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Рыба с плавниками
Временной диапазон: Позднесилурийский - недавний
Actinopterygii-0001.jpg
Научная классификация e
Королевство:Animalia
Тип:Хордовые
Суперкласс:Osteichthyes
Класс:Actinopterygii
Klein , 1885 г.
Подклассы

Actinopterygii / ˌ æ к т ɪ п ɒ р т ə г ɪ dʒ я aɪ / ( Новый латинский актиноклиматологии ( 'имеет лучи) + греческий πτέρυξ ( ptérux «крыло, плавники»)), члены которого известны как луч -плавые рыбы - это клад (традиционно класс или подкласс) костистых рыб . [1]

Лучевая-плавниками рыба так называемые , потому что их плавники полотно из кожи , поддерживаемое костлявых или роговых шипами (лучи), в отличие от мясистого, лопастных плавников , которые характеризуют класс Лопастепёрых Рыба (лопасть плавников рыбы). Эти лучи актиноптериговых плавников прикрепляются непосредственно к проксимальным или базальным элементам скелета, радиальным выступам, которые представляют собой связь или связь между этими плавниками и внутренним скелетом (например, тазовым и грудным поясом).

По количеству видов актиноптериги доминируют среди позвоночных и составляют почти 99% из более чем 30 000 видов рыб. [2] Они повсеместно распространены в пресноводных и морских средах от глубоких морских глубин до самых высоких горных рек. Существующие виды могут варьироваться по размеру от Paedocypris , размером 8 мм (0,3 дюйма ), до массивной океанской солнечной рыбы , весом 2300 кг (5070 фунтов), и длиннотелой рыбы - весла , длиной 11 м (36 футов). Подавляющее большинство актиноптеригий (~ 95%) - костистые кости .

Характеристики [ править ]

Анатомия типичной рыбы с луговыми плавниками ( цихлиды )
A - спинной плавник , B - лучи плавника , C - боковая линия , D - почка, E - плавательный пузырь , F - аппарат Вебера , G - внутреннее ухо , H - мозг, I - ноздри, L - глаза, M - жабры , N - сердце, O - желудок, P - желчный пузырь, Q - селезенка, R - внутренние половые органы (яичники или семенники), S -брюшные плавники , T - шип, U - анальный плавник , V - хвост ( хвостовой плавник ). Возможные другие части (не показаны): усики , жировой плавник , наружные гениталии ( гоноподий )

Рыбы с луговыми плавниками встречаются во многих разновидностях. Основные черты типичной рыбы с лучевыми плавниками показаны на диаграмме рядом. Плавательный пузырь - более сложная структура. [3]

У рыб со скатными плавниками много разных типов чешуи; но все костистые кости , наиболее продвинутые актиноптериги, имеют чешуйки лептоидов. Наружная часть этих чешуек расширяется костными гребнями, а внутренняя часть пересечена волокнистой соединительной тканью. Чешуйки лептоидов тоньше и прозрачнее, чем чешуйки других типов, и в них отсутствует затвердевшая эмаль или дентиноподобные слои, характерные для чешуи многих других рыб. В отличие от ганоидной чешуи, которая встречается у актиноптеригов, не являющихся костистыми, новые чешуйки добавляются концентрическими слоями по мере роста рыбы. [ необходима цитата ]

У рыб с лучевыми и лопастными плавниками, включая четвероногих, легкие использовались для воздушного дыхания. Только у бихиров сохраняются почкующиеся вентрально легкие. [3]

Формы тела и расположение плавников [ править ]

Дополнительная информация: Рыбий плавник
Дополнительная информация: Разнообразие рыб

Рыбы с лучевыми плавниками очень разнообразны по размеру и форме, их специализации в питании, а также по количеству лучевых плавников и способу их расположения.

  • Тунец обтекаемый для прямой скорости с глубоко раздвоенным хвостом.

  • Рыба - меч еще быстрее и более обтекаемый , чем тунец

  • Лосось производит достаточную тягу своим мощным хвостовым плавником, чтобы преодолевать препятствия во время речных миграций.

  • У трески три спинных и два анальных плавника , что придает им большую маневренность.

