Во время гражданских беспорядков [1] , последовавших за убийством Джорджа Флойда в мае 2020 года, ряд памятников и мемориалов, связанных с расовой несправедливостью, были осквернены, разрушены или сняты, либо были объявлены обязательства по их удалению. Это произошло в основном в Соединенных Штатах , но также и в нескольких других странах. Некоторые из упомянутых памятников были предметом длительных, многолетних усилий по их удалению , иногда с участием законодательства и / или судебных разбирательств. В некоторых случаях удаление было законным и официальным; в других странах , особенно в Алабаме и Северной Каролине , [2] Законы , запрещающие удаление памятников были намеренно разбиты.
Первоначально активисты атаковали памятники Конфедеративным Штатам Америки , их лидерам и военным. Поскольку масштаб протестов расширился и включил другие формы системного расизма , многие статуи Христофора Колумба в Соединенных Штатах были удалены, поскольку он участвовал в злоупотреблениях в отношении коренных американцев, и его прибытие в Америку стало началом геноцида коренных американцев. люди . [3] Статуи Хуниперо Серра , Хуана де Оньяте и Кита Карсона, также участвовавшие в жестоком обращении с коренными американцами, также были снесены или удалены. Также были удалены памятники многим другим местным деятелям, связанным с расизмом. Несколько статуй американских рабовладельцев были также разрушены или удалены, в том числе Томас Джефферсон , Джордж Вашингтон , Улисс С. Грант и Фрэнсис Скотт Ки . [4] [5] [6] Некоторые про- Союз или против рабства памятники были также направлены, как они были замечены воплощают неуважительное отношение к коренным американцам или порабощенному. В одном случае была снесена статуя аболициониста Ганса Христиана Хега . [7]К октябрю 2020 года более сотни символов Конфедерации были «удалены, перемещены или переименованы», как написала Huffington Post по данным Южного юридического центра по вопросам бедности. [8]
В Соединенном Королевстве усилия по удалению и вандализм были сосредоточены на мемориалах фигурам, участвовавшим в трансатлантической работорговле , британском колониализме и евгенике . [9] [10] В Бельгии скульптуры короля Леопольда II стали мишенью из-за его правления во время зверств в Свободном государстве Конго . В Новой Зеландии была удалена статуя британского военного офицера Джона Гамильтона , а в Индии перенесена еще одна статуя колониальной эпохи. В Южной Африке был обезглавлен бюст Сесила Роудса и снесена статуя последнего президента Оранжевого Свободного государства .
Некоторые наблюдатели, в том числе кардинал Тимоти М. Долан , сравнивают вандализм и разрушение памятников и мемориалов с периодом иконоборчества в бывшем Советском Союзе или Культурной революцией в Китайской Народной Республике . [11] [12] Президент США Дональд Трамп осудил действия против статуй как часть « левой культурной революции», направленной на «уничтожение нашей истории», и предложил создать Национальный сад американских героев . [13] [14]
Этот список ограничен успешными удалениями и случаями, когда лицо или организация, обладающие полномочиями, взяли на себя обязательство удалить. Он не включает многие работы, которые были предметом петиций, протестов, порчи или попыток удаления, таких как Мемориал Освобождения в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия, [15] и многие статуи Леопольда II в Бельгии.
Скульптуры и другие памятники [ править ]
Следующие памятники и мемориалы были удалены во время протестов Джорджа Флойда, в основном из-за их связи с расизмом . Большинство из них находится в Соединенных Штатах и в основном посвящено памяти Конфедеративных Штатов Америки (CSA), но некоторые памятники были также удалены в других странах , например, статуи работорговцев в Соединенном Королевстве.
Примечания:
- Памятник или мемориал планируется снести, но он все еще стоит.
- Памятник или мемориал восстановлен.
- Даты указаны в 2020 году, если не указано иное.
Соединенные Штаты [ править ]
Следующие памятники и мемориалы были удалены во время протестов Джорджа Флойда из-за их связи с расизмом в Соединенных Штатах . Самые известные люди, участвовавшие в « Утраченном деле Конфедерации» , а также другие, связанные с геноцидом коренных американцев , сегрегацией в Соединенных Штатах и связанными с этим проблемами.
В некоторых случаях, таких как Памятник солдатам Конфедерации округа Монтгомери и Статуя Джона Мэйсона , памятники уже были перемещены с их первоначального местоположения, иногда более одного раза, в связи с возражениями различных мест.
Памятники Конфедерации [ править ]
Конфедеративные Штаты Америки боролись четыре года война а ( американская гражданская война ) , чтобы сохранить институт рабства. После его поражения все порабощенные афроамериканцы были освобождены и стали гражданами с правом голоса и занимать должности. Федеральных памятники память политики, армейские офицеры, и солдаты Конфедерации. Большинство из них находится в бывших штатах CSA.
По состоянию на 28 августа в этой таблице 84 записи. Она не включает Вирджинию, которая находится во второй таблице ниже.
Это сортируемая таблица . Щелкните вверху столбца, по которому вы хотите отсортировать таблицу.
Памятник / мемориал | Город | Состояние | Объявление об удалении | Удаленный | Средства удаления | Примечания | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Статуя Чарльза Линна | Бирмингем | Алабама | - | 31 мая | Свергнуты протестующими | Повержен протестующими, которые безуспешно пытались снести близлежащий памятник солдатам и морякам Конфедерации . | [16] | |
Памятник солдатам и морякам Конфедерации | Бирмингем | Алабама | 31 мая | 1 июня | Удалено по городу | Мэр сказал, что штраф в размере 25000 долларов за нарушение Закона о сохранении мемориала Алабамы был более доступным, чем цена продолжающихся беспорядков. Штраф уплачен до 10 июля. | [17] [18] [19] [20] | |
Бюст Роберта Э. Ли | Форт Майерс | Флорида | 1 июня | 1 июня | Удалено Сыновьями ветеранов Конфедерации | Удалено из центра города его владельцем, Сынами ветеранов Конфедерации. | [21] | |
Статуя Роберта Э. Ли в средней школе Роберта Э. Ли | Монтгомери | Алабама | - | 1 июня | Свергнуты протестующими | Четыре человека были обвинены в совершении уголовного преступления в связи с удалением этой статуи. | [22] | |
Памятник Конфедерации Бентонвиль | Bentonville | Арканзас | 1 июня | 2 сентября | Планы удаления United Daughters of the Confederacy | Удаление объявлено во время протестов | [23] [24] | |
Памятник Афинским конфедератам | Афины | Грузия | 2 июня | 10 августа | Удалено городом | Мэр и городские комиссары объявили о планах снятия памятника. | [25] [26] [27] | |
Памятник Конфедерации округа Нэш | Скалистая гора | Северная Каролина | 2 июня | 30 июня | Демонтирован и сдан на хранение | Городской совет Роки-Маунт проголосовал за удаление памятника. | [28] [29] | |
Памятник солдатам и морякам Конфедерации | Индианаполис | Индиана | 4 июня | 8 июня | Удалено по городу | Решение о снятии памятника было принято Советом по паркам Индианаполиса в 2017 году, но не было профинансировано. Мэр объявил, что он будет удален. | [30] [31] [32] | |
Статуя Рафаэля Семмеса | Мобильный | Алабама | 5 июня | 5 июня | Удалено по городу | Статуя адмирала ВМС Конфедерации Рафаэля Семмеса удалена из центра города по приказу мэра Сэнди Стимпсона . Штраф в 25 тысяч долларов был уплачен к 10 июля. | [33] [34] [20] | |
Статуя Сэма Дэвиса | Нашвилл | Теннесси | 5 июня | 12 июня | Удалено школой | Статуя солдата Конфедерации Сэма Дэвиса удалена из кампуса Академии Монтгомери Белл . | [35] [36] | |
Памятник Джону Б. Кастлману | Луисвилл | Кентукки | 8 июня | 8 июня | Удалено по городу | Статуя Джона Брекинриджа Кастлмана удалена и помещена в его захоронение на кладбище Кейв-Хилл . | [37] | |
Памятник Конфедерации Джексонвилля | Джексонвилл | Флорида | 9 июня | 9 июня | Удалено по городу | За ночь сняли памятник с монумента Конфедерации в Хемминг-парке , оставив пустой постамент. | [38] | |
Памятник солдату Конфедерации Дентон | Дентон | Техас | 9 июня | 25 июня | Удалено округом | Комиссары округа Дентон проголосовали за то, чтобы убрать памятник и перенести его на другое место. | [39] [40] [41] | |
Мемориальные службы Конфедерации на трибуне | Джексонвилл | Флорида | 9 июня | - | Планы переезда по городам | Мэр объявил об удалении всех памятников Конфедерации, мемориалов и указателей, в том числе на кладбище Старого города . | [42] | |
Памятник Конфедерации | Форт-Уэрт | Техас | 9 июня | 13 июня | Удалено округом Таррант | Комиссия округа проголосовала за демонтаж памятника перед зданием суда округа Таррант . | [43] [44] | |
Дань Флориды женщинам Конфедерации | Джексонвилл | Флорида | 9 июня | - | Планы переезда по городам | Мэр объявил об удалении всех памятников, мемориалов и указателей Конфедерации , в том числе этого в парке Конфедерации . | [42] | |
Несколько исторических маркеров | Джексонвилл | Флорида | 10 июня | - | Планы по удалению мэром Ленни Карри | Объявлены планы по удалению всех памятников Конфедерации, включая эти 8 предметов: Кленовый лист на набережной Нортбанк , Кленовый лист в историческом парке Уолтера Джонса, Дом солдат Конфедерации и моряков Флориды на кладбище Старого города , линия окопов на старом терминале Джексонвилля , стычка у Кедрового ручья на Ленокс-авеню, Воссоединение ветеранов Объединенной конфедерации в 1914 году в парке Конфедерации , 23 информационных знака и 58 табличек на деревьях в историческом заповеднике Кэмп-Милтон и в память о наших любимых предках - указатель земли на кладбище Старого города . | [42] | |
