Флаг Европы или Европейский флаг [примечание 1] является официальным символом , используемым двумя отдельными организациями Совет Европы (СЕ) - как символ , представляющий Европу , [4] и Европейский союз (ЕС). [5] Он состоит из круга из двенадцати пятиконечных золотых звезд на синем поле.
Имя | Европейский флаг Флаг Европы Флаг Совета Европы Флаг Европейского Союза Круг звезд |
---|---|
Использовать |
|
Пропорции | 2: 3 |
Усыновленный | 9 декабря 1955 г. [1] [2] ( СЕ ) 29 июня 1985 г. [3] ( ЕЭС ) |
Дизайн | Круг из двенадцати пятиконечных желтых звезд на синем поле. |
Разработано | Арсен Хейтц , Поль М.Г. Леви |
Дизайн был задуман в 1955 году и официально принят позже в том же году Советом Европы как символ всей Европы. [6] Совет Европы призвал к принятию его другими европейскими организациями, а в 1985 году Европейские сообщества (ЕС) приняли его.
ЕС также унаследовал использование эмблемы, когда он был сформирован в 1993 году, будучи организацией-правопреемником ЕС, начиная с 1 декабря 2009 года (дата вступления в силу Лиссабонского договора ). Он широко официально используется ЕС с 1990-х годов, но ему никогда не давали официального статуса ни в одном из договоров ЕС . Его принятие в качестве официального символа ЕС было запланировано в рамках предложенной Европейской конституции 2004 года , которая не была ратифицирована в 2005 году.
Флаг используется различными европейскими организациями, а также объединенными европейскими спортивными командами под названием Team Europe . [7]
Герб
Прославление дается ЕС в 1996 году , описывает конструкцию , как: «На лазурном поле круг из двенадцати золотых кефали , точки их не касаясь друг друга.» [8]
Символизм
Используемый флаг - Флаг Европы, который состоит из круга из двенадцати золотых звезд на синем фоне. Первоначально разработанный в 1955 году для Совета Европы, флаг был принят Европейскими сообществами , предшественниками нынешнего Европейского Союза, в 1986 году. Совет Европы дал флагу символическое описание в следующих терминах, [9] хотя Официальное символическое описание, принятое ЕС, опускает ссылку на «западный мир»: [10] [11]
На фоне голубого неба западного мира звезды символизируют народы Европы в форме круга, знака союза. Их неизменно двенадцать , причем число двенадцать является символом совершенства и целостности.
- Совет Европы. Париж, 7–9 декабря 1955 года.
Были предложены и другие символические интерпретации, основанные на описании его дизайна Полом М. Леви . Пятиконечная звезда используется на многих национальных флагах и символизирует стремление и образование. Их золотой цвет - это цвет солнца, которое, как говорят, символизирует славу и просвещение. [12]
Их расположение в круге представляет созвездие Северной короны и может рассматриваться как корона и стабильность правительства. Синий фон напоминает небо и символизирует истину и интеллект. Это также цвет, который традиционно используется для обозначения Девы Марии. На многих картинах Девы Марии в образе Стеллы Марис ее венчает круг из двенадцати звезд. [12]
Интерпретация Мариан
В 1987 году, после принятия флага ЕС, Арсен Хейтц (1908–1989), один из дизайнеров, представивших предложения по дизайну флага, предложил ему религиозное вдохновение. Он утверждал, что круг звезд был основан на иконографической традиции изображения Пресвятой Девы Марии в образе Апокалипсической женщины с «короной из двенадцати звезд». [13] [16]
Хейтц также связал дату принятия флага, 8 декабря 1955 года, совпадающую с католическим праздником Непорочного зачатия Пресвятой Девы Марии.
Поль М.Г. Леви , тогдашний директор по информации Совета Европы, ответственный за разработку флага, в заявлении 1989 года утверждал, что ему не было известно о каких-либо религиозных подтекстах. [17]
В интервью, данном 26 февраля 1998 года, Леви не только отрицал осведомленность о связи с «Мариан», но также отрицал, что окончательный дизайн круга из двенадцати звезд принадлежит Хейтцу. На вопрос "Кто на самом деле разработал флаг?" Леви ответил:
Я сделал, и я рассчитал пропорции, которые будут использоваться для геометрического дизайна. Арсен Хейтц, который был сотрудником почтовой службы, вносил всевозможные предложения, включая 15-звездочный дизайн. Но он представил слишком много проектов. Он хотел сделать европейские валюты с 15 звездочками в углу. Он хотел сделать национальные флаги с изображением флага Совета Европы. [16]
Карло Курти Джалдино (Carlo Curti Gialdino, 2005) реконструировал процесс проектирования таким образом, что предложение Хейтца содержало различное количество звезд, из которых версия с двенадцатью звездами была выбрана Комитетом министров, собравшимся на уровне депутатов в январе 1955 года, как одна из двух оставшихся. кандидатские проекты. [16]
Интервью Леви 1998 года, по-видимому, породило новый вариант анекдота «Мариан». В статье, опубликованной в « Die Welt» в августе 1998 г., утверждалось, что именно Леви был вдохновлен на введение «марианского» элемента, проходя мимо статуи Пресвятой Девы Марии. [18]
В статье, опубликованной в La Raison в феврале 2000 года, далее говорится о подарке Советом Европы 21 октября 1956 года витража для Страсбургского собора . Это окно, работа парижского мастера Макса Инграна , изображает благословляющую Мадонну под кружком. 12 звезд на синем фоне. [19] Общий дизайн Мадонны вдохновлен знаменем Собора Congrégation Mariale des Hommes , и двенадцать звезд находятся на статуе, почитаемой этой конгрегацией внутри собора (двенадцать - это также количество членов совета конгрегации ). [20] Региональное бюро по делам культуры описывает этот витраж под названием «Le vitrail de l'Europe de Max Ingrand» («Стеклянное окно Европы» Макса Ингранда). [21]