  • Flatfish have developed partially symmetric dorsal and pelvic fins

  • Lanternfish

  • Elongated bristlemouth

  • Fangtooth are indifferent swimmers who try to ambush their prey

  • The first spine of the dorsal fin of anglerfish is modified like a fishing rod with a lure

  • Alfonsino

  • King of herrings

  • European conger are ray-finned fish

  • Hawaiian turkeyfish

  • The benthic batfish Ogcocephalus notatus

  • The deep sea eel Saccopharynx ampullaceus

  • The freshwater elephant fish Campylomormyrus curvirostris

  • The sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus has a cartilaginous endoskeleton

  • The ambush predator needlefish Belone belone

  • Seahorses

  • Mirror dory

  • Mahi-mahi

  • The "flying fish" Exocoetus obtusirostris has specialized pectoral fins for gliding

  • The hoodwinker sunfish Mola tecta has no caudal fin

  • The Jurassic †Leedsichthys was a giant filter-feeder

Reproduction[edit]

Three-spined stickleback males (red belly) build nests and compete to attract females to lay eggs in them. Males then defend and fan the eggs. Painting by Alexander Francis Lydon, 1879

In nearly all ray-finned fish, the sexes are separate, and in most species the females spawn eggs that are fertilized externally, typically with the male inseminating the eggs after they are laid. Development then proceeds with a free-swimming larval stage.[4] However other patterns of ontogeny exist, with one of the commonest being sequential hermaphroditism. In most cases this involves protogyny, fish starting life as females and converting to males at some stage, triggered by some internal or external factor. Protandry, where a fish converts from male to female, is much less common than protogyny.[5]

Most families use external rather than internal fertilization.[6] Of the oviparous teleosts, most (79%) do not provide parental care.[7] Viviparity, ovoviviparity, or some form of parental care for eggs, whether by the male, the female, or both parents is seen in a significant fraction (21%) of the 422 teleost families; no care is likely the ancestral condition.[7] The oldest case of viviparity in ray-finned fish is found in Middle Triassic species of †Saurichthys.[8] Viviparity is relatively rare and is found in about 6% of living teleost species; male care is far more common than female care.[7][9] Male territoriality "preadapts" a species for evolving male parental care.[10][11]

There are a few examples of fish that self-fertilise. The mangrove rivulus is an amphibious, simultaneous hermaphrodite, producing both eggs and spawn and having internal fertilisation. This mode of reproduction may be related to the fish's habit of spending long periods out of water in the mangrove forests it inhabits. Males are occasionally produced at temperatures below 19 °C (66 °F) and can fertilise eggs that are then spawned by the female. This maintains genetic variability in a species that is otherwise highly inbred.[12]

Fossil record[edit]

See also: Evolution of fish

The earliest known fossil actinopterygian is Andreolepis hedei, dating back 420 million years (Late Silurian). Remains have been found in Russia, Sweden, and Estonia.[13]

Classification[edit]

Actinopterygii is divided into the classes Cladistia and Actinopteri. The latter comprised subclasses Chondrostei and Neopterygii. The Neopterygii, in turn, is divided into the infraclasses Holostei and Teleostei. During the Mesozoic and Cenozoic the teleosts in particular diversified widely, and as a result, 96% of all known fish species are teleosts. The cladogram shows the major groups of actinopterygians and their relationship to the terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods) that evolved from a related group of fish.[14][15][16] Approximate dates are from Near et al., 2012.[14]

Osteichthyes
Sarcopterygii
 

Coelacanths, Lungfish

 
Tetrapods
 

Amphibians

 
Amniota
 

Mammals

 
 

Sauropsids (reptiles, birds)

 
 
 
 
Actinopterygii
Cladistia

Polypteriformes (bichirs, reedfishes)

 
Actinopteri
Chondrostei

Acipenseriformes (sturgeons, paddlefishes)

 
Neopterygii
Holostei
 

Lepisosteiformes (gars)

 
 

Amiiformes (bowfins)

 
275 mya
 

Teleostei

310 mya
360 mya
 
400 mya
 

The polypterids (bichirs and reedfish) are the sister lineage of all other actinopterygians, the Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefishes) are the sister lineage of Neopterygii, and Holostei (bowfin and gars) are the sister lineage of teleosts. The Elopomorpha (eels and tarpons) appear to be the most basal teleosts.[14]