Мемориал солдат Конфедерации | Huntsville | Алабама | 10 июня | 23 октября | Удаление санкционировано единогласным голосованием Комиссии округа Мэдисон. Государственный комитет по рассмотрению заявлений заявил, что у них нет юридических полномочий санкционировать удаление; сослался на генерального прокурора Алабамы. Активисты собрали 25 000 долларов для выплаты штрафа в случае его незаконного снятия. | Мемориал, построенный в 1905 году, расположен перед зданием суда округа Мэдисон . Округ будет оштрафован на 25000 долларов, если он уберет мемориал без одобрения государства в соответствии с законом 2017 года, направленным на защиту исторических сооружений и памятников. Статуя, которая принадлежала Объединенным дочерям Конфедерации, была постепенно удалена с 1:20 до 4:45 23 октября 2020 г. | [45] [20] [46] [47] | |
Глория Виктис | Солсбери | Северная Каролина | 11 июня | 6–7 июля | Два единогласных голоса городского совета, плюс начальник полиции объявили это угрозой для общественной безопасности. | 20 июня УДК подписал предложение города о переносе скульптуры на Старое лютеранское кладбище. | [48] [49] [50] | |
Дух Конфедерации | Хьюстон | Техас | 11 июня | 17 июня | Удалено по городу | Перенести в Хьюстонский музей афроамериканской культуры . | [51] [52] [53] | |
Статуя Ричарда У. Доулинга | Хьюстон | Техас | 11 июня | 17 июня | Вывозится по городу, разбирается и помещается на хранение | Первоначальные планы по перемещению статуи Дика Даулинга в Государственное историческое место на поле битвы Сабин-Пасс были сорваны из-за возражений мэра Порт-Артура . Окончательное расположение не определено. | [54] [51] [55] | |
Мемориал Конфедерации Гадсдена | Куинси | Флорида | 11 июня | 11 июня | Крейн, чтобы убрать его, появился через 30 минут после единогласного голосования окружных комиссаров. | Удалено с фасада здания суда округа Гадсден. Переселится в течение шести месяцев. | [56] [57] [58] | |
Военный мемориал Конфедерации | Даллас | Техас | 12 июня | 24 июня | Удалено по городу | Помещен на хранение, чтобы предотвратить травмы протестующих во время потенциальных попыток вандализма, до разрешения ранее существовавшего судебного спора по поводу решения. | [59] [60] | |
Памятник Конфедерации округа ДеКалб | Decatur | Грузия | 12 июня | 18 июня | Снос памятника распорядился судьей Верховного суда Грузии | Памятник был удален судьей Верховного суда Кларенсом Силигером на том основании, что он представляет собой нарушение общественного порядка в соответствии с кодексом штата Джорджия. | [61] [62] | |
Статуя Джефферсона Дэвиса | Франкфорт | Кентукки | 12 июня | 13 июня | Удалено государством | Консультативная комиссия по историческим свойствам проголосовала за перемещение статуи из ротонды Капитолия в Государственное историческое место Джефферсона Дэвиса . Удалено на следующий день. | [63] | |
Стенд Уэти и фонтан Солдат Конфедерации | Tahlequah | Оклахома | 13 июня | 13 июня | Удалено Cherokee Nation | Уэти возглавлял союзников Конфедерации чероки. Фонтан был посвящен в 1913 году дочерям Конфедерации, а не нации чероки. | [64] | |
Памятник Стенду Вати | Tahlequah | Оклахома | 13 июня | 13 июня | Удалено Cherokee Nation | Памятник был посвящен в 1921 году дочерям Конфедерации, а не нации чероки. | [64] | |
Памятник солдатам Конфедерации округа Питт | Гринвилл | Северная Каролина | 15 июня | 22 июня | Удалено округом | Округ, в котором находится статуя, проголосовал за немедленное удаление по «причине угрозы общественной безопасности». | [65] [66] | |
Округ Вашингтон, памятник Конфедерации Миссисипи | Гринвилл | Миссисипи | 16 июня | Окружная комиссия проголосовала 4–1 за то, чтобы убрать памятник со своего места перед зданием суда. | [67] | |||
Памятник Конфедерации Ибервильского прихода | Plaquemine | Луизиана | 16 июня | Приходской совет единогласно проголосовал за удаление. | [68] [69] | |||
Памятник Зебулону Бэрду Вэнсу | Эшвилл | Северная Каролина | 16 июня | Строительные леса построены, памятник окутан 9 июля. | Городской совет Эшвилла и Совет графства Банкомб | Советы города и округа единогласно приняли совместное решение о сносе памятника. United Daughters of the Confederacy должны удалить его немедленно, иначе город и округ удалит его. | [70] [71] | |
Памятник солдатам Конфедерации округа Монтгомери | Паром Уайта , Дикерсон | Мэриленд | 16 июня | Удалено частным владельцем, который также переименовал паром в генерала Джубала А. Ранний . | До 2017 года он стоял перед зданием суда округа Монтгомери в Роквилле, штат Мэриленд . | [72] | ||
Привет, Реб! | Лас Вегас | Невада | 16 июня | 16 июня | Удалено Университетом Невады, Лас-Вегас | Статуя представляет собой изображение Эй, Реб! , талисман UNLV Rebels . Он был подарен университету в 2007 году и до его удаления находился за пределами Центра выпускников Ричарда Тэма. | [73] | |
Памятник добровольцам 60-го полка СК и битве при Чикамауге | Эшвилл | Северная Каролина | 17 июня | 14 июля | Удалены Buncombe County комиссии | Ранее располагался перед зданием окружного суда. | [74] [75] [76] | |
Шоссе Роберта Ли Дикси, полковник Джон Конналли Маркер | Эшвилл | Северная Каролина | 17 июня | 10 июля | Удалены совместно Комиссия округа Банкомб и город Эшвилл | Сдан на хранение. База оставлена для использования в будущем. | [74] [77] | |
Памятник Конфедерации коровам на Голгофе | Завод Город | Флорида | 18 июня | 11 июня (за неделю до анонса) | Удалено горсоветом, сдано на хранение | Памятник 1-му особому кавалерийскому батальону Флориды, также известный как «Коровья Голгофа», поскольку они защищали сельскохозяйственные угодья во время войны. Памятник был установлен организацией «Объединенные дочери Конфедерации» в 2007 году на государственной земле без разрешения властей города. Городские власти обращаются в УДК с просьбой вынести памятник из хранилища. | [78] | |
Мемориал Джефферсона Дэвиса в Боулдере | Brownsville | Техас | 17 июня | Удалено по городу | Удалено из Вашингтонского парка. | [79] | ||
Маркер Роберта Э. Ли на шоссе | Сан Диего | Калифорния | 18 июня | Удалено San Diego Parks and Recreation and Stockdale Capital Partners. | Маркер был расположен в парке Хортон Плаза до его удаления. | [80] | ||
Мемориал роте А Стражей Капитолия | Маленький камень | Арканзас | 18 июня | Удалено по городу | Статуя будет помещена в хранилище, пока не будет найдено место для нее. | [81] | ||
Памятник Конфедерации штата Северная Каролина | Raleigh | Северная Каролина | 19 июня | 19 июня | Две статуи, снятые протестующими; остаток удален рабочей бригадой | Протестующие снесли две статуи у основания памятника, протащили одну по улицам и повесили на уличном фонаре. Удаление остатка приказал губернатор Рой Купер вскоре после этого. | [82] [83] | |
Мемориал Альберта Пайка | Вашингтон | район Колумбии | 19 июня | Свергнуты и подожжены протестующими в июне | Статуя была закована в цепи перед тем, как ее сбросить. Правительство DC хотел снять работу в 2017 году, но не может сделать это без акта конгресса. | [84] [85] [86] [87] | ||
Памятник Конфедерации Пайн Блафф | Pine Bluff | Арканзас | 20 июня | 20 июня | Судья графства и Объединенные дочери Конфедерации | Статуя была удалена из здания суда округа Джефферсон в рамках соглашения о сотрудничестве между судьей округа Джефферсон Джеральдом Робинсоном и Объединенными дочерьми Конфедерации. Статуя была перенесена в неизвестное место, где ее можно очистить и отремонтировать. | [88] | |
Статуя Генри Лоусона Вятта | Raleigh | Северная Каролина | - | 21 июня | Удален приказом губернатора | Удаление приказано губернатором Роем Купером после того, как протестующие удалили статуи у подножия монумента Конфедерации. | [83] | |
Памятник женщинам Конфедерации Северной Каролины [a] | Raleigh | Северная Каролина | - | 21 июня | Удален приказом губернатора | Удаление приказано губернатором Роем Купером после того, как протестующие удалили статуи у подножия монумента Конфедерации. | [83] | |
Знак и статуя Мемориального моста солдат Конфедерации | Clarksville | Теннесси | Неделя с 15 июня | Удалено по городу | Знак и памятник якобы были сняты для их же безопасности. | [89] | ||
Маркер могилы солдата Конфедерации | Серебряная весна | Мэриленд | 17 июня | Свергнуты протестующими | Статуя находилась в епископальной церкви Грейс. На нем отмечены останки семнадцати неопознанных солдат Конфедерации, убитых во время битвы за Форт Стивенс . | [90] | ||
Памятник Конфедерации | Оксфорд | Миссисипи | 18 июня | 14 июля | Переехала Университет Миссисипи | Статуя ранее располагалась перед главным административным зданием университета. Это было место восстания сторонников сегрегации в 1962 году и протеста сторонников Конфедерации в 2019 году. Статуя ранее подвергалась вандализму протестующими. Он будет перенесен на кладбище конфедератов в университетском городке. | [91] [92] | |
Обелиск Мемориала Конфедерации | Святой Августин | Флорида | 22 июня | 22 июня 2020 года городские комиссары проголосовали за перенос обелиска. | [93] | |||
Памятник "Нашим погибшим конфедератам" | Луисбург | Северная Каролина | 22 июня | 29 июня | Удалено по городу | Городской совет Луисбурга проголосовал за перенос памятника на кладбище Оквуд. | [94] [95] | |
Памятник Конфедерации округа Лефлор | Гринвуд | Миссисипи | 23 июня | Окружная комиссия единогласно проголосовала за перенос памятника перед зданием суда. | [96] | |||
Наши солдаты Конфедерации | Бомонт | Техас | 23 июня | 29 июня | Городской совет Бомонта проголосовал за его удаление. | [97] [98] | ||
Памятник солдатам Конфедерации графства Уоррентон | Warrenton | Северная Каролина | 23 июня | 24 июня | Удалено округом, помещено на хранение | Комиссары округа единогласно проголосовали за демонтаж памятника | [99] | |
Гранвилл Грей | Оксфорд | Северная Каролина | 24 июня | 24 июня | Удалено округом, помещено на хранение | Комиссары округа Гранвиль проголосовали за демонтаж памятника после того, как прозвучали угрозы снести памятник. Округ объявил, что позже проголосует за то, куда перенести памятник. | [100] | |