Принятие и использование
Вексиллологический
Характеристики
Согласно графических спецификаций , опубликованных на сайте Совета Европы в 2004 году, флаг имеет прямоугольную форму с 2: 3 пропорции: его муха (ширина) составляет один с половиной раза больше длины его подъемника (высота). Двенадцать желтых звезд расположены в центре круга ( радиус которого составляет треть длины подъемника) на синем фоне. Все звезды расположены вертикально (одна точка вверх), имеют пять точек и расположены на равном расстоянии, как положение часов на циферблате . Диаметр каждой звезды равен одной девятой высоты подъемника. [22]
Цвета регулируются в руководстве ЕК 1996 г. [8] и аналогичным образом в руководстве 2004 г. Совета Европы. [22] Базовый цвет флага определяется как « Reflex Blue » по шкале Pantone , а золотые звезды изображены как «желтый» Pantone:
Лазурь | Золото | |
---|---|---|
Pantone | Рефлекс синий | Желтый |
RGB | #003399 [23] | #FFCC00 [23] |
CMYK | 100.80.0.0 [24] | 0.21.100.0 [24] |
Логотип Совета Европы 2013 года имеет следующие цвета: [25]
Лазурь | Золото | |
---|---|---|
Pantone | PMS 287 [26] | ПМС 116 [26] |
RGB | #1E448A | #FDCB0B |
CMYK | 100.67.0.40 | 0.20.100.0 |
Двенадцатизвездный «флаг Европы» был разработан в 1950 году и официально принят Советом Европы в 1955 году. Тот же флаг был принят Европейским парламентом в 1983 году. Европейский совет принял его как «эмблему» для Европейских сообществ. в 1985 году. Его статус в Европейских сообществах был унаследован Европейским Союзом после его образования в 1993 году. Предложение принять его в качестве официального флага Европейского Союза провалилось с ратификацией Европейской конституции в 2005 году и упоминанием всех эмблем, предполагающих Государственность была исключена из Лиссабонского договора 2007 года, хотя шестнадцать государств-членов подписали декларацию в поддержку продолжения использования флага. [27] В 2007 году Европейский парламент официально принял флаг для собственного использования. [28] [ противоречивые ]
1950 – настоящее время: Совет Европы.
Совет Европы в 1950 году назначил комитет для изучения вопроса о принятии символа. Были рассмотрены многочисленные предложения. [29]
Среди неудачных предложений был флаг Рихард фон Куденхов-Калерги «s International панъевропейского союза , который он сам недавно принятым для Европейского парламентского союза . [30] Дизайн представлял собой синее поле с красным крестом внутри оранжевого круга в центре. Калерги был очень привержен защите креста как «великого символа морального единства Европы», в частности , Красный Крест «признан всем миром, христианскими и нехристианскими народами [,] как символ международной благотворительности и братство людей » [31], но это предложение было отклонено Турцией (членом Совета Европы с 1949 г.) на основании ее религиозных объединений [32], несмотря на предложение Калерги добавить полумесяц рядом с крестом для преодоления возражения мусульман. [33]
Другие предложения включали в себя флаг был Европейское движение , который имел большой зеленый Е на белом фоне , [34] дизайн был основан на Олимпийских колец , восемь серебряных колец на синем фоне, отвергнутых из - за сходства колец с " циферблат »,« цепочка »и« нули », или большая желтая звезда на синем фоне, отклонены из-за сходства с так называемым флагом Бернет и флагом Бельгийского Конго . [32]
Консультативная ассамблея сузила свой выбор до двух проектов. Один был написан Сальвадором де Мадариагой , основателем Колледжа Европы , который предложил созвездие звезд на синем фоне [29] (расположенное по столицам, с большой звездой для Страсбурга , резиденции Совета). Он распространил свой флаг по многим европейским столицам, и эта концепция нашла признание. [35] Второй вариант был разработан Арсеном Хейтцем, который работал на почтовую службу Совета и представил десятки дизайнов, [36] один из которых был принят Ассамблеей. Дизайн был похож на дизайн Сальвадора де Мадариага, но вместо созвездия звезды были расположены по кругу. [29] В 1987 году Хайц утверждал, что его вдохновением была корона из двенадцати звезд Женщины Апокалипсиса , часто встречающаяся в иконографии Мариан (см. Ниже ). [13]
25 сентября 1953 года Консультативная ассамблея Совета Европы рекомендовала принять голубой флаг с пятнадцатью золотыми звездами в качестве эмблемы организации, причем число пятнадцать отражает количество государств, входящих в Совет Европы. [37] Западная Германия возражала против пятнадцатизвездного проекта, так как одним из его членов был Саарский протекторат , а наличие собственной звезды означало бы суверенитет для региона. [35] [ необходим лучший источник ] Комитет министров (главный орган Совета, принимающий решения) согласился с Ассамблеей, что флаг должен быть кругом из звезд, но выбрал фиксированное количество из двенадцати звезд, « представляющих совершенство и целостность» . [29] Парламентская ассамблея Совета Европы 25 октября 1955 года согласился на это. Поль М.Г. Леви разработал точный дизайн нового флага. [38] Официально принятый 8 декабря 1955 года флаг был открыт в замке Шато-де-ла-Муэтт в Париже 13 декабря 1955 года. [3] [29]
Предложение Калерги о Панъевропейском союзе
предложение "восемь колец"
"однозвездочное" предложение
Предложение Мадариаги о "созвездии"
Предложение пятнадцати звезд, принятое Консультативной ассамблеей в 1953 году.