Chondrostei
Atlantic sturgeon
Chondrostei (cartilage bone) is a subclass of primarily cartilaginous fish showing some ossification. Earlier definitions of Chondrostei are now known to be paraphyletic, meaning that this subclass does not contain all the descendants of their common ancestor. There were 52 species divided among two orders, the Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefishes) and the Polypteriformes (reedfishes and bichirs). Reedfish and birchirs are now separated from the Chondrostei into their own sister lineage, the Cladistia. It is thought that the chondrosteans evolved from bony fish but lost the bony hardening of their cartilaginous skeletons, resulting in a lightening of the frame. Elderly chondrosteans show beginnings of ossification of the skeleton, suggesting that this process is delayed rather than lost in these fish.[17] This group had once been classified with the sharks: the similarities are obvious, as not only do the chondrosteans mostly lack bone, but the structure of the jaw is more akin to that of sharks than other bony fish, and both lack scales (excluding the Polypteriforms). Additional shared features include spiracles and, in sturgeons, a heterocercal tail (the vertebrae extend into the larger lobe of the caudal fin). However the fossil record suggests that these fish have more in common with the Teleostei than their external appearance might suggest.[17]
Neopterygii
Atlantic salmon
Neopterygii (new fins) is a subclass of ray-finned fish that appeared somewhere in the Late Permian. There were only few changes during its evolution from the earlier actinopterygians. Neopterygians are a very successful group of fishes because they can move more rapidly than their ancestors. Their scales and skeletons began to lighten during their evolution, and their jaws became more powerful and efficient. While electroreception and the ampullae of Lorenzini is present in all other groups of fish, with the exception of hagfish, neopterygians have lost this sense, though it later re-evolved within Gymnotiformes and catfishes, who possess nonhomologous teleost ampullae.[18]
Fossil of the Devonian †cheirolepidiform †Cheirolepis canadensis
Fossil of the Carboniferous †elonichthyiform †Elonichthys peltigerus
Fossil of the Permian †aeduelliform †Aeduella blainvillei
Fossil of the Permian †palaeonisciform †Palaeoniscum freieslebeni
Fossil of the Triassic †bobasatraniiform †Bobasatrania canadensis
Fossil of the Triassic †perleidiform †Thoracopterus magnificus
Fossil of the Jurassic †aspidorhynchiform †Aspidorhynchus sp.
Fossil of the Jurassic †pachycormiform †Pachycormus curtus
Fossil of the Cretaceous acipenseriform †Yanosteus longidorsalis
Fossil of the Cretaceous aulopiform †Nematonotus longispinus
Fossil of the Cretaceous †ichthyodectiform †Thrissops formosus
Fossil of the Cretaceous carangiform †Mene oblonga
Fossil of the Cretaceous pleuronectiform †Amphistium paradoxum
Fossil of the Eocene clupeiform †Knightia eocaena
Fossil of a ray-finned perch (†Priscacara serrata) from the Lower Eocene about 50 million years ago
Fossil of the Miocene syngnathiform †Nerophis zapfei
Skeleton of the angler fish, Lophius piscatorius. The first spine of the dorsal fin of the anglerfish is modified so it functions like a fishing rod with a lure
Skeleton of another ray-finned fish, the lingcod
Blue catfish skeleton

The listing below follows Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes[15][19] with notes when this differs from Nelson,[20] ITIS[21] and FishBase[22] and extinct groups from Van der Laan 2016 and Xu 2021.[23][24]

