That is also something that does not happen often and could impair a country.
The second is classified as bilateral (BTA) when signed between two sides, where each side could be a country (or other customs territory), a trade bloc or an informal group of countries (or other customs territories). Both countries loosen their trade restrictions to help businesses, so that they can prosper better between the different countries. This definitely helps lower taxes and it helps them converse about their trade status. Usually, this revolves around subsided domestic industries. Mainly the industries fall under automotive, oil, or food industries.[4]
A trade agreement signed between more than two sides (typically neighboring or in the same region) is classified as multilateral. These face the most obstacles- when negotiating substance, and for implementation. The more countries that are involved, the harder it is to reach mutual satisfaction. Once this type of trade agreement is settled on, it becomes a very powerful agreement. The larger the GDP of the signatories, the greater the impact on other global trade relationships. The largest multilateral trade agreement is the North American Free Trade Agreement[5] between the United States, Canada, and Mexico.[6]
By geographical region[edit]
These are between countries in a certain area. The most powerful ones include a few countries that are near each other in a geographical area.[7] These countries often have similar histories, demographics and economic goals.
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was established on January 1, 1989, between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. This agreement was designed to reduce tariff barriers in North America.
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was formed in 1967 between the countries of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. It was established to promote political partnership and maintain economic stability throughout the region.[7]
По уровню интеграции [ править ]
There are a variety of trade agreements; with some being quite complex (European Union), while others are less intensive (North American Free Trade Agreement).[8] The resulting level of economic integration depends on the specific type of trade pacts and policies adopted by the trade bloc:
- Separate
- Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA)
- Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT)
- Preferential Trade Arrangement (PTA)–limited scope and depth of tariffs reduction between the customs territories.
- Free Trade Agreement establishing a Free Trade Area (FTA)–extensive reduction or elimination of tariffs on substantially all trade allowing for the free movement of goods and in more advanced agreements also reduction of restrictions on investment and establishment allowing for the free movement of capital and free movement of services
- Common market–FTA with significantly reduced or eliminated restrictions on the freedom of movement of all factors of production, including free movement of labour and of enterprise; and coordination in economic policy
- Free Trade Agreement establishing a Free Trade Area (FTA)–extensive reduction or elimination of tariffs on substantially all trade allowing for the free movement of goods and in more advanced agreements also reduction of restrictions on investment and establishment allowing for the free movement of capital and free movement of services
- Currency union–sharing the same currency
- Composite
- Customs union–FTA with common external tariffs of all signatories in respect to non-signatory countries
- Customs and monetary union–Customs union with Currency union
- Economic union–Customs union with Common market
- Economic and monetary union (EMU)–Economic union with Currency Union
- Fiscal Union–common coordination of substantial parts of the fiscal policies (proposed step between EMU and Complete economic integration)
- Economic and monetary union (EMU)–Economic union with Currency Union
- Customs union–FTA with common external tariffs of all signatories in respect to non-signatory countries
Special agreements[edit]
- World Trade Organization treaty
- agreements in the WTO framework (Textile Agreement and others)
- the now defunct Multilateral Agreement on Investment (in the OECD framework)
By the World Trade Organization[edit]
Typically the benefits and obligations of the trade agreements apply only to their signatories.
In the framework of the World Trade Organization, different agreement types are concluded (mostly during new member accessions), whose terms apply to all WTO members on the so-called most-favored basis (MFN), which means that beneficial terms agreed bilaterally with one trading partner will apply also to the rest of the WTO members.
All agreements concluded outside of the WTO framework (and granting additional benefits beyond the WTO MFN level, but applicable only between the signatories and not to the rest of the WTO members) are called preferential by the WTO. According to WTO rules, these agreements are subject to certain requirements such as notification to the WTO and general reciprocity (the preferences should apply equally to each of the signatories of the agreement) where unilateral preferences (some of the signatories gain preferential access to the market of the other signatories, without lowering their own tariffs) are allowed only under exceptional circumstances and as temporary measure.[9]
The trade agreements called preferential by the WTO are also known as regional (RTA), despite not necessarily concluded by countries within a certain region. There are currently 205 agreements in force as of July 2007. Over 300 have been reported to the WTO.[10] The number of FTA has increased significantly over the last decade. Between 1948 and 1994, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the predecessor to the WTO, received 124 notifications. Since 1995 over 300 trade agreements have been enacted.[11]
The WTO is further classifying these agreements in the following types:
- Goods covering:
- basic preferential trade agreement (a.k.a. partial scope agreement)
- free trade agreement
- customs union
- Services covering:
- Economic Integration Agreement–any agreement, including a basic PTA, that covers also services
See also[edit]
- Trade and development
- Trade creation
- Trade preference
- Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR)
Lists:
- List of international trade topics
- List of free trade agreements
- List of trade blocs
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d Grossman, Gene M. (March 2016). "The Purpose of Trade Agreements". NBER Working Paper No. 22070. doi:10.3386/w22070.
- ^ Lamy, Pascal (2007-09-10). "Proliferation of regional trade agreements 'breeding concern'". Geneva: World Trade Organization. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
- ^ "See Why Afghan Rugs Cost You More Today Than a Year Ago". The Balance. Retrieved 2018-03-26.
- ^ "Top 12 U.S. Bilateral Trade Agreements". The Balance. Retrieved 2018-03-26.
- ^ "Fast Facts About the World's Largest Trade Agreement". The Balance. Retrieved 2018-03-26.
- ^ "5 Pros and 4 Cons to the World's Largest Trade Agreements". The Balance. Retrieved 2018-03-26.
- ^ a b "What Trade Agreements Do We Have With Our Neighbors?". The Balance. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ^ Gonzalez, Eddie (1998). "Why do countries seek Regional Trade Agreements". The Regionalization of the World Economy. p. 64. ISBN 0-226-25995-1. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
- ^ The EU got a WTO waiver to grant favourable access to its market for the ACP states, without requiring that in return they open their markets to competition from the EU. The WTO waiver already expired and currently the EU and the ACP states are negotiating WTO compliant reciprocial agreements).
- ^ "Regional trade agreements". WTO. July 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
- ^ "Facts and figures". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
External links[edit]
- ITC's Market Access Map, an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements.
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