Для флага Совета Европы было внесено много стилистических предложений в отношении цветов и символики. Эти первые предложения были сделаны 19 января 1950 года Полем Леви в письме Генеральному секретарю. Он предложил, чтобы на флаге был крест по нескольким причинам. Во-первых, крест символизирует пересечение дорог, а также представляет восток, запад, север и юг своими руками. Кроме того, крест появляется на большинстве флагов членов Европейского Совета и является старейшим и самым благородным символом в Европе. Более того, крест изображал христианство. Что касается цветов, то он предложил использовать белый и зеленый цвета, цвета Европейского движения, имевшего большое значение с 1947 года. Зеленый также символизировал надежду, а зеленый крест на белом фоне был дизайном, который не имел особого значения. еще не использовался. Наконец, Леви предположил, что герб Страсбурга был важным элементом, который нужно было добавить, поскольку он представлял, где будет собор, и его расположение в центре креста означало, что собор был точкой, где сходились европейские дороги. [39]
Вскоре после того, как Пол Леви рассмотрел этот проект, 27 июля 1950 года, Ричард Куденхове-Калерги, президент панъевропейского движения, написал меморандум, в котором содержались некоторые правила, которым должен следовать флаг такого союза. Правила, которые он указал, где: [40]
- Это должен быть символ нашей общей цивилизации.
- На нем должна быть европейская эмблема.
- Он не должен провоцировать национальное соперничество.
- Он должен представлять традицию.
- Он должен быть красивым и достойным.
После этих заявлений Куденхове-Калерги предположил, что флаг Панъевропейского движения был бы идеальным, чтобы соответствовать этим критериям [41]
15 июля 1951 года консультативное собрание выдвинуло заключительный меморандум по европейскому флагу. Предлагаемые символы, где следующие [42]
- Крест: символ христианства, перекрестка Европы, напоминающий крестовые походы и присутствующий на половине флагов государств-членов.
- "E": используется европейским движением .
- Белая звезда в круге: символ, использовавшийся в 1944–45 армиями освобождения .
- Несколько звезд: каждая звезда может представлять члена. Они могут быть зелеными на белом фоне, белыми звездами на красном фоне или серебряными звездами для ассоциированных членов и золотыми звездами для полноправных членов.
- Герб Страсбурга: символизирует официальное местонахождение Совета Европы .
- Солнце: оно олицетворяет зарождающуюся надежду.
- Треугольник: он будет представлять культуру.
Кроме того, было предложено несколько цветов:
- Разноцветный: было предложено, чтобы флаг мог содержать все цвета, которые имеют флаги государств-членов.
- Зеленый и белый: это цвета Европейского движения .
- Небесно-голубой: символ мира и нейтралитета, поскольку другие цвета уже использовались для других движений, таких как черный для траура, красный для большевизма или зеленый для ислама.
В конце концов, для флага Европы было выбрано 12 пятиконечных золотых звезд в круге на синем фоне, вероятно, вдохновленные общеевропейским флагом и другими дизайнами, такими как предложения Сальвадора де Мадриаги и Арсена Хейтца.
Флаг | Дата [a] | Дизайнер | Описание | Источники [b] [43] [44] |
---|---|---|---|---|
1930 г. | Неизвестный | Анонимный эскиз флага для Соединенных Штатов Европы | [45] | |
23 августа 1949 г. | Камилла Манне | Предложение флага Камиллы Мане, гражданина Страсбурга, которое включало все цвета европейских флагов, сделано путем статистического анализа цветов европейских флагов. Его дизайн представлен в виде четырех горизонтальных полос, синей, зеленой, желтой и черной, и шеврона, горизонтально разделенного на красный и белый цвета рядом с подъемником. Шеврон также имеет цвета Страсбурга. | [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] | |
5 июня 1950 г. | Куденхове-Калерги | Граф Ришар Куденхове-Калерджи предложил Жаку-Камилю Пари , генеральному секретарю Совета Европы, использовать флаг Паневропейского движения . | [51] [52] | |
15 июля 1951 г. | Мартин-Леви | Один из хранителей Страсбургского музея и член Генерального секретариата Мартин-Леви предложил белый фон с зеленым крестом с изображением герба Страсбурга в центре. Крест слегка смещен в сторону подъемника, как скандинавские флаги . | [39] [48] [49] [50] | |
Куденхове-Калерги | Граф Куденхов-Калерги предложил белый флаг , несущий красный симметричный крест, также известный как флаг Святого Георгия . | [48] | ||
Принц де Шварценберг | Принц де Шварценберг предположил , что «первый европейский символ», то лабарум от Константина , должен быть принят. Красный флаг с желтым симметричным крестом. | [48] [50] | ||
Люсьен Филипп | Пятнадцать пятиконечных зеленых звезд в три ряда на белом фоне. | [48] [49] [50] | ||
| Луи Вирион | Луи Вирион, люксембургский эксперт в области геральдики, предложил дизайн, основанный на предложении Мартина-Леви, поменяв местами цвета и отказавшись от герба Страсбурга . Однако он согласился с тем, что на белом фоне следует оставить зеленый крест при условии, что герб Страсбурга в центре использовался только для вымпелов членов Совета и флагов, развеваемых на зданиях Совета, и опускался во всех других случаях. | [48] [53] | |
Сомье де Нейи | Соммье предложил дизайн, основанный на флаге Европейского движения , с зеленой буквой E, отделенной от подъемника над белой землей. | [48] | ||
Alwin Mondon | Alwin Mondon, a cartographer of Bad Godesberg, proposed a white triangle, symbol of culture, on various fields. (One of them shown) | [48] | ||
Muller of Wiesbaden | Muller of Wiesbaden proposed a red flag bearing the word "Europa" in gold lettering, with a golden sun and a white hand making the sign of the oath. | [48][49][50] | ||