  • Order †?Asarotiformes Schaeffer 1968
  • Order †?Discordichthyiformes Minikh 1998
  • Order †?Paphosisciformes Grogan & Lund 2015
  • Order †?Scanilepiformes Selezneya 1985
  • Order †Cheirolepidiformes Kazantseva-Selezneva 1977
  • Order †Paramblypteriformes Heyler 1969
  • Order †Rhadinichthyiformes
  • Order †Palaeonisciformes Hay 1902
  • Order †Tarrasiiformes sensu Lund & Poplin 2002
  • Order †Ptycholepiformes Andrews et al. 1967
  • Order †Haplolepidiformes Westoll 1944
  • Order †Aeduelliformes Heyler 1969
  • Order †Platysomiformes Aldinger 1937
  • Order †Dorypteriformes Cope 1871
  • Order †Eurynotiformes Sallan & Coates 2013
  • Class Cladistia Pander 1860
    • Order †Guildayichthyiformes Lund 2000
    • Order Polypteriformes Bleeker 1859 (bichirs and reedfishes)[25]
  • Class Actinopteri Cope 1972 s.s.
    • Order †Elonichthyiformes Kazantseva-Selezneva 1977
    • Order †Phanerorhynchiformes
    • Order †Bobasatraniiformes Berg 1940
    • Order †Saurichthyiformes Aldinger 1937
    • Subclass Chondrostei Müller, 1844
      • Order †Birgeriiformes Heyler 1969
      • Order †Chondrosteiformes Aldinger, 1937
      • Order Acipenseriformes Berg 1940 (includes sturgeons and paddlefishes)
    • Subclass Neopterygii Regan 1923 sensu Xu & Wu 2012
      • Order †Pholidopleuriformes Berg 1937
      • Order †Redfieldiiformes Berg 1940
      • Order †Platysiagiformes Brough 1939
      • Order †Polzbergiiformes Griffith 1977
      • Order †Perleidiformes Berg 1937
      • Order †Louwoichthyiformes Xu 2021
      • Order †Peltopleuriformes Lehman 1966
      • Order †Luganoiiformes Lehman 1958
      • Order †Pycnodontiformes Berg 1937
      • Infraclass Holostei Müller 1844
        • Division Halecomorpha Cope 1872 sensu Grande & Bemis 1998
          • Order †Parasemionotiformes Lehman 1966
          • Order †Ionoscopiformes Grande & Bemis 1998
          • Order Amiiformes Huxley 1861 sensu Grande & Bemis 1998 (bowfins)
        • Division Ginglymodi Cope 1871
          • Order †Dapediiformes Thies & Waschkewitz 2015
          • Order †Semionotiformes Arambourg & Bertin 1958
          • Order Lepisosteiformes Hay 1929 (gars)
      • Clade Teleosteomorpha Arratia 2000 sensu Arratia 2013
        • Order †Prohaleciteiformes Arratia 2017
        • Division Aspidorhynchei Nelson, Grand & Wilson 2016
          • Order †Aspidorhynchiformes Bleeker 1859
          • Order †Pachycormiformes Berg 1937
        • Infraclass Teleostei Müller 1844 sensu Arratia 2013
          • Order †?Araripichthyiformes
          • Order †?Ligulelliiformes Taverne 2011
          • Order †?Tselfatiiformes Nelson 1994
          • Order †Pholidophoriformes Berg 1940
          • Order †Dorsetichthyiformes Nelson, Grand & Wilson 2016
          • Order †Leptolepidiformes
          • Order †Crossognathiformes Taverne 1989
          • Order †Ichthyodectiformes Bardeck & Sprinkle 1969
          • Teleocephala de Pinna 1996 s.s.
            • Megacohort Elopocephalai Patterson 1977 sensu Arratia 1999 (Elopomorpha Greenwood et al. 1966)
              • Order Elopiformes Gosline 1960 (ladyfishes and tarpon)
              • Order Albuliformes Greenwood et al. 1966 sensu Forey et al. 1996 (bonefishes)
              • Order Notacanthiformes Goodrich 1909 (halosaurs and spiny eels)
              • Order Anguilliformes Jarocki 1822 sensu Goodrich 1909 (true eels)
            • Megacohort Osteoglossocephalai sensu Arratia 1999
              • Supercohort Osteoglossocephala sensu Arratia 1999 (Osteoglossomorpha Greenwood et al. 1966)
                • Order †Lycopteriformes Chang & Chou 1977
                • Order Hiodontiformes McAllister 1968 sensu Taverne 1979 (mooneye and goldeye)
                • Order Osteoglossiformes Regan 1909 sensu Zhang 2004 (bony-tongued fishes)
              • Supercohort Clupeocephala Patterson & Rosen 1977 sensu Arratia 2010
                • Cohort Otomorpha Wiley & Johnson 2010 (Otocephala; Ostarioclupeomorpha)
                  • Subcohort Clupei Wiley & Johnson 2010 (Clupeomorpha Greenwood et al. 1966)
                    • Order †Ellimmichthyiformes Grande 1982
                    • Order Clupeiformes Bleeker 1859 (herrings and anchovies)
                  • Subcohort Alepocephali
                    • Order Alepocephaliformes Marshall 1962
                  • Subcohort Ostariophysi Sagemehl 1885
                    • Section Anotophysa (Rosen & Greenwood 1970) Sagemehl 1885
                      • Order †Sorbininardiformes Taverne 1999
                      • Order Gonorynchiformes Regan 1909 (milkfishes)
                    • Section Otophysa Garstang 1931
                      • Order Cypriniformes Bleeker 1859 sensu Goodrich 1909 (barbs, carp, danios, goldfishes, loaches, minnows, rasboras)
                      • Order Characiformes Goodrich 1909 (characins, pencilfishes, hatchetfishes, piranhas, tetras, dourado / golden (genus Salminus) and pacu)
                      • Order Gymnotiformes Berg 1940 (electric eels and knifefishes)
                      • Order Siluriformes Cuvier 1817 sensu Hay 1929 (catfishes)
                • Cohort Euteleosteomorpha (Greenwood et al. 1966) (Euteleostei Greenwood 1967 sensu Johnson & Patterson 1996)
                  • Subcohort Lepidogalaxii
                    • Lepidogalaxiiformes Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 (salamanderfish)
                  • Subcohort Protacanthopterygii Greenwood et al. 1966 sensu Johnson & Patterson 1996
                    • Order Argentiniformes (barreleyes and slickheads) (formerly in Osmeriformes)
                    • Order Galaxiiformes
                    • Order Salmoniformes Bleeker 1859 sensu Nelson 1994 (salmon and trout)
                    • Order Esociformes Bleeker 1859 (pike)
                  • Subcohort Stomiati
                    • Order Osmeriformes (smelts)
                    • Order Stomiatiformes Regan 1909 (bristlemouths and marine hatchetfishes)
                  • Subcohort Neoteleostei Nelson 1969
                    • Infracohort Ateleopodia
