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Турецкий народ рассредоточен по всей бывшей Османской империи . Сегодня они составляют большинство в Турции и на Северном Кипре . Есть также значительные турецкие меньшинства на Балканах , Кавказе и в арабском мире .

Турецкое население относится к числу этнических турков в мире. В эпоху сельджуков (1037–1194) и османской империи (1299–1923) этнические турки селились на территориях, завоеванных двумя империями. В частности, отуречивания из Анатолии (современная Турция ) была результат битвы при Manzikert в 1071 и формировании Султаната Рома . После этого османы продолжили турецкую экспансию в регионах вокруг Черного и Средиземного морей . Следовательно, сегодня турецкий народ составляет большинство вТурция и Северный Кипр . Есть также значительные турецкие меньшинства, которые все еще живут на Балканах , Кавказе , Леванте и в Северной Африке .

Совсем недавно турецкий народ эмигрировал из своих традиционных поселений по разным причинам, образовав большую диаспору . С середины ХХ века и далее, неквалифицированные рабочие из Турции поселились в основном в немецких и французских говорящих странах Западной Европы , в отличие от этого , « утечка мозгов » из квалифицированных рабочих из Турции мигрировали в основном в Северной Америке . Более того, этнические турки из других традиционных мест проживания турок эмигрировали в основном по политическим причинам. Например, турки-месхетинцы были депортированы в Среднюю Азию изГрузия в 1944 году; Киприоты-турки эмигрировали в англоязычный мир в основном как беженцы во время кипрского конфликта и сразу после него; Критские турки составляют значительную часть населения арабского мира в результате изгнания из Греции; так далее..

Традиционные районы турецкого поселения [ править ]

Турецкое большинство [ править ]

1965 Турецкая перепись была последней переписью , в которых люди спрашивали об их родном языке. На этой карте показано распределение людей, говоривших по-турецки в этот период.
До кипрского спора киприоты-турки жили по всему острову Кипр . Однако кипрский государственный переворот 1974 года, инициированный греческой военной хунтой , которая стремилась присоединить остров к Греции , спровоцировала турецкое вторжение на Кипр, за которым последовало провозглашение Турецкого Федеративного Государства Кипр . С момента создания Турецкой республики Северного Кипра в 1983 году большинство киприотов-турок проживает в основном в северном районе острова. Отколовшееся государство остается международно непризнанным, за исключением Турции .
СтранаОфициальные данные государственной переписи населенияПрочие оценкиПризнание конституцииСмотрите также
 ТурцияНет данных. Турецкая перепись собирает данные о стране рождения, но не собирает данные об этнической принадлежности.60 000 000–65 000 000 [1] [2]Турецкий язык является официальным языком Республики Турции , в соответствии со статьей 3 Конституции Турции 1982 года.Турецкий народ
 Северный Кипр286 257 (перепись населения киприотов-турок 2011 г.) [3]300 000 [4] -500 000 [ 5] (включая турок-киприотов и недавних турецких поселенцев)
Согласно статье 2 (2) конституции Турецкой республики Северного Кипра 1985 года, которая признана только Турцией, турецкий язык является единственным официальным языком сепаратистского государства. [6]Турки-киприоты

Турецкие "общины" [ править ]

СтранаОфициальные данные государственной переписи населенияПрочие оценкиПризнание конституцииСмотрите также
 Кипр1 128 (кипрская перепись 2011 г.) [7]2000 киприотов-турок остаются во всемирно признанном южном регионе Республики Кипр . [8]В соответствии со статьей 2 конституции Кипра киприоты-турки , наряду с киприотами-греками , образуют одну из двух "общин" на Кипре. Таким образом, киприоты-турки считаются равноправными участниками Республики, а не меньшинством. Кроме того, согласно статье 3, греческий и турецкий языки являются двумя официальными языками Кипра. [9]
Несмотря на попытку президента Макариоса III внести поправки в конституцию и преследовать цель ослабить права турок-киприотов в соответствии с планом Акритас 1963 года , первоначальная конституция 1960 года все еще юридически действует сегодня.		Турки-киприоты