Harmignies | Harmignies suggested creating a new heraldic device: a Cross of Europe. This cross would consist of four "E"s backed on to a square. He proposed a flag consisting of a green Cross of Europe on a white ground. | [48][49][50] | ||
Poucher | Poucher proposed a federal flag which was virtually the reverse of the flag of the United States of America, with blue bands and a red quarter in one corner. | [48][49][50] | ||
H.C.? | H.C. proposed a horizontally-divided blue-red flag, the upper blue and the lower red. This is the international code sign of the letter "E". Furthermore, these two colours also correspond to those generally adopted by the right and left wing parties respectively. | [48][49][50] | ||
26 September 1951 | Coudenhove-Kalergi | A slight variation of the Paneuropean movement flag that the count Cudenhove-Kalergi proposed but later verbally expressed his intention of withdrawing his proposal. | [49][50] | |
J. E. Dylan | In January 1951 J.E.Dylan proposed on a letter this and other flag with the Star of Liberation surrounded by stars (one for each union member). He also proposed these two designs to have a blue background. The council put forward this proposal, which had a green flag with a white and red Star of Liberation, and the Strasbourg coat of arms on the upper left-hand corner. The star in a circle was in 1944-5 the insignia of the armies of Liberation. | [49][50][54] | ||
Unknown[c] | A similar design to Louis Wirion's flag proposal, but the cross is symmetrical. This design was proposed by those who believed that a green cross on a white background would be too easily soiled. | [49][50] | ||
Unknown | A white Cross of St. Andrew over a green ground. The cross represents one of the oldest and most popular European emblems which has appeared in the case of the Cross of Burgundy, emblem of the "Grand Duchy of the West". | [49][50] | ||
15 October 1951 | Arsène Heitz | Arsène Heitz proposed a green flag, colour of Charlemagne's standard which the Pope Leo III gave to him at his coronation, and a red cross fimbriated in yellow. Red depicts the bloodshed in fratricidal struggles and yellow being the colour of the Pope and Christianity. | [50][55][56] | |
Arsène Heitz | Slight variation of the Cross of St.George, with the heart of the cross located closer to the hoist, in the style of the Nordic Cross. Probably inspired or derived from Count Coudenhove-Kalergi's proposal, so that it wasn't a replica of England's flag. | [49][50][56][57] | ||
1 December 1951 | Salvador de Madariaga | Salvador de Madariaga chose to depict each capital of the member states at that time with a star. The bigger star depicted Strasbourg. Stars were chosen as they depicted the country, but without the need of frontiers. Furthermore, they were eight-pointed depicting the eight chief directions of the compass. | [58] | |
5 January 1952 | Arsène Heitz | A green standard, colour of Charlemagne's standard, with a red cross fimbriated with gold. Each member state, when using the flag, could insert their coat of arms in the heart of the cross. | [57][59] | |
12 May 1952 | Paul Levy | Turkey objected to the Paneuropean proposal due to the fact that there was Christian representation with the red cross, but no Islamic representation. Therefore, Paul Levy proposed adding a small crescent at one of the upper corners of the sun in the flag. | [60][61][62][63] | |
15 November 1952 | Arsène Heitz | Set of European flags which start to resemble more the actual flag of the EU. They show circles of yellow five-pointed stars on a blue field. Heitz, as in his previous January proposal, he suggested that each member state could add its own flag to the design. | [57][64] | |
[57][65] | ||||
[57][66] | ||||
25 September 1953 | Members of the Council of Europe | Fifteen golden five-pointed stars in a circle representing union, over a sky-blue background. | [67][68] | |
12 November 1954 | Arsène Heitz | Blue flag with a yellow eight-pointed star in a red circle. The design is probably inspired in the Paneuropean flag, but instead of having a yellow cross, the shape of a compass rose is added to represent all of Europe. | [57][69] | |
25 December 1954 | Blue flag with a red and white eight-pointed compass rose in the middle, probably chosen so that all member states felt represented. | [57][70] | ||
11 September 1955 | Blue flag with a star in the middle surrounded by twelve secondary stars. This is the most similar flag to the current one, with 12 stars instead of 15, and a star in the middle to probably represent Strasbourg or union. | [57][71] | ||
9 December 1955 | Committee of European Ministers | Blue field with a five-pointed 12-star circle | [72] |
1983–present: From European Communities to European Union
Following Expo 58 in Brussels, the flag caught on and the Council of Europe lobbied for other European organisations to adopt the flag as a sign of European unity.[29] The European Parliament took the initiative in seeking a flag to be adopted by the European Communities. Shortly after the first direct elections in 1979 a draft resolution was put forward on the issue. The resolution proposed that the Communities' flag should be that of the Council of Europe[3] and it was adopted by the Parliament on 11 April 1983.[29]
The June 1984 European Council (the Communities' leaders) summit in Fontainebleau stressed the importance of promoting a European image and identity to citizens and the world. The European Council appointed an ad hoc committee, named "Committee for 'a People's Europe'" (Adonnino Committee).