                      • Order Ateleopodiformes (jellynose fish)
                    • Infracohort Eurypterygia Rosen 1973
                      • Section Aulopa [Cyclosquamata Rosen 1973]
                        • Order Aulopiformes Rosen 1973 (Bombay duck and lancetfishes)
                      • Section Ctenosquamata Rosen 1973
                        • Subsection Myctophata [Scopelomorpha]
                          • Order Myctophiformes Regan 1911 (lanternfishes)
                        • Subsection Acanthomorpha Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013
                          • Division Lampridacea Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 [Lampridomorpha; Lampripterygii]
                            • Order Lampriformes Regan 1909 (oarfish, opah and ribbonfishes)
                          • Division Paracanthomorphacea sensu Grande et al. 2013 (Paracanthopterygii Greenwood 1937)
                            • Order Percopsiformes Berg 1937 (cavefishes and trout-perches)
                            • Order †Sphenocephaliformes Rosen & Patterson 1969
                            • Order Zeiformes Regan 1909 (dories)
                            • Order Stylephoriformes Miya et al. 2007
                            • Order Gadiformes Goodrich 1909 (cods)
                          • Division Polymixiacea Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 (Polymyxiomorpha; Polymixiipterygii)
                            • Order †Pattersonichthyiformes Gaudant 1976
                            • Order †Ctenothrissiformes Berg 1937
                            • Order Polymixiiformes Lowe 1838 (beardfishes)
                          • Division Euacanthomorphacea Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 (Euacanthomorpha sensu Johnson & Patterson 1993; Acanthopterygii Gouan 1770 sensu])
                            • Subdivision Berycimorphaceae Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013
                              • Order Beryciformes (fangtooths and pineconefishes) (incl. Stephanoberyciformes; Cetomimiformes)
                            • Subdivision Holocentrimorphaceae Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013
                              • Order Holocentriformes (Soldierfishes)
                            • Subdivision Percomorphaceae Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 (Percomorpha sensu Miya et al. 2003; Acanthopteri)
                              • Series Ophidiimopharia Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013
                                • Order Ophidiiformes (pearlfishes)
                              • Series Batrachoidimopharia Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013
                                • Order Batrachoidiformes (toadfishes)
                              • Series Gobiomopharia Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013
                                • Order Kurtiformes(Nurseryfishes and cardinalfishes)
                                • Order Gobiiformes(Sleepers and gobies)
                              • Series Scombrimopharia Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013
                                • Order Syngnathiformes (seahorses, pipefishes, sea moths, cornetfishes and flying gurnards[26])
                                • Order Scombriformes (Tunas and (mackerels)
                              • Series Carangimopharia Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013
                                • Subseries Anabantaria Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2014
                                  • Order Synbranchiformes (swamp eels)
                                  • Order Anabantiformes (Labyrinthici) (gouramies, snakeheads, )
                                • Subseries Carangaria Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2014
                                  • Carangaria incertae sedis
                                  • Order Istiophoriformes Betancur-Rodriguez 2013 (Marlins, swordfishes, billfishes)
                                  • Order Carangiformes (Jack mackerels, pompanos)
                                  • Order Pleuronectiformes Bleeker 1859 (flatfishes)
                                • Subseries Ovalentaria Smith & Near 2012 (Stiassnyiformes sensu Li et al. 2009)
                                  • Ovalentaria incertae sedis
                                  • Order Cichliformes Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 (Cichlids, Convict blenny, leaf fishes)
                                  • Order Atheriniformes Rosen 1964 (silversides and rainbowfishes)
                                  • Order Cyprinodontiformes Berg 1940 (livebearers, killifishes)
                                  • Order Beloniformes Berg 1940 (flyingfishes and ricefishes)
                                  • Order Mugiliformes Berg 1940 (mullets)
                                  • Order Blenniiformes Springer 1993 (Blennies)
                                  • Order Gobiesociformes Gill 1872 (Clingfishes)
                              • Series Eupercaria Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2014 (Percomorpharia Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013)
                                • Eupercaria incertae sedis
                                • Order Gerreiformes (Mojarras)
                                • Order Labriformes (Wrasses and Parrotfishes)
                                • Order Caproiformes (Boarfishes)
                                • Order Lophiiformes Garman 1899 (Anglerfishes)
                                • Order Tetraodontiformes Regan 1929 (Filefishes and pufferfish)
                                • Order Centrarchiformes Bleeker 1859 (Sunfishes and mandarin fishes)
                                • Order Gasterosteiformes (Sicklebacks and relatives)
                                • Order Scorpaeniformes (Lionfishes and relatives)
                                • Order Perciformes Bleeker 1859