Иуда Бенджамин | Шарлотта | Северная Каролина | 24 июня | Удалено по городу | Маркер состоял из черного гранита и располагался возле тротуара. Его оплатила местная синагога в конце 1940-х годов. Местное отделение «Дочерей Конфедерации» первоначально предлагало разместить маркер, но они прекратили поддержку после того, как банкир из Нью-Йорка сказал не работать с евреями. | [101] | ||
Памятник Конфедерации округа Ленуар | Кинстон | Северная Каролина | 25 июня | 1 июля | Удалено Советом уполномоченных округа Ленуар | Статуя была перенесена из туристического центра округа Ленуар в парк поля битвы Первой битвы при Кинстоне. Это уже пятый раз, когда статую перемещают. | [102] | |
Мемориал Конфедерации | Уилмингтон | Северная Каролина | Не объявлено | 25 июня | Временно удалено по городу | [103] | ||
Памятник Джорджу Дэвису | Уилмингтон | Северная Каролина | Не объявлено | 25 июня | Временно удалено по городу | Дэвис был сенатором и генеральным прокурором Конфедерации. | [103] | |
Мемориал Конфедерации | Minden | Луизиана | Не объявлено | 26 июня | Удалено владельцем United Daughters of the Confederacy. | [104] | ||
Памятник Конфедерации | Fayetteville | Северная Каролина | Не объявлено | 27 июня | Удалено владельцем United Daughters of the Confederacy. | [105] | ||
Памятник мертвым конфедератам (район Сенокосов) | Fayetteville | Северная Каролина | Не объявлено | 27 июня | Удалено владельцами, Сыновьями ветеранов Конфедерации и Объединенными дочерьми Конфедерации. | [106] | ||
Округ Лаундс, Алабама , Памятник Конфедерации | Hayneville | Алабама | 29 июня | Удаление приказано округом | Мемориал расположен недалеко от здания суда округа Лаундс. Округ ожидает наложения штрафа в соответствии с Законом о сохранении мемориала Алабамы . | [107] | ||
Мемориал стрелков Канава | Чарльстон | Западная Виргиния | 29 июня | 29 июня | Удалено по городу | Памятник представлял собой стоящую мемориальную доску, соединенную с двумя каменными скамьями; скамейки не убирались. | [108] | |
Статуя солдата Конфедерации | Фредерик | Мэриленд | 29 июня (обнаружено) | Повергнуты и обезглавлены; вряд ли будет отремонтирован | [109] | |||
Памятник Конфедерации округа Рокдейл | Коньерс | Грузия | 30 июня | Удалены Рокдейл комиссии | [110] [111] [112] | |||
Памятник Конфедерации | Orangeburg | Южная Каролина | 30 июня | Удаление требует 2 / 3 голосов в Южной Каролине Законодательного собрания. | Городской совет Оранджвилля единогласно проголосовал за удаление. | [113] | ||
Монумент конфедератов ( кладбище Кросс-Крик ) | Fayetteville | Северная Каролина | - | 30 июня | Удалено владельцем | Самый старый памятник Конфедерации в Северной Каролине. | [114] | |
Раб для порки | Джорджтаун | Делавэр | 29 июня | 1 июля | Удалено государством | [115] | ||
Статуя Альфреда Мутона | Лафайет | Луизиана | 1 июля | Мэр Лафайета сделал публичное заявление; просит отменить судебный запрет 1980 года | [116] | |||
Две статуи в память об определенных событиях | McConnellsburg | Пенсильвания | 2 июля | Первая статуя - это исторический маркер в память о стычке, в которой погибли два солдата Конфедерации, отделившихся от своего подразделения. Второй мемориал посвящен трапезе, которую подарили солдатам Конфедерации жители Макконнеллсбурга после сожжения Чемберсбурга в 1864 году . Также были удалены два исторических маркера, отмечающие одни и те же события. | [117] | |||
Mt. Монумент Конфедерации Сиона | Корнелиус | Северная Каролина | 2 июля | Правление церкви потребовало его удаления | [118] | |||
Памятник бригадному генералу Конфедерации Альберту Дженкинсу | Hampden Township | Пенсильвания | 3 июля (подтверждено) | Удалено собственником земли | [119] | |||
Статуя Бенджамина Уэлча Оуэнса | Лотиан | Мэриленд | 3 июля (обнаружено) | Свергнуты протестующими | Статуя также подверглась вандализму в июне. | [120] | ||
Мемориал ветеранов Объединенных Конфедераций | Сиэтл | Вашингтон | - | 3/4 июля | Свергнуты протестующими | Памятник был снесен неизвестными, по всей видимости, 3 июля 2020 года. При этом нижние концы обеих ранее вертикальных колонн были сломаны в нескольких местах. | [121] | |
Памятник Иуде П. Бенджамину | Сарасота | Флорида | Середина июня | 5 июля | Удалено сити-менеджером | Удалено вместе с маркером, посвященным Бенджамину. | [122] | |
Мемориал Конфедерации на мысе Жирардо | Мыс Жирардо | Миссури | 20 августа | Удалено городским советом | [123] | |||
Памятник Конфедерации округа Боливар | Кливленд | Миссисипи | 6 июля | Комиссары округа единогласно проголосовали за перенос статуи | [124] | |||
Округ Лаундс, Миссисипи , солдат Конфедерации | Колумбус | Миссисипи | 6 июля | Комиссары округа единогласно проголосовали за перемещение статуи. | [124] | |||
Статуя Конфедерации Гринсборо (кладбище Грин-Хилл) | Гринсборо | Северная Каролина | 6 июля | 7 июля | Повержен протестующими; перемещен на хранение | [125] [126] | ||
Монумент конфедератов на площади Ли | Пенсакола | Флорида | 7 июля | Город Пенсакола требует его снятия. Ли-сквер также может быть переименован в Флоридскую площадь. | В ночь на 29 июня памятник был разгромлен красной краской. | [127] [128] Удаление памятника началось 26 октября с удаления 8-футовой части статуи 42-футового памятника. [129] | ||
Памятник Конфедерации округа Генри | McDonough | Грузия | 7 июля | 29 июля | Удалено окружными комиссиями | В разобранном виде, база остается на данный момент | [130] [131] | |
Памятник Конфедерации в здании суда округа Ансон | Wadesboro | Северная Каролина | 7 июля | 8 июля | Удалено округом | [132] | ||
Маркер шоссе Джефферсона Дэвиса | Hwy. 99 возле Бейкерсфилда | Калифорния | 8 июля | 17 июня (за три недели до анонса) | Округ перемещен на склад в музее округа Керн | [133] | ||
Статуя Генри Уоткинса Аллена | Порт-Аллен | Луизиана | 8 июля | Городской совет Порт-Аллена потребовал, чтобы приход Западного Батон-Руж удалил статую. | [134] | |||
Натан Бедфорд Форрест Бюст | Нашвилл | Теннесси | 9 июля | Комиссия штата Теннесси проголосовала за перенос бюста | Бюст в настоящее время находится в столице штата. Планируется переезд в музей, скорее всего, не раньше 2021 года. | [135] | ||
Бюст Шарля Дидье Дре | Жители Нового Орлеана | Луизиана | 10 июля | Повержен протестующими; город не объявил о планах относительно статуи | Бюст в честь офицера Конфедерации Шарля Дидье Дре . Нос статуи ранее был вырезан протестующими. | [136] | ||
Мемориальная скамья Дэвида О. Додда и исторический маркер | Маленький камень | Арканзас | 10 июля | 9 или 10 июля | Удалено по городу | Эти две постройки ранее располагались в парке Макартура. Они чествовали Додда, 17-летнего парня, казненного Союзом за шпионаж в пользу Конфедерации. | [137] | |
Маркер воссоединения Конфедерации 1929 г. | Шарлотта | Северная Каролина | - | 10 июля | Удалено по распоряжению окружного комиссара, сдано на хранение | Маркер ознаменовал воссоединение с ветеранами-конфедератами в 1929 году. Маркер ранее подвергался вандализму в последние годы, и для защиты его окружили стеклянным ограждением. Стеклянный шкаф остался пустым. | [138] | |
Памятник Конфедерации округа Сэмпсон | Клинтон | Северная Каролина | Не объявлено | 11 июля | Поврежден протестующими после того, как городской совет принял постановление, прося округ удалить его | [139] | ||
Памятник Конфедерации округа Паскуотанк | Элизабет-Сити | Северная Каролина | 13 июля | Удаление приказано округом | [140] | |||
Памятник Конфедерации Леонард Парк | Gainesville | Техас | 14 июля | Единогласное голосование городского совета | Планируйте переместить памятник в историческое место на границе графства Грейсон в Денисоне, штат Техас . | [141] [142] | ||
Памятник Конфедерации округа Мэдисон | Мэдисон | Флорида | 14 июля | Чернокожие в комиссии графства проголосовали за удаление, белые - за его уход. | [143] | |||
Мемориал солдат Конфедерации | Macon | Грузия | 14 июля | Городские власти перемещают его, но пока не решено, как оплатить значительную стоимость. Он будет перемещен в Парк Уиттл. | На месте бывшего невольничьего рынка. На втором этапе удаления статуи мемориал Южным женщинам графства может быть перемещен. | [144] | ||
Памятник Конфедерации прихода Каддо | Шривпорт | Луизиана | 20 июля | Приходская комиссия и УДК договорились перенести памятник на другое место до согласования нового места. | Приход построит деревянный ящик вокруг памятника для защиты и укрытия конструкции перед ее перемещением. | [145] | ||
Мемориал войскам Конфедерации Аризоны | Феникс | Аризона | 22 июля | 23 июля | Удалено УДК за ночь | УДК потребовал изъять памятник из государственной собственности и найти новое место в частной собственности | [146] | |
Мемориал Джефферсона Дэвиса шоссе маркер | Золотой Каньон | Аризона | 22 июля | 23 июля | Удалено УДК за ночь | УДК потребовал изъять памятник из государственной собственности и найти новое место в частной собственности | [146] | |
Памятник Конфедерации округа Колдуэлл | Локхарт | Техас | 28 июля | Комиссия округа одобрила удаление | Планы по перемещению статуи в музей округа Колдуэлл | [147] | ||
Памятник Конфедерации округа Гастон | Гастония | Северная Каролина | 4 августа | Комиссия округа проголосовала за перенос статуи | Памятник в настоящее время перед зданием суда. У SCV есть 6 месяцев на то, чтобы подать предложение о новом месте расположения памятника | [148] | ||
Памятник Конфедерации округа Дэвисс | Owensboro | Кентукки | 6 августа | Фискальный суд округа проголосовал за перенос памятника | Финансовый суд учредил комиссию по переселению, чтобы спланировать удаление и найти новое место. Памятник в настоящее время перед зданием суда. | [149] | ||
Памятник Уильяму Уингу Лорингу | Святой Августин | Флорида | Не объявлено | Ночь с 23 на 24 августа | Удалено Университетом Флориды , которому принадлежит земля, на которой он находился. | Лоринг был генералом Конфедерации. | [150] | |