This committee submitted a substantial report, including wide-ranging suggestions, from organising a "European lottery" to campaigning for the introduction of local voting rights for foreign nationals throughout Europe.[73] Under the header of "strengthening of the Community's image and identity", the Committee suggested the introduction of "a flag and an emblem", recommending a design based on the Council of Europe flag, but with the addition of "a gold letter E" in the center of the circle of stars.[74] The European Council held in Milan on 28/29 June 1985 largely followed the recommendations of the Adonnino Committee. But as the adoption of a flag was strongly reminiscent of a national flag representing statehood and was extremely controversial with some member states (in particular the United Kingdom), the Council of Europe's "flag of Europe" design was adopted only with the official status of a "logo".[75] This compromise was widely disregarded from the beginning, and the "European logo", in spite of the explicit language of giving it the status of a "logo", was referred to as the "Community flag" or even "European flag" from the outset.[76]
The Communities began to use the "emblem" as its de facto flag from 1986, raising it outside the Berlaymont building (the seat of the European Commission) for the first time on 29 May 1986.[77]
The European Union, which was established by the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 to replace the European Communities and encompass its functions, has retained de facto use of the "Community logo" of the EC.[3] Technically and officially, the "European flag" as used by the European Union remains not a "flag" but "a Community 'logo' — or 'emblem' — [...] eligible to be reproduced on rectangular pieces of fabric".[78]
In 1997, the "Central and Eastern Eurobarometer" poll included a section intending to "discover the level of public awareness of the European Union" in what were then candidate countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Interviewees were shown "a sticker of the European flag" and asked to identify it. Responses considered correct were: the European Union, the European Community, the Common Market, and "Europe in general". 52% of those interviewed gave one of the correct answers, 15% gave a wrong answer (naming another institution, such as NATO or the United Nations), and 35% could or would not identify it.[79]
In 2002, Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas designed a new flag, dubbed the "barcode", as it displayed the colours of the national flags of the EU member states in vertical stripes. It was never officially adopted by the EU or any organisation, but it was used as the logo of the Austrian EU Presidency in 2006.[80]
The official status of the emblem as the flag of the European Union was to be formalised as part of the Constitution of the European Union. However, as the proposed constitution failed ratification, the mention of all state-like emblems, including the flag, were removed from the replacement Treaty of Lisbon of 2007.
Instead, a separate declaration by sixteen Member States was included in the final act of the Treaty of Lisbon stating that the flag, the anthem, the motto and the currency and Europe Day "will for them continue as symbols to express the sense of community of the people in the European Union and their allegiance to it."[81]
In reaction to the removal of the flag from the treaty, the European Parliament, which had supported the inclusion of such symbols, backed a proposal to use these symbols "more often" on behalf of the Parliament itself; Jo Leinen, MEP for Germany, suggested that the Parliament should take "an avant-garde role" in their use.[82][clarification needed]
In September 2008, the Parliament's Committee on Constitutional Affairs proposed a formal change in the institution's rules of procedure to make "better use of the symbols". Specifically, the flag would be present in all meeting rooms (not just the hemicycle) and at all official events.[83] The proposal was passed on 8 October 2008 by 503 votes to 96 (15 abstentions).[84]
In 2015, a set of commemorative Euro coin was issued on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the adoption of the emblem by the European Communities.[85]
In April 2004, the European flag was flown on behalf of the European Space Agency, by Dutch astronaut André Kuipers while on board the International Space Station, in reference to the Framework Agreement establishing the legal basis for co-operation between the European Space Agency and the European Union.[86]
Following the 2004 Summer Olympics, President Romano Prodi expressed his hope "to see the EU Member State teams in Beijing [viz., the 2008 games] carry the flag of the European Union alongside their own national flag as a symbol of our unity".[87] Use of the flag has also been reported as representing the European team at the Ryder Cup golf competition in the early 2000s, although most European participants preferred to use their own national flags.[88]
The flag has been widely used by advocates of European integration since the late 1990s or early 2000s. It is often displayed in the context of Europe Day, on 9 May. Outside the EU, it was used in the context of several of the "colour revolutions" during the 2000s. In Belarus, it was used on protest marches alongside the banned former national flag and flags of opposition movements during the protests of 2004–2006.[89] The flag was used widely in a 2007 pro-EU march in Minsk.[90] Similar uses were reported from Moldova.[failed verification][91]
In Georgia, the flag has been on most government buildings since the coming to power of Mikheil Saakashvili (2007),[92] who used it during his inauguration,[93] stating: "[the European] flag is Georgia's flag as well, as far as it embodies our civilisation, our culture, the essence of our history and perspective, and our vision for the future of Georgia."[94]
It was used in 2008 by pro-western Serbian voters ahead of an election.[95]
The flag became a symbol of European integration of Ukraine in the 2010s, particularly after Euromaidan. Ukraine is not a part of the EU but is a member of the Council of Europe. The flag is used by the Cabinet of Ukraine, Prime Minister of Ukraine, and MFA UA during official meetings.[96] It was flown during the 2013 Euromaidan protests in Ukraine,[97][98][99] and in 2016 by the pro-EU faction in the EU membership referendum campaigns in the United Kingdom.