Турецкие меньшинства [ править ]

Смотрите также: турецкие меньшинства в бывшей Османской империи

Турецкие меньшинства на Балканах [ править ]

Смотрите также: Турки на Балканах
Карта турецкого населения Болгарии . Согласно переписи населения Болгарии 2011 года турки составляют большинство в Кырджалийской области (66,2%) и Разградской области (50,02%).
Согласно переписи населения Косово 2011 года турки составляют большинство в Мамуше (93,1%).
Согласно переписи населения Республики Македония 2002 года турки составляют большинство в муниципалитете Центральная Жупа (80,2%) и муниципалитете Пласница (97,8%).
Согласно переписи населения Румынии 2011 года турки составляют большинство в Добромире (61,93%), расположенном в уезде Констанца .
СтранаОфициальные данные государственной переписи населенияПрочие оценкиКонституционное признание / статус меньшинстваДальнейшая информацияСписки турок по странам
 Босния и Герцеговина267 (боснийская перепись 1991 года) [10]50 000 [11] [12]Турецкий язык официально признан в качестве языка меньшинства, в соответствии с Европейской хартией региональных языков или языков меньшинств , в соответствии с пунктом 2 статьи 2, в 2010 году ратификации. [13]Турки в Боснии и Герцеговине
 Болгария588 318 (болгарская перепись 2011 г.) [14]750 000 [11]В конституции Болгарии 1991 года не упоминаются этнические меньшинства, а болгарский язык является единственным официальным языком государства. Однако в соответствии со статьей 36 (2) турецкое меньшинство имеет право изучать свой собственный язык наряду с обязательным изучением болгарского языка. Более того, согласно статье 54 (1) турецкое меньшинство имеет право «развивать свою культуру в соответствии со своей этнической идентификацией». [15]Турки в БолгарииСписок болгарских турок
 Хорватия367 (перепись населения Хорватии 2011 г.) [16]2,000 [17]Турки официально признаны этническим меньшинством в соответствии с Конституцией Хорватии 2010 года . [18]Турки в Хорватии
 Греция179 895 (греческая перепись 1951 года) [19] [20] [21]150 000 [11]
(80 000 [22] , чтобы 130000 в Западной Фракии , [23] [24] 10000 [25] до 15000 в Афинах , [26] 5000 в Родос и Кос , [27] и 5000 в Салониках ) [26]		В турках Западной Фракии защитили статус исповедовать свою религию и использовать турецкий язык, в соответствии с 1923 года Лозаннского договора . Однако другие значительные турецкие меньшинства в Греции не имеют официального признания. [28]Турки в Греции
 Косово18 738 (Косовская перепись 2011 года) [29]От 30 000 [30] до 50 000 [11]Турецкий язык признан официальным языком в муниципалитетах Призрен и Мамуша и имеет статус меньшинства в Гилане , Приштине , Вучитрне и Митровице . [31]Турки в Косово
 Республика Македония77 959 (перепись населения Македонии 2002 г.) [32]170 000–200 000 [33] [34]Первоначально в проекте конституции 1988 года говорилось о «государстве македонского народа и албанского и турецкого меньшинств». После вступления в силу конституции 1991 года турецкий язык стал официально использоваться, и турки составляли большинство в муниципалитетах Чентар Чупа и Пласница . После внесения поправки в конституцию 2001 года турецкий язык официально используется там, где турки составляют не менее 20% населения, и, следовательно, он также является официальным языком Маврово и Ростуша . [35]Турки в Македонии
 Черногория104 (перепись населения Черногории 2011 г.). [36]Турки в Черногории
 Румыния28 226 (румынская перепись 2011 года) [37]От 55 000 [38] до 80 000 [39]Турецкий язык официально признан языком меньшинства в соответствии с Европейской хартией региональных языков или языков меньшинств согласно Части III ратификации 2007 года. [13]Турки в Румынии
 Сербия647 (перепись населения Сербии 2011 г.) [40]Турки в Сербии
ОбщееN / A1 300 000 (оценка на 2011 год) [11]Турки на Балканах