Исторический маркер заявляет, что при Конфедерации Боулинг-Грин был столицей Кентукки. | Боулинг Грин | Кентукки | Не объявлено | c. 25 августа | Удалено администрацией Университета Западного Кентукки . | Франкфорт оставался столицей Союза и контролировал намного больше Кентукки, чем теневое правительство Конфедерации Кентукки . | [151] [152] | |
Памятник Конфедерации округа Патнам | Палатка | Флорида | 25 августа | Комиссары округа Патнэм проголосовали 4–1 за переезд в новое место, еще не выбранное. | [153] | |||
Защитники Юга | Лейк Чарльз | Луизиана | 27 августа | Жюри полиции округа Кальказье проголосовало 10–4 за сохранение памятника | Через две недели после голосования ураган «Лаура» сбил статую памятника с основания. | [154] | ||
Памятник Джону Пелхэму | Энистон | Алабама | начало сентября | 27 сентября | В сентябре 2020 года городской совет Аннистона, штат Алабама, проголосовал 4–1 за удаление памятника артиллерийскому офицеру Конфедерации Джона Пелхэма, расположенного в травянистой медиане главного общественного проспекта в Энистоне с 1905 года. Мэр Аннистона Джек Дрейпер ранее призвал к его удалению в июне 2020 г. | 27 сентября поздно вечером строители успешно демонтировали каменный монумент-обелиск. Тем не менее, все еще существовали планы перенести его в исторический парк Конфедерации. | [155] | |
Монумент Стоунволл Джексону | Сан Диего | Калифорния | 23 июля | 23 июля | Удалено по просьбе United Daughters of the Confederacy . | Памятник Конфедерации снят с участка на городском кладбище, где захоронены солдаты Союза и Конфедерации. Памятник является объектом прошения о сносе с 2017 года. | [156] [157] | |
Монумент Конфедерации на Аптаун-Сквер | Лексингтон | Северная Каролина | 14 октября | 16 октября | Удалено по просьбе United Daughters of the Confederacy . | Несмотря на возражения уполномоченных округа Дэвидсон, монумент Конфедерации, который стоял на городской площади в Лексингтоне с 1902 года, был удален после того, как Верховный суд округа Дэвидсон разрешил городу и дочерям Конфедерации удалить его из этого места. Статуя будет удалена с городской площади поздно ночью на почти пятичасовой период 15–16 октября. | [158] |
Вирджиния [ править ]
В Вирджинии , где столица CSA находилась в Ричмонде , больше всего памятников Конфедерации среди всех штатов США. Изменение в марте 2020 года в законе Вирджинии уже фактически отменило закон, запрещающий удаление исторических памятников, вступивший в силу с 1 июля 2020 года. Это изменение стало возможным, когда избиратели после избрания демократа Ральфа Нортама губернатором в 2017 году дали контроль демократам обеих палат Генеральной Ассамблеи Вирджинии с января 2020 года, впервые за поколение. [159]
Памятник / мемориал | Город | Состояние | Объявление об удалении | Удаленный | Средства удаления | Примечания | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Appomattox | Александрия | Вирджиния | - | 31 мая | Удалено United Daughters of the Confederacy | Владелец, United Daughters of the Confederacy, перенес дату из-за протестов. | [160] | |
Памятник Конфедерации Норфолк | Норфолк | Вирджиния | 2 июня | 16 июня | Удалено по городу | Городской совет одобрил удаление; расположен на месте бывшего работорговли . Статуя Джонни Реба с вершины памятника удалена 12 июня; Остаток памятника снят к 16 июня. | [161] [162] [163] | |
Памятник Роберту Э. Ли | Ричмонд | Вирджиния | 3 июня | - | Планы по удалению по штатам | Губернатор объявил об удалении «как можно скорее»; памятник на государственной земле. | [164] [165] | |
Памятник ИЭБ Стюарту | Ричмонд | Вирджиния | 3 июня | 7 июля | Удалено городом Ричмонд [166] | Запланированный снос четырех памятников Конфедерации на территории города. [167] После того, как статуя Стюарта была удалена, статуя Роберта Э. Ли стала последним уцелевшим памятником Конфедерации, расположенным на Монумент-авеню Ричмонда. [168] | ||
Монумент Стоунволл Джексону | Ричмонд | Вирджиния | 3 июня | 1 июля | Удалено городом Ричмонд | Запланированный снос четырех памятников Конфедерации на территории города. | [167] [169] | |
Памятник Мэтью Фонтейну Мори | Ричмонд | Вирджиния | 3 июня | 2 июля | Удалено городом Ричмонд | Один из четырех памятников Конфедерации на территории города. | [167] | |
Блокировка аукциона рабов | Фредериксбург | Вирджиния | 2019 г. | 5 июня | Удалено по городу | Блок аукциона рабов был удален из центра города и будет выставлен в Областном музее Фредериксбурга . | [170] | |
Мемориал Роберта Э. Ли | Роанок | Вирджиния | 5 июня | 23 июля | Свергнутый и поврежденный митингующим, город впоследствии снял памятник | Городской совет ранее проголосовал за то, чтобы начать судебный процесс по удалению памятника и переименованию Lee Plaza. Город будет хранить памятник до тех пор, пока судьба статуи не будет определена | [171] [172] | |
Статуя Уильямса Картера Викхема | Ричмонд | Вирджиния | - | 6 июня | Свергнуты протестующими | Слетел с основания и упал на землю. | [173] | |
Мемориал Джефферсона Дэвиса | Ричмонд | Вирджиния | 3 июня | 10 июня | Статуя Дэвиса, снесенная протестующими; остальная часть мемориала не пострадала | Запланированный снос четырех памятников Конфедерации на территории города. Протестующие сбросили статую с постамента 10 июня. | [167] [174] | |
Памятник Конфедерации | Портсмут | Вирджиния | 9 июня | 10 июня | Четыре статуи обезглавлены и одна разрушена протестующими | Городская кампания по его удалению уже ведется. | [175] [176] | |
Мемориальные доски и витражи в епископальной церкви Святого Павла | Ричмонд | Вирджиния | 14 июня | Одобрено ризницей удаление семи табличек, «связанных с эпохой и идеологией « Утраченного дела », и повторное освящение витражей, установленных в качестве памятников Роберту Э. Ли , Джефферсону Дэвису и их семьям. | Это церковь, которую Ли и Дэвис посещали в Ричмонде; Джефферсон Дэвис был членом. Окна и таблички не содержат боевых флагов или изображений Конфедерации. | [177] | ||
Памятник гаубице | Ричмонд | Вирджиния | 16 июня | 16 июня | Свергнуты протестующими | С постамента сняли на веревке. Был расположен недалеко от кампуса Монро-Парк Университета Содружества Вирджинии. | [178] | |
Памятник Конфедерации округа Лаудон | Leesburg | Вирджиния | 26 июня | 21 июля | Удалено в ночное время УДК | Округ проголосовал за удаление памятника | [179] [180] | |
Памятник солдатам и морякам Конфедерации | Ричмонд | Вирджиния | 1 июля | 8 июля | Удалено по городу | Шестой памятник Конфедерации, принадлежащий городу, приказал убрать мэр Ричмонда Левар Стони 1 июля. | [181] | |
Две пушки Конфедерации | Ричмонд | Вирджиния | 2 июля | Удалено по городу | Одна из пушек находилась возле мемориала Артура Эша; на мемориальной доске утверждалось, что пушка обозначала вторую линию обороны Ричмонда Конфедерацией. Вторая пушка находилась недалеко от мемориала Джефферсона Дэвиса. | [182] | ||
Фитцхью Ли кросс | Ричмонд | Вирджиния | 9 июля | Удалено по городу | Фитцхью служил генерал-майором в армии Конфедерации, а затем губернатором Вирджинии. | [183] | ||
Статуя Джозефа Брайана | Ричмонд | Вирджиния | 9 июля | Удалено по городу | Брайан владел Richmond Times-Dispatch и служил в рейнджерах Мосби во время Гражданской войны. | [183] | ||
Статуя Конфедерации Фармвилл | Фермерская вилла | Вирджиния | 15 июня | 18 июня | Удаление по решению городского совета | Постамент, поддерживающий статую солдата, не был снят. Статуя была помещена в хранилище за пределами территории в ожидании окончательной утилизации или перемещения. | [184] | |
Бюст Хантера Холмса Макгуайра | Ричмонд | Вирджиния | 16 июля | Комитет Университета Содружества Вирджинии рекомендовал удалить бюст из библиотеки, а также удалить несколько эпидемий и переименовать несколько зданий вокруг кампуса. | [185] | |||
Памятник Конфедерации Вирджиния-Бич | Вирджиния Бич | Вирджиния | 23 июля | 25 июля | Удалено городским советом | Помещенный на хранение, город будет запрашивать у музеев предложения по переезду. | [186] | |
Статуя Роберта Э. Ли Бюсты Фитцхью Ли, Джей Би Стюарт, Стоунволл Джексон, Джозеф Э. Джонстон, Джефферсон Дэвис и Александр Стивенс Мемориальная доска для Томаса Бокока | Ричмонд | Вирджиния | 24 июля | 24 июля | Удалено по приказу спикера палаты представителей Эйлин Филлер-Корн | Одна статуя, шесть бюстов и одна мемориальная доска, посвященная лидерам Конфедерации, были удалены из зала Старого дома Капитолия штата Вирджиния , где лидеры повстанцев встречались, когда Ричмонд был столицей Конфедерации. Филлер-Корн объявил о создании консультативной группы, которая предложит новые мемориалы для Дома. | [187] | |
Памятник компании H | Ньюпорт-Ньюс | Вирджиния | 12 августа | Городской совет проголосовал 6–1 за удаление | Памятник ветеранам Конфедерации роты H 32-й пехотной дивизии Вирджинии был закрыт с 11 июня. | [188] | ||
Памятник Конфедерации округа Кэролайн | Боулинг Грин | Вирджиния | 25 августа | Caroline County Попечительский совет единогласно проголосовал убрать памятник. | [189] | |||
Мемориал Конфедерации (« Готово ») 1909 г. | Шарлоттсвилль | Вирджиния | 12 сентября | Удалено округом | [190] |
Геноцид коренных народов [ править ]
Памятники, посвященные лицам, обвиняемым в причастности к геноциду коренных народов Америки, были удалены. [191] [192]
Хуан де Оньяте , когда губернатор в Санта - Фе - де - Нуэво Мехико , был ответственным за 1599 Acoma Massacre . Хуниперо Серра , францисканский монах , была вовлечена в порабощении чумаш в 18 веке для строительства и поставки из испанских миссий в Калифорнии . [193] [194] [195] Диего де Варгас , также губернатор Санта-Фе-де-Нуэво, Мексика, возглавил завоевание территории в 1692 году после восстания пуэбло 1680 года.