The flag has also been adopted as a symbol for EU policies and expansionism by EU-sceptics. In an early instance, Macedonian protesters burned "the flag of the EU" in the context of EU involvement in the 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia.[100] In the 2005 Islamic protests against the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons, the Danish flag was most frequently burned, but (as the cartoons were reprinted in many European countries), some protesters opted for burning "the EU flag" instead.[101] Protesters during the Greek government-debt crisis of 2012 "burned the EU flag and shouted 'EU out' ".[102] Burning of the EU flag has been reported from other anti-EU rallies since.[103]
By the 2010s, the association of the emblem with the EU had become so strong that the Council of Europe saw it necessary to design a new logo, to "avoid confusion", officially adopted in 2013.[25]
The EU emblem ("EU flag") is depicted on the euro banknotes.[104] Euro coins also display a circle of twelve stars on both the national and common sides.[105]
It is also depicted on many driving licences and vehicle registration plates issued in the Union.[106] Diplomatic missions of EU member states fly the EU flag alongside their national flag. In October 2000, the then-new British Embassy in Berlin sparked controversy between the UK and Germany and the EU when the embassy did not have a second external flagpole for the EU flag. After diplomatic negotiations, it was agreed that the outside flagpole would have the diplomatic Union Flag while inside the embassy, the EU flag would accompany the UK flag.[107] Some member states' national airlines such as Lufthansa have the EU flag alongside their national flags on aircraft as part of their aircraft registration codes, but this is not an EU-mandated directive.[108]
A number of logos used by EU institutions, bodies and agencies are derived from the design and colours of the EU emblem.[109]
Other emblems make reference to the European flag, such as the EU organic food label that uses the twelve stars but reorders them into the shape of a leaf on a green background. The original logo of the European Broadcasting Union used the twelve stars on a blue background adding ray beams to connect the countries.
There was a proposal in 2003 to deface national civil ensigns with the EU emblem. The proposal was rejected by Parliament in 2004.[110]
The flag is usually flown by the government of the country holding the rotating presidency Council of Ministers. In 2009, Czech President Václav Klaus, a eurosceptic, refused to fly the flag from his castle. In response, Greenpeace projected an image of the flag onto the castle and attempted to fly the flag from the building themselves.[111]
Extraordinary flying of the flag is common on Europe Day, celebrated annually on 9 May.[95][112][113] On Europe Day 2008, the flag was flown for the first time above the German Reichstag.[95]
The flag has also been displayed in the context of EU military operations (EUFOR Althea).[114]
A KOD demonstration in Warsaw, Poland against the ruling Law and Justice party, on 7 May 2016
Ukrainian and EU flags at Euromaidan, December 2013
European flag upside down at the Pride in London parade, just after the Brexit referendum in June 2016
Flag of the EU in the top left corner of a 100 euro banknote (second series)
European Central Bank logo
The EU uses the emblem in a number of ways, here on vehicle registration plates. The "D" in this photo indicates Germany (Deutschland).
In Italy the European Flag must be displayed alongside the national flag in official ceremonies and over public buildings.
Order of precedence at the state visit of Greek prime minister Antonis Samaras in Berlin (24 August 2012): The Greek flag takes the first order of precedence, followed by the German flag on the right (seen on the left when facing the building) and the European flag in third order, on the left.
German border sign
Sixteen out of twenty-seven member states in 2007 signed the declaration recognising "the flag with a circle of twelve golden stars on a blue background" as representing "the sense of community of the people in the European Union and their allegiance to it."[115] In 2017, president of France Emmanuel Macron signed a declaration endorsing the 2007 statement,[116] so that, as of 2018, 17 out of 27 members have recognised the emblem as a flag representing "allegiance to the EU": Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain.
Italy has incorporated the EU flag into its flag code. According to an Italian law passed in 2000, it is mandatory for most public offices and buildings to hoist the European Flag alongside the Italian national flag (Law 22/1998 and Presidential Decree 121/2000). Outside official use, the flag may not be used for "aims incompatible with European values".[106] The 2000 Italian flag code expressly replaces the Italian flag with the European flag in precedence when dignitaries from other EU countries visit – for example the EU flag would be in the middle of a group of three flags rather than the Italian flag.[117] In Germany, the federal flag code of 1996 is only concerned with the German flag,[118] but some of the states have legislated additional provisions for the European flag, such as Bavaria in its flag regulation of 2001, which mandates that the European flag take the third order of precedence, after the federal and state flags, except on Europe Day, where it is to take the first order of precedence.[119]
In Ireland[120][121] on occasions of "European Union Events" (for example, at a European Council meeting), where the European flag is flown alongside all national flags of member states, the national flags are placed in alphabetical order (according to their name in the main language of that state) with the European flag either at the head, or the far-right, of the order of flags.
In most member states, use of the EU flag is only de facto and not regulated by legislation, and as such subject to ad hoc revision. In national usage, national protocol usually[clarification needed] demands the national flag takes precedence over the European flag (which is usually displayed to the right of the national flag from the observer's perspective). In November 2014, the speaker of the Hungarian Parliament László Kövér ordered the removal of the EU flag from the parliament building, following an incident in which a member of parliament had "defenestrated" two EU flags from a fourth story window.[122] In November 2015, the newly elected Polish government under Beata Szydło removed the EU flag from government press conferences.[123][citation needed]
Производные конструкции
The design of the European flag has been used in a variation, such as that of the Council of Europe mentioned above, and also to a greater extent such as the flag of the Western European Union (WEU; now defunct), which uses the same colours and the stars but has a number of stars based on membership and in a semicircle rather than a circle. It is also defaced with the initials of the former Western European Union in two languages.[124]
The European Parliament used its own flag from 1973, but never formally adopted it. It fell out of use with the adoption of the twelve-star flag by the Parliament in 1983. The flag followed the yellow and blue colour scheme however instead of twelve stars there were the letters EP and PE (initials of the European Parliament in the six community languages at the time) surrounded by a wreath.[125] Sometime later, the Parliament chose to use a logo consisting of a stylised hemicycle and the EU flag at the bottom right.
The flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina, imposed by High Representative Carlos Westendorp, after the country's parliament failed to agree on a design, is reminiscent of the symbolism of the EU flag, using the same blue and yellow colours, and the stars, although of a different number and colour, are a direct reference to those of the European flag.[126]
Likewise, Kosovo uses blue, yellow and stars in its flag, which has been mocked as a "none too subtle nod to the flag of the European Union, which is about to become Kosovo's new best friend as it takes over protector status from the United Nations".[127]
The flag of the Brussels-Capital Region (introduced in 2016) consists of a yellow iris with a white outline upon a blue background. Its colours are based on the colours of the Flag of Europe, because Brussels is considered the unofficial capital of the EU.[128][129]
The blue and yellow colours of the Brussels flag are those of the European Union, of which Brussels is the de facto capital city.[129]
The flag of Bosnia & Herzegovina was partly based on the European flag[130]
Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community (1958–1972)
Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community (1973–1980)
Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community (1981–1985)
Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community (1986–2002)
The flag of Kosovo was partly based on the European flag
Flag of the Western European Union (1993–1995)
Flag of the Western European Union (1995–2011)
Flag of the Assembly of the Western European Union
Flag of the European Parliament (1973–1983)
EU emblem for certification of organic agricultural products
Heraldic
Coat of arms of the Chairman of the European Union Military Committee | |
---|---|
Armiger | Chairman of the European Union Military Committee |
Adopted | 2000[citation needed] |
Blazon | Azure, twelve mullets Or in annulo |
Use | Badge |
The coat of arms of the Chairman of the European Union Military Committee (CEUMC), the highest-ranking officer within the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), depicts the European emblem as a coat of arms, i.e. emblazoned on an escutcheon. In heraldic terms, the European flag is the banner of arms, i.e. the flag design derived from the coat of arms.
Several EU publications related to the CSDP generally, and its prospective development as a defence arm, have also displayed the European emblem in this manner, albeit as a graphical design element rather than an official symbol.[131]
Chairman Michail Kostarakos wearing the heraldic badge
Moldovan and Ukrainian flags displayed as supporters, symbolising the EU's border assistance mission since 2005
The European emblem emblazoned on a chair at the occasion of the 2004 signing of the European Constitution in Rome
The European emblem emblazoned on the Eiffel Tower in 2008
The European emblem emblazoned on the carpet in the European Court of Human Rights
Derivative designs
Arms of Charleroi, Belgium
Arms of Sanvignes-les-Mines, France
Arms of Lerma, Spain
Arms of the European Air Transport Command
Arms of the European Union Military Committee
Arms of the European Union Military Staff
Arms of the Historic Hotels of Europe
Arms of the Balkan Battlegroup
Valleiry
Смотрите также
- Symbols of Europe#Flag
- Symbols of the European Union
- Mariolatry
- Novalis – Christendom or Europa (German: Die Christenheit oder Europa)
- European Fisheries Control Agency#Pennant
- Flags of the European Union's precursors
- Flag of the Western Union
- Flag of the Western European Union
- Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community
- Flags of other European unification movements
- Flag of the Paneuropean Union (adopted 1922)
- Hertenstein Cross of the federalist movements (used in 1946)
- Federalist flag of the European Movement (adopted 1948)
- Other continental flags
- Flag of the African Union
- Flag of the Eurasian Economic Union
Заметки
- ^ Alternatively, it is sometimes called the flag of the European Union when representing the EU. The name "flag of the European Union" is used in e.g. the Italian law no. 22 of 5 February 1998 (bandiera dell'Unione europea), and by the Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l'Europe (Le drapeau de l'Union européenne, 2016).
- ^ Some flags were proposed on several occasions. Therefore, the dates shown are the oldest dates on which the flag was first recorded.
- ^ Most of the documents sourced are from the Council of Europe webpage. Furthermore, some reconstructions were assisted by images of the flag sketches stored in the Digital Research in European Studies. Other reconstructions were made from descriptions in the documents and images provided by the European Council.
- ^ Probably Louis Wirion, who had already talked about reverting the colours in his first proposal.
Рекомендации
- ^ The European flag, Council of Europe, retrieved 8 December 2020
- ^ Emblème du Conseil de l'Europe, Council of Europe, 9 December 1955, retrieved 8 December 2020
- ^ a b c d Council of Europe's Emblems, Council of Europe, archived from the original on 7 August 2007, retrieved 16 August 2007
- ^ "The European flag". The Council of Europe in brief. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
- ^ "The European flag". The Council of Europe in brief. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
- ^ The European flag, Council of Europe. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 15 June 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2019.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ a b (in French) Guide graphique relatif à l'emblème européen (1996), p. 3: Description symbolique: Sur le fond bleu du ciel, les étoiles figurant les peuples d'Europe forment un cercle en signe d'union. Elles sont au nombre invariable de douze, symbole de la perfection et de la plénitude...Description héraldique: Sur fond azur, un cercle composé de douze étoiles d'or à cinq rais, dont les pointes ne se touchent pas. c.f. Graphical specifications for the European Emblem, European Commission, archived from the original on 22 June 2006, retrieved 4 August 2004
- ^ Thirty-sixth meeting of the ministers' deputies: resolution (55) 32 (PDF), Council of Europe, 9 December 1955, archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2009, retrieved 2 February 2008
- ^ "Guide graphique relatif à l'emblème européen" (in French). 1996. p. 3.