Турецкие меньшинства на Кавказе [ править ]

The Meskheti region of Georgia had the largest Turkish population in Caucasus prior to the Second World War. In 1944 Joseph Stalin deported the Meskhetian Turkish minority to other parts of the Soviet Union, where they now form a large diaspora.
CountryOfficial State census figuresOther estimatesConstitutional recognition/ Minority statusFurther informationLists of Turks by country
 Abkhazia731 (2011 Abkhazian census)[41]15,000[42]Turks in Abkhazia
 ArmeniaTurkish minority N/A.
Although the USSR censuses recorded a small number of Turks: 19 in 1970,[43] 28 in 1979,[44] and 13 in 1989,[45] they were not recorded in the 2001 Armenian census.		Turks in Armenia
 AzerbaijanTurkish minority N/A.
The 2009 Azeri census recorded 38,000 Turks;[46] however, it does not distinguish between the Turkish minority (descendants of Ottoman settlers who remained in Azerbaijan), Meskhetian Turks who arrived after 1944, and recent Turkish arrivals.		19,000[47]
(Descendants of Ottomans settlers who remained in Azerbaijan only. This does not include the much larger Meskhetian Turkish and mainland Turkish arrivals who form a part of the diaspora)		Turks in Azerbaijan
 Georgia*Pre-World War II:
137,921 (1926 USSR Census).[48] The Turkish population was not recorded in later censuses; nonetheless, it is estimated that 200,000 Turks from Meskheti were deported to Central Asia in 1944.[48]
*Post-World War II:
The Meskhetian Turkish population in the USSR was published for the first in the 1970 census. However, by this point, the Turkish minority in Georgia had already diminished to several hundred due to the forced deportation of 1944.[48] There were 853 Turks in Georgia in 1970,[43] 917 in 1979,[44] and 1,375 in 1989.[45]
*Post-USSR:
Although a small number has returned to Georgia, they have not been recorded in the 2002 Georgian census.		1,500[49][50]Meskhetian Turks

Turkish minorities in the Levant[edit]

See also: Turks in the Arab world and Turkish Jews in Israel
The Misak-ı Millî ("national oath") sought to include Turkish majority areas in the Mosul Vilayet (in Iraq) and the Aleppo Vilayet and the Zor Sanjak (in Syria) in the proposals for the new borders of a Turkish nation in 1920.
The majority of Iraqi Turks live in the so-called "Turkmeneli" region.
Turkish people form a majority in Kouachra and Aydamun, in the Akkar District of Lebanon.
CountryCensus figuresAlternate estimatesLegal recognitionFurther informationLists of Turks by country
 Iraq567,000 or 9% of the total Iraqi population (1957 census)[51][52][53][54]3,000,000 (Iraqi Ministry of Planning estimate, 2013)[55][56]In 1925 the Turks were recognised as a constitutive entity of Iraq, alongside the Arabs and Kurds, however, the minority were later denied this status.[57]

In 1997 the Iraqi Turkoman Congress adopted a Declaration of Principles, Article Three of which states the following: "The official written language of the Turkomans is Istanbul Turkish, and its alphabet is the new Latin alphabet."[58][59]		Iraqi TurkmensList of Iraqi Turks
 Israel55,700[60]280,000[61]N/ATurks in Israel
 JordanN/ATurkish minority:

Palestinian-Turkish refugees:
55,000 in Irbid[62]
5,000 near Amman[62]
5,000 in El-Sahne[62]
3,000 in El-Reyyan[62]
2,500 in El-Bakaa[62]
1,500 in El-Zerkaa[62]
1,500 in Sahab[62]		N/ATurks in JordanList of Jordanian Turks
 LebanonN/A80,000[63]
(plus 125,000 to 150,000 Syrian Turkmen refugees[64])		N/ATurks in LebanonList of Lebanese Turks
 PalestineN/Aest. West Bank: 35,000 to 40,000[65]
total Palestinian-Turkish community: est.400,000 to 500,000[66]		N/ATurks in Palestine
 SyriaN/A500,000–3.5 million[67][68][69][70]N/ASyrian TurkmensList of Syrian Turks

Turkish minorities in North Africa[edit]

See also: Turks in the Arab world and Kouloughlis
CountryCensus figuresAlternate estimatesLegal recognitionFurther informationLists of Turks by country
 AlgeriaN/A5%[71] to 25% of Algeria's population[72]
600,000 to 2 million[73][71][74][75]
up to 9.5 million (including partial Turkish origin)[citation needed]		N/ATurks in AlgeriaList of Algerian Turks
 EgyptN/A1,000000 to 1.200000[76]
plus 100,000 Cretan Turks[77]		N/ATurks in EgyptList of Egyptian Turks
 Libya35,062 or 4.7% of Libya's population (1936 census)[78]
1,500,000[79]
plus 100,000 Cretan Turks[77]		N/ATurks in LibyaList of Libyan Turks
 TunisiaN/Aup to 25% of Tunisia's population[72]
estimates: 500,000[80]-2,000,000[81]		N/ATurks in TunisiaList of Tunisian Turks

Other Arab countries[edit]

CountryCensus figuresAlternate estimatesLegal recognitionFurther informationLists of Turks by country
 Saudi ArabiaN/A150,000[82]N/ATurks in Saudi ArabiaList of Saudi Arabian Turks
 YemenN/A10,000 to 100,000[83] or more than 200,000[82]N/ATurks in YemenList of Yemeni Turks

Turkish diasporas[edit]

See also: Turkish diaspora and Turks in Europe

Central Asia[edit]

CountryOfficial State census figuresOther estimatesFurther informationLists of Turks
 Kazakhstan97,015 (2009 Kazakh census)[84]150,000)[50]-180,000[49] (Meskhetian Turks only)Turks in Kazakhstan
 Kyrgyzstan39,133 (2009 Kyrgyz census)[85]50,000[86] to 70,000[87] (Meskhetian Turks only)Turks in Kyrgyzstan
 Tajikistan1,360 (2010 Tajik census)[88]Turks in Tajikistan
 Turkmenistan13,000 (2012 Turkmen census)[89]Turks in Turkmenistan
 Uzbekistan106,302 (1989 Uzbek census)[45]15,000[90]-38,000[49][91] (Meskhetian Turks only)Turks in Uzbekistan

Europe[edit]

In 2010 Boris Kharkovsky from the Center for Ethnic and Political Science Studies said that there was up to 15 million Turks living in the European Union.[92] According to Dr Araks Pashayan 10 million "Euro-Turks" alone were living in Germany, France, the Netherlands and Belgium in 2012.[93] In addition, there are also significant Turkish communities living in Austria, the UK, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein and the Scandinavian countries.

Turks make up the largest ethnic minoritiy group in Austria, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands.