Горстка городов в Испании предложила принять статуи испанцев, нежелательных в США [196]
Памятник / мемориал | Город | Состояние | Объявление об удалении | Удаленный | Средства удаления | Примечания | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Конная статуя Хуана де Оньяте | Алькальд | Нью-Мексико | 15 июня | 15 июня | Временно удален властями округа Рио-Арриба | Правая ступня статуи была отрезана и украдена в 1997 году в связи с резней акомы Оньяте , в которой правая ступня каждого мужчины старше 25 лет была отрезана. | [197] [198] | |
Статуя Хуана де Оньяте | Альбукерке | Нью-Мексико | - | 16 июня | Удалено городом в ожидании решения о дальнейших действиях | Статуя перед музеем Альбукерке удалена после того, как вооруженный контрпротестующий застрелил протестующего. | [199] [200] | |
Статуя Диего де Варгаса | Санта-Фе | Нью-Мексико | 17 июня | 18 июня | Удаление по распоряжению мэра | Варгаса помнят за отвоевание Санта-Фе-де-Нуэво-Мехико после восстания Пуэбло . Статуя была удалена из Соборного парка под руководством мэра Алана Уэббера . | [201] | |
Обелиск Кита Карсона | Санта-Фе | Нью-Мексико | 18 июня | Удаление по распоряжению мэра | Перед зданием федерального суда | [202] | ||
Памятник Гражданской войне | Денвер | Колорадо | 25 июня | 25 июня | Свергнуты протестующими | Памятник чествует жителей Колорадо, служивших в армии Союза. В нем перечислены битвы против коренных американцев в дополнение к битвам против Конфедерации. Самым спорным было то, что резня в Санд-Крик (массовое убийство коренных американцев шайеннов и арапахо) была указана как битва. | [203] | |
Военный мемориал американских индейцев или памятник солдатам 1867/1868 | Санта-Фе | Нью-Мексико | 25 июня | 12 октября | Удаление по распоряжению мэра; свергнут протестующими | Обелиск на площади Санта-Фе был ознаменован битвами против коренных американцев (ранее в надписи называемых «дикие индейцы»), а также с солдатами Союза во время Гражданской войны. Разрушен во время протестов в честь Дня коренных народов . | [202] [204] [205] [206] | |
Статуя отца Серры | Вентура | Калифорния | 15 июля | 26 июля | Городской совет Вентуры проголосовал за удаление 6–0 (включая деревянную копию, выполненную местными резчиками). Предварительно согласовано с мэром и представителями группы индейцев миссии Барбареньо / Вентуреньо и миссии Сан-Буэнавентура . | 1936 комиссии перед Ventura Здания окружного суда по администрации Прогресса работ в рамках Федерального Art Project | [207] [208] [209] | |
Статуя Хуниперо Серра | Сан-Франциско | Калифорния | 19 июня | 19 июня | Свергнуты протестующими | Был установлен в парке Золотые ворота | [210] | |
Статуя Хуниперо Серра | Лос-Анджелес | Калифорния | 20 июня | 20 июня | Свергнуты протестующими | Был выставлен на улице Ольвера , в центре Лос-Анджелеса, когда он был мексиканским. | [211] | |
Статуя Хуниперо Серра | Сан-Луис-Обиспо | Калифорния | 22 июня | 22 июня | Удалено католической церковью | Был выставлен на территории миссии Сан-Луис-Обиспо | [212] [213] | |
Статуя Хуниперо Серра | Кармель | Калифорния | 23 июня | Удалено городом в качестве меры предосторожности | В Кармеле есть несколько статуй Серры. Это Жо Мора , на пересечении Серра-авеню и Камино-дель-Монте. | [214] | ||
Статуя Кита Карсона , Пионерский фонтан | Денвер | Колорадо | 26 июня | 26 июня | Удалено по городу | Статуя Карсона была третьей статуей, удаленной в Денвере за два дня; его сняли, чтобы не допустить его падения протестующими. | [215] | |
Статуя Хуниперо Серра | Сан-Габриэль | Калифорния | Не объявлено | Примерно 30 июня | Перемещен с передней части миссии в сад, который описывается как «подальше от общественности». | [216] | ||
Статуя Хуниперо Серра | Сакраменто | Калифорния | 4 июля | Свергнуты протестующими | [217] | |||
Статуя Джона Мейсона | Виндзор | Коннектикут | 6 июля | Город должен получить одобрение от государства, которому принадлежит статуя, чтобы переместить ее в Историческое общество Виндзора. | Мэйсона помнят за его роль в резне Pequot . | [218] | ||
Памятник Александру Андреевичу Баранову | Ситка | Аляска | 14 июля | Ассамблея Ситки проголосовала 6–1 за то, чтобы переместить статую с фасада Зала Столетия Харриган в Исторический музей Ситки. | Баранов был главным менеджером Российско-американской компании, участвовавшей в российской колонизации Аляски , включая основание Ситки (как Новый Архангел) и Кадьяка (как Павловская Гавань). Утверждается, что он был причастен к геноциду коренных тлинкитов и алеутов . | [219] [220] | ||
Теодор Рузвельт, Rough Rider Александр Фимистер Проктор , 1922 г. | Портленд | Орегон | - | 11 октября | Свергнуты протестующими | Повержен в ходе акции протеста (именуемой « День гнева коренных народов ») против Дня Колумба . Рузвельт имел враждебное отношение к коренным американцам. | [221] [222] | |
Статуя Авраама Линкольна Джордж Файт Уотерс, 1926 год. | Портленд | Орегон | - | 11 октября | Свергнуты протестующими | Эта статуя была свергнута вскоре после того, как неподалеку стояла статуя Рузвельта. «Дакота 38» была нарисована аэрозольной краской на пьедестале, отсылка к тому, что Линкольн одобрил казнь 38 дакотцев после Дакотской войны 1862 года . | [222] [223] |
Христофор Колумб [ править ]
Several statues of Christopher Columbus, the initiator of the European colonization of the Americas, have been removed because of his alleged enslavement of and systemic violence against the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean, including the genocide of the Taíno people.
Monument/memorial | City | State | Removal announced | Removed | Means of removal | Notes | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Statue Ferruccio Legnaioli, 1926 | Richmond | Virginia | June 9 | June 9 | Toppled by protesters | The statue was toppled, lit on fire, and dumped in a nearby lake by protesters who stated that they were acting in solidarity with Native Americans. | [224] [225] [226] | |
Statue Carlo Brioschi, 1931 | St. Paul | Minnesota | June 10 | June 10 | Toppled by protesters | The statue, located next to the Minnesota State Capitol, was toppled by members of the American Indian Movement. | [227] [228] | |
Statue Andrew J. Mazzola, 1979 | Boston | Massachusetts | — | June 11 | Decapitated by protesters, removed by city | The statue was removed following vandalism and a review | [229] [230] | |
Statue 1915 | Camden | New Jersey | June 11 | June 11 | Removed by city | Removal ordered by mayor Frank Moran after many years of vandalism. | [231] [232] | |
Statue Joe Incrapera, 1992 | Houston | Texas | June 11 | June 19 | Removed by city | The statue was removed from Bell Park a week after being vandalized with red paint and having a hand cut off. | [233] [234] | |
Statue Armand Battelli, 1928 | New London | Connecticut | June 11 | — | Mayor ordered removal | The statue will be removed pending a review | [235] [236] | |
Statue Egidio Giaroli, 1957 | Wilmington | Delaware | June 12 | June 12 | Removed by city | Removal ordered by mayor Mike Purzycki to be stored while the display of the statue is discussed. | [237] [238] | |
Statue Estelle Hampton Frierson and Stavros Alexander Chrysostomides, 1992 | Columbia | South Carolina | June 12 | June 12 | Removed by city | Removal and storage ordered by mayor Steve Benjamin and City Council. | [239] [240] | |
Statue Mario Zamora, 1989 | Chula Vista | California | — | June 12 | City put statue in storage ahead of a protest | Fate of statue will be decided by public forum | [241] [242] | |
Statue Jerry T. Williams, 1996 | Middletown | Connecticut | — | June 13 | City of Middletown removed statue | Statue was already slated to be stored due to maintenance work at the park | [243] [244] | |
Monument 1992 | West Orange | New Jersey | June 13 | — | Removal ordered by West Orange Mayor Robert Parisi | No final removal date has yet been announced. | [245] | |
Bust Augusto Rivalta, 1910 | Detroit | Michigan | June 15 | June 15 | Removed by city | Removal and storage ordered by mayor Mike Duggan. | [246] [247] | |
Statue Vincenzo Miserendino, 1926 | Hartford | Connecticut | June 15 | June 29 | Mayor Luke Bronin announced that the statue near the Connecticut State Capitol would be removed. | [248] [249] [250] | ||
Statue 1952 (recast of an 1892 original) | New Haven | Connecticut | June 15 | June 24 | Removed by city | [251] [249] [252] | ||
Statue Alfred Solani, c. 1950s | Columbus | Ohio | June 16 | June 19 | Removal ordered by college | Removal announced by Columbus State Community College's president of the board of trustees, to be stored while the future of the statue is discussed. | [253] [254] [255] | |
Statue Ferdinand von Miller II, 1884 | St. Louis | Missouri | June 16 | June 16 | Removed by city | Removal ordered by St. Louis Park Board | [256] [257] | |
Columbus' Last Appeal to Queen Isabella Larkin Goldsmith Mead, 1868–1874 | Sacramento | California | June 16 | July 7 | Removal ordered by California State Legislature | The sculptural group, installed in the California State Capitol in 1883, shows Columbus persuading Isabella I of Castile to fund his 1492 voyage. | [258] [259] [260] [261] [262] | |
Statue Vittorio di Colbertaldo, 1957 | San Francisco | California | June 18 | June 18 | Removed by the San Francisco Arts Commission | The statue, located next to Coit Tower, was removed by the City ahead of a planned Juneteenth protest to throw it into the San Francisco Bay. | [263] | |
Statue Edoardo Alfieri, 1955 | Columbus | Ohio | June 18 | July 1 | Removal ordered by city | Removal announced by the City of Columbus. | [264] [265] [266] | |
Statue Emanuele Caroni, c. 1875 | Philadelphia | Pennsylvania | June 24 | Removal announced by Philadelphia Mayor Jim Kenney. Shrouded. | Needs approval of Philadelphia Art Commission, meeting July 22. | [267] [268] | ||
Statue c. 1940 | Norwalk | Connecticut | June 25 | June 25 | Removed by city | [269] [270] | ||
Statue Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, 1893 | Providence | Rhode Island | June 25 | To be moved to storage area by city. | [271] [272] | |||
Statue Giuseppe Ciochetti, 1927 | Newark | New Jersey | June 25 | June 25 | Removed by city | The statue was removed from Washington Park due to the risk of people injuring themselves trying to topple it. The statue will be kept in storage until a final determination is reached regarding the statue's fate. | [273] [274] | |
Statue William F. Joseph, 1970 | Denver | Colorado | June 26 | June 26 | Removed by protesters | The statue was originally placed in front of the Denver Civic Center in the 1970s. | [275] [276] | |
Statue Gaetano Chiaromonte, 1958 | Atlantic City | New Jersey | June 28 | Being removed "to avert potential vandalism" | [277] [278] | |||
Statue Armando Dattelli, 1957 | San Antonio | Texas | June 30 | July 1 | Removed by city | [279] [280] [281] | ||
Statue Frank Gaylord, 1984 | Waterbury | Connecticut | July 4 (reported) | Decapitated | Located outside Waterbury City Hall | [282] [283] | ||
Statue Mauro Bigarani, 1984 | Baltimore | Maryland | July 4 | Toppled by protesters | After the statue was toppled from its base, it was dumped into Baltimore's Inner Harbor. | [284] | ||
Statue Clemente Spampinato, 1964 | Bridgeport | Connecticut | Not announced | July 6 | Removed by city | Placed in storage following removal. | [285] [286] [287] | |
Statue 1992 | Columbus | Wisconsin | July 6 | City Council voted to put it in storage until another home is found | [288] [289] | |||
Statue 1959 | Trenton | New Jersey | July 7 | July 8 | Removed by city | [290] | ||
Relief on the Italian Heritage Monument | Norwich | Connecticut | June 24 | Planned for September | Removal ordered by Norwich Italian Heritage & Cultural Community | The portrayal of Columbus was ordered to be removed in order to protect the monument from vandalism. The relief will be replaced with a statement honoring Italian immigrants to Norwich. | [291] | |
Statue Giovanni Polizzi, 1952 | Buffalo | New York | July 10 | July 10 | Removed by city | Columbus Park, where the statue was located, will be renamed as well. | [292] [293] | |
Statue Carlo Brioschi, 1933 Statue Moses Jacob Ezekiel, 1891 | Chicago | Illinois | July 24 | July 24 | Removed by city | Statues in Grant Park and Little Italy's Arrigo Park ordered removed by Mayor Lori Lightfoot amid continued protests and the deployment of federal forces to Chicago over Lightfoot's objections. | [294] [295] [296] [297] | |