Description symbolique: Sur le fond bleu du ciel, les étoiles figurant les peuples d'Europe forment un cercle en signe d'union. Elles sont au nombre invariable de douze, symbole de la perfection et de la plénitude...Description héraldique: Sur fond azur, un cercle composé de douze étoiles d'or à cinq rais, dont les pointes ne se touchent pas.
- ^ "Graphical specifications for the European Emblem". European Commission. Archived from the original on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 4 August 2004.
- ^ a b "European Union Flag : University of Dayton, Ohio". udayton.edu. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
- ^ a b c "Real politics, at last?". The Economist. 28 October 2004. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
- ^ Large full version of the window, venez-chez-domi.fr, archived from the original on 27 February 2009, retrieved 28 January 2009
- ^ p. 309 of "Armorial des prélats Français du XIXème siècle"
- ^ a b c Carlo Curti Gialdino, I Simboli dell'Unione europea, Bandiera – Inno – Motto – Moneta – Giornata. Roma: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato S.p.A., 2005. ISBN 88-240-2503-X, pp. 80–85. Gialdino is here cited after a translation of the Italian text published by the Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe (cvce.eu):
Irrespective of the statements by Paul M. G. Levy and the recent reconstruction by Susan Hood, crediting Arsène Heitz with the original design still seems to me the soundest option. In particular, Arsène Heitz himself, in 1987, laid claim to his own role in designing the flag and to its religious inspiration when he said that 'the flag of Europe is the flag of Our Lady' [Magnificat magazine, 1987].
Secondly, it is worth noting the testimony of Father Pierre Caillon, who refers to a meeting with Arsène Heitz. Caillon tells of having met the former Council of Europe employee by chance in August 1987 at Lisieux in front of the Carmelite monastery. It was Heitz who stopped him and declared "I was the one who designed the European flag. I suddenly had the idea of putting the 12 stars of the Miraculous Medal of the Rue du Bac on a blue field. My proposal was adopted unanimously on 8 December 1955, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception. I am telling you this, Father, because you are wearing the little blue cross of the Blue Army of Our Lady of Fatima".
- ^ European Union: Myths on the flag, Flags of the World, 2002 [1995], retrieved 4 August 2007 "While Count Coudenhove-Kalergi in a personal statement maintained that three leading Catholics within the Council had subconsciously chosen the twelve stars on the model of Apocalypse 12:1, Paul M.G. Lévy, Press Officer of the Council from 1949 to 1966, explained in 1989 that there was no religious intention whatsoever associated with the choice of the circle of twelve stars." Peter Diem, 11 June 2002.
- ^ Pinzka, Thomas (26 August 1998). "Der Sternenkranz ist die Folge eines Gelübdes" [The crown of stars is the result of a vote]. Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 3 November 2018.
- ^ L'origine chrétienne du drapeau européen (in French), atheisme.org, retrieved 21 January 2009
- ^ Congrégation Mariale des Hommes (in French), Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg, 4 February 2004, archived from the original on 14 November 2008, retrieved 24 January 2009
- ^ Le vitrail de l'Europe de Max Ingrand (in French), DRAC Alsace, retrieved 14 October 2017
- ^ a b Graphical specifications for the European flag, Council of Europe, archived from the original on 12 June 2004 "PANTONE REFLEX BLUE corresponds in the web-palette colour RGB:0/0/153 (hexadecimal: 000099) and PANTONE YELLOW corresponds in the web-palette colour RGB:255/204/0 (hexadecimal: FFCC00)."
- ^ a b The 1996 guideline does not include any recommendation for RGB values. The 2004 guideline published online by the CoE recommends "RGB:0/51/153 (hexadecimal: 003399)" for "PANTONE REFLEX BLUE" and "RGB:255/204/0 (hexadecimal: FFCC00)" for "PANTONE YELLOW" for the web palette (the limited 12 bit color space popular at the time). These recommendations are by no means objective or universal. Other recommendations for "Reflex Blue" include:
- #0c1c8c (pantonecolors.org Archived 5 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine)
- #001489 (pantone.com)
- #00209F (colourlovers.com)
- #001789 (e-paint.co.uk)
- #171796 (encycolorpedia.com)
- ^ a b (in French) Guide graphique relatif à l'emblème européen (1996), p. 6: Le jaune est obtenu avec 100% de «Process Yellow». En mélangeant 100% de «Process Cyan» avec 80% de «Process Magenta», on obtient un bleu très semblable au Reflex Blue Pantone.
- ^ a b Council of Europe's new visual identity- Guide, Council of EUrope, 2013.
- ^ a b RGB and CMYK values are those given in the 2013 recommendation. Pantone recommendations for PMS 287: RGB #003087, CMYK 100.75.2.18 (pantone.com); for PMS 116: RGB #FFCD00, CMYK 0.14.100.0 (pantone.com).
- ^ Final Act, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007 C 306–2, p. 267 Declaration 52, consolidated EU treaties.
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[Sander Vermeulen ajoute :] "Quant aux couleurs, elles rappellent celles du drapeau de l'Union européenne dont Bruxelles est la Capitale"
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- The Marian aspect of the European flag being a "secret" to ensure its approbation. (second link)
Внешние ссылки
- Council of Europe on the flag
- Council of Europe historical files on the flag
- EU's graphical specifications for the flag
- The symbols of the European Union: The flag of the Council Europe. Virtual Centre for Knowledge on Europe
- European Union at Flags of the World
- Memorandum on design and designer of European flag