References[edit]

  1. ^ Kardong, Kenneth (2015). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 99–100. ISBN 978-0-07-802302-6.
  2. ^ (Davis, Brian 2010).
  3. ^ a b Funk, Emily; Breen, Catriona; Sanketi, Bhargav; Kurpios, Natasza; McCune, Amy (2020). "Changing in Nkx2.1, Sox2, Bmp4, and Bmp16 expression underlying the lung-to-gas bladder evolutionary transition in ray-finned fishes". Evolution & Development. 22 (5): 384–402.
  4. ^ Dorit, R.L.; Walker, W.F.; Barnes, R.D. (1991). Zoology. Saunders College Publishing. p. 819. ISBN 978-0-03-030504-7.
  5. ^ Avise, J.C.; Mank, J.E. (2009). "Evolutionary perspectives on hermaphroditism in fishes". Sexual Development. 3 (2–3): 152–163. doi:10.1159/000223079. PMID 19684459.
  6. ^ Pitcher, T (1993). The Behavior of Teleost Fishes. London: Chapman & Hall.
  7. ^ a b c Reynolds, John; Nicholas B. Goodwin; Robert P. Freckleton (19 March 2002). "Evolutionary Transitions in Parental Care and Live Bearing in Vertebrates". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 357 (1419): 269–281. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0930. PMC 1692951. PMID 11958696.
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  9. ^ Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1991). The Evolution of Parental Care. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP.
  10. ^ Werren, John; Mart R. Gross; Richard Shine (1980). "Paternity and the evolution of male parentage". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 82 (4): 619–631. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(80)90182-4. PMID 7382520. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
  11. ^ Baylis, Jeffrey (1981). "The Evolution of Parental Care in Fishes, with reference to Darwin's rule of male sexual selection". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 6 (2): 223–251. doi:10.1007/BF00002788.
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  16. ^ Laurin, M.; Reisz, R.R. (1995). "A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (2): 165–223. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x.
  17. ^ a b "Chondrosteans: Sturgeon Relatives". paleos.com. Archived from the original on 25 December 2010.
  18. ^ Theodore Holmes Bullock; Carl D. Hopkins; Arthur N. Popper (2005). Electroreception. Springer Science+Business Media, Incorporated. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-387-28275-6.
  19. ^ Betancur-Rodriguez; et al. (2017). "Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
  20. ^ Nelson, Joseph, S. (2016). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  21. ^ "Actinopterygii". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 3 April 2006.
  22. ^ R. Froese and D. Pauly, editors (February 2006). "FishBase". Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  23. ^ Van der Laan, Richard (2016). Family-group names of fossil fishes. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.2130.1361.
  24. ^ Xu, Guang-Hui (9 January 2021). "A new stem-neopterygian fish from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of Yunnan, China, with a reassessment of the relationships of early neopterygian clades". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 191 (2): 375–394. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa053. ISSN 0024-4082.
  25. ^ In Nelson, Polypteriformes is placed in its own subclass Cladistia.
  26. ^ In Nelson and ITIS, Syngnathiformes is placed as the suborder Syngnathoidei of the order Gasterosteiformes.

External links[edit]

  • Media related to Actinopterygii at Wikimedia Commons
  • Data related to Actinopterygii at Wikispecies