Statue Richard Henry Park, 1893 | Chicago | Illinois | July 31 | July 30 | Removed by city | A 7-foot tall statue of Columbus, part of the Drake Fountain, was removed on the orders of Mayor Lori Lightfoot. It was the last known monument to Columbus in the city. | [298] [299] |
Others[edit]
Monument/memorial | City | State | Removal announced | Removed | Means of removal | Notes | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Statue of Edward W. Carmack | Nashville | Tennessee | — | May 30 | Toppled by protesters | Senator Carmack was an opponent of Ida B. Wells and encouraged retaliation for her support of the civil rights movement. | [300] | |
Statue of Frank Rizzo | Philadelphia | Pennsylvania | June 3 | Removed by city. Mural of Rizzo painted over (see below, under Other works of art). | At about 2 am, the statue of Philadelphia police chief and mayor Frank Rizzo was removed. | [301] [302] [303] | ||
One Riot, One Ranger | Dallas | Texas | June 4 | June 4 | Removed by city | Statue model helped prevent black students from enrolling in public schools. | [304] [305] [306] | |
Statue of Orville L. Hubbard | Dearborn | Michigan | — | June 5 | Hubbard, the mayor of Dearborn for 35 years, was an outspoken segregationist. | [307] | ||
Statue of Jerry Richardson | Charlotte | North Carolina | June 10 | June 10 | Removed by Carolina Panthers | Richardson was alleged to be racist and sexist. The statue was removed from the Bank of America Stadium for fear it would be destroyed by protesters. | [308] | |
Bust of Avery Brundage | San Francisco | California | Removed by museum | Brundage was a founding patron of the Asian Art Museum, Alleged white supremacist and anti-semite as well as 5th IOC president who expelled Tommie Smith and John Carlos from the 1968 Summer Olympics for raising black-gloved fists while on the podium. Bust moved from prominent position in foyer of museum to storage. | [309] [310] [311] | |||
Richmond Police Memorial | Richmond | Virginia | June 11 | June 11 | Removed by city after being vandalized by protesters | Dedicated to Richmond police officers who lost their lives in the line of duty. Removed from Byrd Park after repeated vandalization. The mayor's office stated the statue would be restored and reinstalled. | [312] | |
Statue of Philip Schuyler | Albany | New York | June 11 | — | Plans for removal by city | Removal ordered by mayor Kathy Sheehan due to the fact that Schuyler owned slaves. | [313] | |
Delaware Law Enforcement Memorial | Dover | Delaware | — | June 12 | Vandalized by protesters, removed by city for restoration | Statue partially decapitated. The adjacent memorial wall was unaffected. | [314] | |
Equestrian statue of Caesar Rodney | Wilmington | Delaware | June 12 | June 12 | Removed by city | Rodney was a slave owner. Removal ordered by mayor Mike Purzycki to be stored while the display of the statue is discussed. | [238] | |
Bust of John McDonogh | New Orleans | Louisiana | — | June 13 | Removed by protesters | Protesters removed the bust from Duncan Plaza and rolled it into the Mississippi River. | [315] | |
The Pioneer | Eugene | Oregon | — | June 13 | Toppled and dragged by protesters | The University of Oregon placed its two Pioneer statues in storage on June 14[316] | [317] | |
The Pioneer Mother | Eugene | Oregon | — | June 13 | Toppled by protesters | The University of Oregon placed its two Pioneer statues in storage on June 14[316] | [317] | |
Statue of Thomas Jefferson at Jefferson High School | Portland | Oregon | — | June 14 | Toppled after Black Lives Matter protest, allegedly by people unassociated with protest | 1916 bronze replica of 1911 statue by Karl Bitter | [318] | |
Statue of Josephus Daniels | Raleigh | North Carolina | June 16 | June 16 | Removed by Daniels's descendants | The statue was located near The News & Observer building, which is scheduled to be demolished. Daniels's family claims to have acted on their own accord rather than on pressure from activists, and will keep the statue in storage until a decision is made on its ultimate fate. | [319] | |
Statue of John Sutter | Sacramento | California | June 16 | June 16 | Removed by Sutter Health | The statue was located in front of Sutter General Hospital. Sutter was a California Gold Rush pioneer who enslaved Native Americans. | [320] | |
Captain William Clark Monument | See image | Portland | Oregon | June 17–18 | Removed by the University of Portland | The university removed the monument "as a precaution". | [321] | |
Statue of George Washington | Portland | Oregon | — | June 18 | Toppled by protesters | [322] | ||
Statue of Francis Scott Key | San Francisco | California | — | June 18 | Toppled by protesters | Part of a group of statues toppled in Golden Gate Park. | [210] | |
Bust of Ulysses S. Grant | San Francisco | California | — | June 18 | Toppled by protesters | Part of a group of statues toppled in Golden Gate Park. | [210] | |
Statue of Calvin Griffith | Minneapolis | Minnesota | — | Removed by Minnesota Twins | Griffith was the former owner of the Minnesota Twins; the statue was removed due to racist statements made by Griffith in 1978 suggesting he moved the team to Minnesota due to the low number of African-American residents. | [323] | ||
Monument to George Preston Marshall | Washington | District of Columbia | — | June 19 | Removed by Events DC | Removed from Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium. Washington Redskins' front office was not consulted. | [324] [325] [326] [327] | |
Statue of Thomas Jefferson | Decatur | Georgia | June 19 | June 19 | Removed by city | The statue was previously located in front of the old city courthouse. A city official claimed the statue was removed to protect it from damage. | [328] | |
Equestrian Statue of Theodore Roosevelt | New York City | New York | June 20 | Theodore Roosevelt on horseback accompanied by walking figures of two men, one a Native American and one African; in front of the American Museum of Natural History | [329] [330] | |||
Forward | Madison | Wisconsin | — | June 23 | Removed by protesters | "Forward" is the motto of the state of Wisconsin. A 1998 bronze replica of a commissioned 1893 work of the Wisconsin female artist Jean Pond Miner. | [331] | |
John C. Calhoun Monument | Charleston | South Carolina | June 22 | June 23 | Removed by city | Calhoun was a leading advocate of slavery. The statue may be placed back on display at "an appropriate site" such as a museum. | [332] | |
Statue of Thomas Jefferson | Hempstead | New York | June 23 | Moved by university | Statue at Hofstra University moved from student center main entrance to university museum. | [333] | ||
Statue of Hans Christian Heg | Madison | Wisconsin | — | June 23 | Removed by protesters | Heg was a Union Army colonel in the Civil War, and an abolitionist. His statue was decapitated and thrown into a lake by protesters. Two protesters interviewed by the media alleged that toppling the statue was to draw attention to their view of Wisconsin as being racially unjust. | [334] [7] [335] | |
Emancipation Memorial (replica) | Boston | Massachusetts | June 30 | December 29 | [336][337] | |||
Elk | Portland | Oregon | July 1 | Statue removed by city after fires set by protesters seriously damaged its base. Base has been mostly dismantled. | [338] [339] [340] | |||
Statue of George Whitefield | Philadelphia | Pennsylvania | July 2 | Whitefield was a supporter of slavery. | [341] | |||
Statue of Frederick Douglass | Rochester | New York | — | July 5 | Torn down by unknown perpetrators. | Maplewood Park is a site along the Underground Railroad where Douglass and Harriet Tubman helped shuttle slaves to freedom. Removal occurred on the anniversary of Douglass's famous 1852 "What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?" speech in Rochester. | [342] [343] [344] | |
Statue of Andrew Jackson | Jackson | Mississippi | July 7 | City Council voted to remove statue in front of City Hall. | [345] | |||
Statue of Thomas Ruffin | Raleigh | North Carolina | Not announced | July 13 | Was in front of North Carolina Court of Appeals. Removed by Court. | Ruffin, a Chief Justice, was a slaveowner and author of pro-slavery rulings. | [346] | |
Statue of Hiawatha | LaCrosse | Wisconsin | July 13 | Mayor has asked for its removal following request of sculptor's family. | [347] | |||
Statue of Jesus Christ | Miami | Florida | July 15 (discovered) | Decapitated and knocked off a pedestal. | At Good Shepherd Catholic Church. | [348] | ||
Statue of the Virgin Mary | Chattanooga | Tennessee | July 15 (discovered) | Statue was torn down and decapitated; head stolen. | The motive for the destruction is unknown. Local police stated that the toppling is a possible hate crime. | [349] | ||
Monument to 77th New York Volunteer Infantry (Union Army unit) | Saratoga Springs | New York | July 16 (discovered) | Statue was torn off pedestal and destroyed. | The motive and perpetrator behind the destruction are both unknown. The statue was located in a park where many other monuments have historically been vandalized. | [350] [351] | ||
Bust of Roger B. Taney | Washington, D.C. | July 22 | Voted by the House of Representatives | The bust of Chief Justice Taney, outside the Old Supreme Court Chamber, will be replaced with a bust of Thurgood Marshall, the first Black Supreme Court Justice. Taney wrote the majority opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford, stating that African Americans were not citizens and had no rights. | [352] | |||
Statue of Louis XVI Achille Valois, 1829 | Louisville | Kentucky | September 3 | Removed by city | Citing protest-related vandalism damage and possible protester injuries during further vandalism attempts, officials decided to store the statue indefinitely. Mayor Greg Fischer said that it may be repaired and placed back on display. | [353] [354] | ||
Statue of Mahatma Gandhi 2015 | Davis | California | January 28 | Mutilated; afterwards removed by city | The statue was discovered on the morning of January 27 or 28, apparently sawn off from its base at the ankles, with half of the head missing. The fragmentary statue was put into storage. | [355] [356] |
- Nazi POW Gravestones. San Antonio, Texas. Announced June 1. Removed December 23. Removed by Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery employees. Source.[357]
United Kingdom[edit]
Atlantic slave trade[edit]
The Royal African Company, which engaged in African slave trading between 1662 and 1731,[358] enslaved and shipped more Africans to the Americas than any other institution in the history of the Atlantic slave trade.[359]
Monument/memorial | Location | Removal announced | Removed | Means of removal | Notes | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Statue of Edward Colston John Cassidy, 1895 | Bristol | — | June 7 | Toppled by protesters | The statue of Edward Colston, a slave trader, was toppled and thrown into the Bristol Harbour by protesters. The statue was fished out, but the city council did not replace it, waiting for a democratic decision from the people of Bristol to know what to do with it. Briefly replaced by Marc Quinn's A Surge of Power (Jen Reid) 2020, on July 15, a statue depicting the protester Jen Reid who had been photographed with her fist raised on the plinth. Then this sculpture was also removed, by the city council the next day. | [360] [361] [362] | |
Statue of Robert Milligan Richard Westmacott, 1813 | London | June 9 | June 9 | Removed by local authorities | Statue of Robert Milligan, a Scottish merchant and slave trader, outside the Museum of London Docklands. It was removed following a request from the Canal & River Trust. | [363] [364] | |
Statue of Sir John Cass | London | June 11 | June 11 | Removed by owner | Statue of Sir John Cass at the University of East London Stratford Campus. | [365] [366] | |
Statue of Sir Robert Clayton Grinling Gibbons, 1714 | London | June 11 | — | Plans for removal by owner | Statue of Sir Robert Clayton at St Thomas' Hospital. On June 11 the Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, the Guy's and St Thomas' Charity, and King's College London issued a joint statement announcing that the statues of Clayton and Thomas Guy would be removed from public view. | [367] [368] | |
Statue of Thomas Guy Peter Scheemakers, 1734 | London | June 11 | — | Plans for removal by owner | Statue of Thomas Guy at Guy's Hospital. On June 11 the Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, the Guy's and St Thomas' Charity, and King's College London issued a joint statement announcing that the statues of Guy and Sir Robert Clayton would be removed from public view. | [369] [368] | |
Statue of Sir John Cass 1998 (After Louis-François Roubiliac, 1751) | London | June 12 | Before July 19 | Removed by owner | Statue of Sir John Cass on the façade of 31 Jewry Street in the City of London, the headquarters of Sir John Cass's Foundation. This statue is a fiberglass replica of the original. | [365] [370] | |
Statue and bust of Sir John Cass | London | June 16 | Removed by owner | Statue and bust of Sir John Cass at Sir John Cass Redcoat School, Stepney. The school's governing body voted unanimously on June 16 for the immediate removal of the sculptures. The school has since changed its name to Stepney All Saints School. | [372] [373] | ||
Bust of Sir John Cass | London | June 18 | June 18 | Removed by church | Bust of Sir John Cass in St Botolph's Church, Aldgate. | [374] [375] | |
Statue of Sir Thomas Picton T. Mewburn Crook, 1916 | Cardiff | July 23 | — | Plans for removal by owner | On July 23, Cardiff Council voted to remove the statue from the gallery of Welsh heroes inside City Hall, on account of Picton's links to the slave trade, and his authorizing of the torture of a 14-year-old girl while Governor of Trinidad. Immediately following the vote, the statue was encased in wooden boards to hide it from view until it could be removed. | [376] [377] [378] | |
Bust of Sir Hans Sloane John Michael Rysbrack, 1730s | London | Not announced | August 25 (newspaper story) | Relocated by the British Museum | Sloane was a slave owner and partly funded his collection, which became the founding collection of the British Museum, from enslaved labour on Jamaican sugar plantations. His bust in the museum's Enlightenment gallery was moved to a display case in the same gallery stressing his connections to colonialism and slavery. | [379] [380] [381] [382] | |
Monument to John Gordon | Dorchester | September 24 | Plans for removal by parochial church council (PCC) | Wall monument in St. Peter's Church to John Gordon, who played a role in suppressing Tacky's Revolt, a slave rebellion in Jamaica in 1760. The PCC voted to remove the monument and offer it to a museum. The part of the inscription praising Gordon's actions in the revolt has been covered up while plans for permanent removal go through the church planning process. | [383] [384] |
Others[edit]
Monument/memorial | Location | Removal announced | Removed | Means of removal | Notes | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part of Green Man inn sign 18th century | Ashbourne, Derbyshire | c. June 7 | June 8 | Removed by local residents | Wooden sculpture of a caricatured "black's head". After a Facebook petition calling for its removal attracted close to 30,000 signatures, the district council announced that on June 9 it would be removing the sculpture. Before this could happen, it was removed by two local residents on the night of June 8. | [385] [386] | |
Dunham Massey sundial Attr. to Andries Carpentière, c. 1735 | Trafford, Greater Manchester | June 11 | June 11 | Removed by the National Trust | Statue of an exoticized black man (described as "degrading"), in a kneeling position and carrying a sundial, formerly installed in the forecourt of Dunham Massey Hall. | [387] [388] [389] | |
Statue of Cecil Rhodes Henry Alfred Pegram, 1911 | Oxford | June 17 | — | Owner's wish for removal stated to independent commission | Statue of Cecil Rhodes on the façade of the Rhodes Building, Oriel College; a target of the Rhodes Must Fall movement since 2015. On June 17 the college announced that its governing body had voted to launch an independent inquiry into the issues surrounding the sculpture. It stated that the body had "expressed their wish to remove the statue" to the commission. | [390] [391] | |
Bust of Cecil Rhodes Onslow Whiting, 1906 | Oxford | June 17 | — | Owner's wish for removal stated to independent commission | Plaque at 6 King Edward Street commemorating Rhodes's residence there in 1881. In Oriel College's statement of June 17 the governing body "expressed their wish to remove [...] the King Edward Street Plaque" in addition to Rhodes's statue. | [391] [392] | |
Pet gravestone at Coombe Abbey Park 1902 | Rugby, Warwickshire | — | Before July 2 | Removed by Coventry City Council | In July 2019 a visitor to the park reported the name "Nigger" inscribed on the gravestone of a pet dog, but no action was taken at the time. After its absence was noticed following the George Floyd protests, the council (which operates the park) confirmed that it had removed the gravestone. | [393] | |
Headstone for the dog Nigger 1943 | RAF Scampton, Lincolnshire | — | July 16 | Removed by the Royal Air Force | The headstone for the grave of Guy Gibson's dog was replaced, removing any mention of the dog's name. | [394] [395] | |
A Surge of Power (Jen Reid) 2020 Marc Quinn and Jen Reid, 2020 | Bristol | July 16 | July 16 | Removed by Bristol City Council because the sculpture had been placed without permission on the plinth of the statue of Edward Colston. | Black resin sculpture by Marc Quinn and Jen Reid. It depicts Reid, a young black woman protester, raising her arm in a Black Power salute, reproducing a photo of her on the plinth, taken just after the removal of the previous statue by protesters. | [362] |
Belgium[edit]
King Leopold II of Belgium personally ruled the Congo Free State from 1885 to 1908, treating it as his personal property. During this period, many well-documented atrocities were perpetrated against the population, including the severing of hands of workers unable to meet a production quota for rubber, and the destruction of entire villages that were unwilling to participate in the forced labour regime. These acts contributed to a genocide during this period, often estimated at between five million and ten million.
Monument/memorial | Location | Removal announced | Removed | Means of removal | Notes | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Statue of Leopold II Joseph Jacques Ducaju, 1873 | Ekeren, Antwerp | June 9 | June 9 | Removed by municipality | Removed after it had been vandalized and set on fire. | [396] [397] [398] | |
Bust of Leopold II | Mons | — | Removed by university authorities | Removed from Faculty of Economics and Management at University of Mons following online petition for removal. Permanently placed in storage. | [399] [400] | ||
Bust of Leopold II | Leuven | — | Removed by university authorities | Removed from University Library at KU Leuven. Placed in storage.[b] | [401] [402] | ||
Bust of Leopold II | Ghent | — | June 30 | Removed by crane following a short ceremony | Removed from Zuidpark | on the 60th anniversary of Congo's independence, and moved to a warehouse in STAM.[403] [404] [405] |
New Zealand[edit]
Royal Navy officer John Fane Charles Hamilton, after whom the city of Hamilton is named, played a prominent part in the Tauranga campaign of the New Zealand Wars.
Monument/memorial | Location | Removal announced | Removed | Means of removal | Notes | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Statue of John Fane Charles Hamilton Margriet Windhausen, 2013 | Hamilton | June 12 | June 12 | Removed by city | City Council announced removal after request by Maori tribal confederation Waikato Tainui. | [406] [407] [408] |
South Africa[edit]
Monument/memorial | Location | Removal announced | Removed | Means of removal | Notes | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Statue of Martinus Theunis Steyn Anton van Wouw, 1929 | Bloemfontein | Not announced | June 27 | The statue, which "dominated" the main campus of the University of the Free State, was moved to the Anglo-Boer War Museum. | [409] [410] | ||
Bust of Cecil Rhodes, at the Rhodes Memorial John Macallan Swan, 1912 | Cape Town | Not announced | July 13 (discovered) | Removed after being decapitated by protesters. | Had been repaired after nose was cut off in 2015. | [411] [412] [413] [414] |
India[edit]
Monument/memorial | Location | Removal announced | Removed | Means of removal | Notes | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Equestrian statue of Mark Cubbon Carlo Marochetti, 1866 | Bangalore | June 28 | A controversial statue of Sir Mark Cubbon, an English colonial administrator, was moved from front of the High Court of Karnataka building to Sri Chamarajendra Park. See Mark Cubbon#Death and legacy. | [415] [416] [417] |
Barbados[edit]
Monument/memorial | Location | Removal announced | Removed | Means of removal | Notes | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Statue of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson Sir Richard Westmacott, 1813 | Bridgetown | July 24 | — | Commitment to remove the statue announced | On July 24 John King, the Minister with responsibility for Culture, announced that the statue would be removed during the national Season of Emancipation, which came to an end on August 23. The removal was postponed in order to concentrate available funds on completing and opening a park in Saint Thomas. | [418] [419] [420] |
Cambodia[edit]
Monument/memorial | Location | Removal announced | Removed | Means of removal | Notes | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Statue of Lok Ta Dambong Kra Nhoung Unknown sculptor, Unknown year | Battambang | — | — | Commitment to demolish and replace the statue announced | The governor of Battambang announced the Lok Ta Dambong Kra Nhoung statue would be demolished and replaced with bronze or gold statue because the current statue is black-colored and represents African peoples. | [421] [422] |
Canada[edit]
Monument/memorial | Location | Province | Removal announced | Removed | Means of removal | Notes | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A Canadian Conversation Sir John A. Macdonald Ruth Abernethy, 2016 | Baden | Ontario | July 27 | c. September 3 | Put into storage | Wilmot Township Council voted on July 27 for the statue's immediate removal. | [423] [424] [425] | |
Monument to Sir John A. Macdonald George Edward Wade, 1895 | Montreal | Quebec | August 30 | Statue toppled by protesters | [426] [427] |
Ireland[edit]
Monument/memorial | Location | Removal announced | Removed | Means of removal | Notes | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Égyptienne and Négresse statues Mathurin Moreau, 1867 | Dublin | July 27 | July 27 | Removed by owners | The Shelbourne Hotel on St. Stephen's Green removed the four exterior statues "in light of recent world events". The statues have been said to represent "two Nubian Princesses and their shackled slave girls", a view which may derive from a 1951 book on the hotel by Elizabeth Bowen. After an examination by UCD art history professor Paula Murphy concluded that the statues were not representations of slaves and that the "shackles" were golden anklets indicating aristocratic status, it was announced that they would be restored to their plinths. They were reinstated on December 14. | [428] [429] [430] [431] |
Colombia[edit]
Monument/memorial | Location | Department | Removal announced | Removed | Means of removal | Notes | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Equestrian statue of Sebastián de Belalcázar Victorio Macho, 1937 | Popayán | Cauca | September 16 | Toppled by protesters | Toppled and decapitated by members of the Misak indigenous community. Belalcázar was a Spanish conquistador credited with the foundation of important cities in modern-day Colombia and Ecuador. The monument was located on top of Morro del Tulcán, an indigenous archaeological site. | [432] |
Removals under consideration[edit]
Some officials have announced their decisions to remove monuments under their jurisdiction, and are currently working to push through whatever legislative or permission barriers they need to accomplish their goals.
- Alaska: Anchorage Mayor Ethan Berkowitz announced on June 24, 2020 that he will leave the decision about removal of the statue of James Cook in downtown Anchorage up to the Native Village of Eklutna and other area Denaʼina tribes.[433]
- Florida: Protesters at Florida State University, Tallahassee, call for removal of the Eppes Statue, at the original entrance to the campus; he was a slaveowner who was influential in the founding of Florida State. The building of the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice is also named for him.[434] Protesters are also calling for renaming of Doak Campbell Stadium (see under List of name changes due to the George Floyd protests#United States).
- Louisiana: East Feliciana Parish Police Jury announced June 15, 2020 that they will revisit in two weeks the issue of a possible removal of a Confederate statue that sits outside their courthouse.[435]
- Louisiana: City of Alexandria voted to have Confederate Monument in front of Rapides Parish Courthouse. However, there is an ongoing court case to determine who owns the statue: the City of Alexandria, Rapides Parish, or the UDC.[436]
- Kentucky: Murray City Council passed a unanimous vote to remove the Confederate Monument of Robert E. Lee from in front of their courthouse. The County Attorney isn't sure if the county has authority to move the statue, which is on the National Register of Historic Places, and so is conducting further research. Public feedback is expected.[437][438]
- Mississippi: Forrest County Supervisors passed a measure on June 15, 2020. In November, voters will decide about the removal of a Confederate monument in front of their courthouse.[439]
- Ohio: Cincinnati city council member is making a motion to remove an equestrian statue of President William Henry Harrison from Piatt Park. June 14, 2020[440]
- Texas: Weatherford: The United Daughters of the Confederacy asked for the removal of the United Confederate Veterans of Parker County monument in front of the Parker County Courthouse.[441]
- Virginia: Virginia Beach City Council announced on June 12, 2020 that they covered and fenced the Confederate monument sitting at the Old Princess Anne County Courthouse until after July 1, 2020 when the city will have the authority to make decisions about the monument. A public hearing will be scheduled in July 2020.[442]
- Washington, D.C.: In July the House voted to remove 11 Confederate statues and statues of three others – Charles Aycock, John C. Calhoun, and James Paul Clarke – from the United States Capitol.[443] The statues are part of the National Statuary Hall Collection, a set of 100, with two supplied by each state. Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell said replacement decisions should be up to the individual states and the bill would need to pass the GOP-controlled Senate.[444]
Other works of art[edit]
United States[edit]
Artwork | City | State | Removal announced | Removed | Means of removal | Notes | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ceiling mural in the lobby of McGill–Toolen Catholic High School | Mobile | Alabama | June 3 | June 3 | Removed by school | A mural in McGill–Toolen Catholic High School reproduces the former seal of Mobile, which included the Confederate flag. The Archdiocese of Mobile painted over the Confederate flag section so that it now resembles the Alabama state flag. | [445] | |
Fresco in Memorial Hall | Lexington | Kentucky | June 5 | — | Plans for removal by school | The fresco in the foyer of University of Kentucky's Memorial Hall has been criticized for its romanticized depiction of African-American slaves. The University President announced that it would be removed. However, there has been considerable opposition. | [446] [447] [448] [449] | |
Frank Rizzo Mural | Philadelphia | Pennsylvania | June 7 | June 7 | Painted over by city | Mural painted over in the early morning. | [450] [451] | |
America Receiving the Gifts of Nations | Camden | New Jersey | June 18 | Reported covered on June 23 | Covered by university | The mosaic on the façade of the main entrance to the former Cooper Branch Library, now a building of Rutgers University–Camden, depicts Columbus, and indigenous people in subservient positions. Obscured while the university explores long-term options. | [452] [453] [454] | |
Stained glass window in the Cathedral of the Rockies | Boise | Idaho | June 18 | — | Removal ordered by church | The stained glass window depicts Robert E. Lee standing next to George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. It will be donated to the Idaho Black History Museum if it is removed intact. | [455] | |
Four Confederate portraits in the United States Capitol | — | Washington, D.C. | June 18 | June 19 | Removal ordered by House Speaker Nancy Pelosi | Removal of portraits of four House Speakers who served in the Confederacy – Robert M. T. Hunter, Howell Cobb, James Lawrence Orr, and Charles Frederick Crisp (pictured) – on Juneteenth. | [456] | |
Baker Memorial Library weather vane Stanley Orcutt, 1928 (design) | Hanover | New Hampshire | June 15 | June 25 | Removed by university | The weather vane depicts a Native American sitting on the ground in front of Dartmouth College's founder, Eleazar Wheelock. The university's president, Philip J. Hanlon, stated that the portrayal of the Native American did not reflect Dartmouth's values. | [457] [458] [459] |
United Kingdom[edit]
Artwork | Location | Removal announced | Removed | Means of removal | Notes | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stained glass windows in Bristol Cathedral and St Mary Redcliffe | Bristol | June 15 | June 16 | Removed by the Diocese of Bristol | Window panes commemorating Edward Colston at the parish church were removed, and similar panes at the cathedral have been covered up until they can be safely removed. | [460] | |
Portraits of governors and directors of the Bank of England | London | June 18 | — | Plans for removal by the Bank | The Bank is conducting a review of its collection of portraits of former governors and directors, in order to ensure that none depicting figures involved in the slave trade remain on display. | [461] | |
Sir Ronald Fisher window at Gonville and Caius College Maria Ulatowska McClafferty, 1989 | Cambridge | June 26 | — | Plans for removal by the college | The window commemorates Sir Ronald Fisher, a statistician and eugenicist. It is one of a series of windows marking scientific discoveries made by former members of the college, and depicts a Latin square, studied by Fisher. The college announced in a statement that it would remove the window, subject to listed building consent. | [462] [463] |
France[edit]
In France, where slavers gave their names to streets but have very few physical monuments, the only work concerned is a mural that is instead a tribute to George Floyd and Adama Traoré, whose deaths caused respectively the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests and Justice pour Adama, a movement in France against racism and police violence begun in 2016 and reactivated in 2020 by the movement in the United States.
Artwork | City | Département | Removal announced | Removed | Means of removal | Notes | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mural in tribute to George Floyd and Adama Traoré | Stains | Seine-Saint-Denis | June 22 | — | The prefect of Seine-Saint-Denis prefect authorised the preservation of the mural itself, but ordered the Communist mayor of Stains to erase the phrase Contre le racisme et les violences policières ("Against racism and police violence") contained in it, or at least the reference to "police violence", because the police union "Alliance" felt offended, in a context where police violence cases are multiplying in France since 2018. Since the mayor did not obey, the prefect repeated the order on July 3. On the night of July 4 to 5, the painting was vandalised. | The mural depicts the faces of Adama Traoré and George Floyd in shades of grey and standing out from a sunny blue sky, with the phrase Contre le racisme et les violences policières written above in black, white and red. | [465] [466] [467] [468] |
Plaques and signs[edit]
United States[edit]
Plaque | City | State | Removal announced | Removed | Means of removal | Notes | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
University of Alabama Confederate Army plaques | Tuscaloosa | Alabama | June 8 | June 9 | Removed by school | The three plaques near the library commemorate University students who joined the Confederate military and University cadets who helped defend the campus. The University stated that they "will be placed at a more appropriate historical setting." | [469] [470] [471] |
Historic sign saying Bowling Green was the Confederate capital of Kentucky | Bowling Green | Kentucky | Not announced | About August 25 | Removed by Western Kentucky University administration | [151] | |
Plaque and stone that honored Stephen Douglas | Chicago | Illinois | Announced June 7 | Removed by owner, University of Chicago | [472] | ||
John H. Winder plaque | Salisbury | Maryland | June 12 | June 12 | Removed by Wicomico County | The plaque was located next to the Wicomico County Courthouse. It was personally removed by Wicomico County officials. | [473] |
Woodrow Wilson's desk as Governor (plaque) | Trenton | New Jersey | Announced July 2 | No longer being used by Phil Murphy, Governor of New Jersey | [474] | ||
Maryland State House plaque | Annapolis | Maryland | June 15 | Removal approved by Maryland State House Trust | The plaque was installed during the Civil Rights Movement. It honors Marylanders who fought on both sides of the Civil War; the plaque claims not to "take sides." | [475] | |
Plaques honoring Simon Baruch and Alexander Stephens Plaques honoring Matthew Fontaine Maury and Maupin-Maury House Plaque honoring surgeon John Syng Dorsey Cullen | Richmond | Virginia | July 16 | Committee at Virginia Commonwealth University recommends these changes; approval expected. | Various plaques commemorating members of the Confederacy placed across University | [185] |
United Kingdom[edit]
Plaque | Location | Removal announced | Removed | Means of removal | Notes | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plaque to Sir Thomas Picton | Haverfordwest | — | June 10 | Removed at the request of the building's owner | Blue plaque marking the birthplace of Sir Thomas Picton. The building's owner had the plaque removed due to fears that it could be targeted by protesters. The plaque will be displayed in Haverfordwest Town Museum from 2021. | [476] | |
Plaque to Thomas Phillips | Brecon | — | Before June 11 | Removed by an unknown person | Plaque unveiled at Captain's Walk in 2010; it marked the site of the house of Thomas Phillips (c. 1665–1713), captain of the Hannibal slave ship. Brecon Town Council had already agreed to a review of the plaque, but it was removed by an unknown person before any decision about its fate could be made. | [477] [478] | |
Plaque to Sir Edward Codrington | Brighton | — | June 12 | Removed by the building's managing agent | Blue plaque marking the residence of Sir Edward Codrington at Codrington Mansion, Western Road. | [479] |
Buildings[edit]
The following buildings were destroyed, torn down, or heavily damaged during the George Floyd protests due to their perceived racist heritage:
Building | City | State | Date of incident | Notes | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Market House | Fayetteville | North Carolina | May 30 | The Market House Building, a tourist attraction and museum on the site of a former slave market, was set on fire by demonstrators chanting "Black Lives Matter". The demonstrators used wood pallets to encourage a larger fire. | [480] [481] | |
Memorial to the Women of the Confederacy | Richmond | Virginia | May 31 | The national headquarters of the United Daughters of the Confederacy was set on fire. Windows were broken and fire set to the curtains hanging in the building's main library. Flames covered most of the front of the building; 9 fire trucks responded. Firefighters asked for and received police protection. There was extensive smoke and water damage throughout the building and charring on the building's Georgia marble façade. All the books in the library incurred some damage and library shelving was destroyed. Some Stonewall Jackson memorabilia, including his Confederate flag, were destroyed. | [482] [483] [482] [484] | |
Old Market House | Louisville | Georgia | Pending | The structure is a former slave market; it was built in 1795 and is located in the downtown area of Louisville. The Old Market House is listed on the National Register of Historical Places as one of the few surviving slave markets in the United States and the sole surviving market in Georgia. In July 2020, a fourteen-person commission was established by the city to determine the structure's future. The commission voted unanimously to remove the building; this decision was re-affirmed by the Louisville City Council on August 11, 2020. The city wishes to move the Old Market House to a museum, although no formal plan has been approved. | [485] |
See also[edit]
- Actions against memorials in the United Kingdom during the George Floyd protests
- List of monument and memorial controversies in the United States
- List of public statues of individuals linked to the Atlantic slave trade
- Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials
- Rhodes Must Fall
Notes[edit]
- ^ Also known as the "Daughters of the Confederacy Monument".
- ^ Rector Luc Sels's statement on the issue leaves open the possibility of the bust's eventually coming out of storage.[401]
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Further reading[edit]
- Fisher, Marc (June 11, 2020). "Confederate statues: In 2020, a renewed battle in America's enduring Civil War". The Washington Post.
- Meldrum, Andrew (June 12, 2020). "Pulling down statues of racists? Africa's done it for years. Queen Victoria, Cecil Rhodes, King Leopold". Associated Press.
- Greenfield, Nathan M. (July 14, 2020). "Western Culture Has a Hallowed Tradition of Felling Offensive Statues". Times of San Diego.
- Welsh, Caitlin (June 15, 2020). "15 great photos of creatively vandalized racist statues from around the world". Mashable.
- Stour, James (June 15, 2020). "How to Topple a Statue Using Science". Popular Mechanics.
- Mervosh, Sarah; Romero, Simon; Tompkins, Lucy (June 16, 2020). "Reconsidering the Past, One Statue at a Time". The New York Times.
- Jasper, Simone (June 17, 2020). "A North Carolina law protects Confederate monuments. Will cities remove them anyway?". Charlotte Observer.
- Olin, Dirk (June 18, 2020). "What Lithuania can teach us about grappling with Confederate statues". The Washington Post.
- Morris, Phillip. (June 29, 2020). "As monuments fall, how does the world reckon with a racist past?". National Geographic.
- Kalen Goodluck. (January 6, 2021). Indigenous symbols rise as colonial monuments fall in New Mexico. National Geographic.
External links[edit]
- Media related to Monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests at Wikimedia Commons
- Confederate monuments coming down amid protests
- When they came down (photograph collection)
- Objection to the misrepresentation of Junípero Serra, who advocated for indigenous people