CountryState census figures on Turkish ethnicityOther estimatesFurther informationLists of Turks
 AustriaN/A
The Austrian census does not collect data on ethnicity.		360,000 (2011 est. by the Initiative Minderheiten)[94]
400,000 (2010 est. by Ariel Muzicant)[95]
500,000 (est. by Andreas Mölzer)[96]		Turks in AustriaList of Austrian Turks
 Belarus55 (1989 Belarusian Census)[45]
 BelgiumN/A
The Belgian census does not collect data on ethnicity.		Over 200,000 (2012 estimate by Professor Raymond Taras)[97]
250,000 (2019 estimate by Dr Altay Manço and Dr Ertugrul Taş)[98]		Turks in BelgiumList of Belgian Turks
 Czech Republic1,700[99]
 DenmarkN/A
The Danish census does not collect data on ethnicity.		70,000 (2008 estimate by the Danish Broadcasting Corporation)[100]Turks in Denmark
 Estonia544 (2011 Estonian census)[101]
 Finland10,000 (2010 estimate by Professor Zeki Kütük[102])Turks in Finland
 FranceN/A
The French census does not collect data on ethnicity.		1,000,000 (2010 estimate by Dr Jean-Gustave Hentz and Dr Michel Hasselmann)[103]
to over 1,000,000[104][105][106][107]		Turks in FranceList of French Turks
 GermanyN/A
The German census does not collect data on ethnicity.		at least 4,000,000[108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117] to over 7,000,000[118][119][120][121][122][105]Turks in GermanyList of German Turks
 Hungary1,565 (2001 Hungarian census)[123]2,500[124]Turks in Hungary
 Iceland68[125]
 IrelandN/A
The Irish census does not collect data on ethnicity.		3,000[126]Turks in Ireland
 ItalyN/A
The Italian census does not collect data on ethnicity.		30,000–40,000[127][128] (excluding the Turkish minority in Moena)Turks in Italy
 Latvia142[129]lv:Turki Latvijā
 Liechtenstein1,000[130]Turks in Liechtenstein
 Lithuania35[131]
 Luxembourg450[132]
 Malta53[133]
 MoldovaTurks in Moldova
 Monaco57[134]
 NetherlandsN/A
The Dutch census does not collect data on ethnicity.		500,000[135] to 2,000,000[136][137][138][139][140]Turks in the NetherlandsList of Dutch Turks
 NorwayN/A
The Norwegian census does not collect data on ethnicity.		16,000[141]Turks in Norway
 Poland5,000 (2013 estimate from the Institute of Public Affairs, Poland)[142]Turks in Poland
 Portugal250[143]
 RussiaRecorded 105,058 Turks and 4,825 Meskhetian Turks (2010 Russian census)[144]120,000–150,000[145]Turks in Russia
 Slovakia150[146]
 Slovenia259 (2002 Slovenian census)[147]
 SpainN/A
The Spanish census does not collect data on ethnicity.		4,000[148]Turks in Spain
 SwedenN/A
The Swedish census does not collect data on ethnicity.		100,000 (2009 estimate by the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs[149])
150,000 (2018 estimate by the Swedish Consul General[150])		Turks in Sweden
  SwitzerlandN/A
The Swiss census does not collect data on ethnicity.		100,000[151]-120,000[152][153]Turks in SwitzerlandList of Swiss Turks
 Ukraine8,844 Turks and 336 Meskhetian Turks (2001 Ukrainian census)[154]10,000 (Meskhetian Turks only)[50]Turks in Ukraine
 United KingdomN/A500,000 (including 300,000–350,000 Turkish Cypriots)[155]Turks in the United KingdomList of British Turks

North America[edit]

CountryOfficial State census figuresOther estimatesFurther informationLists of Turks
 Canada63,955 (2016 Canadian census)[156]100,000 (2018 est. by Canadian Ambassador Chris Cooter)[157]
Over 100,000[158][159]
Plus 1,800 Turkish Cypriots[160]		Turkish CanadiansList of Turkish Canadians
 United States230,342 (2016 American Community Survey estimate)[161]More than 1,000,000 (2012 estimate by the former United States Secretary of Commerce John Bryson)[162][163]Turkish AmericansList of Turkish Americans

Oceania[edit]

CountryOfficial State census figuresOther estimatesFurther informationLists of Turks
 Australia66,919 (2011 census)[164]150,000[165] to 200,000[166]
Plus 40,000–120,000 Turkish Cypriots[160][167][168][169]		Turkish AustraliansList of Turkish Australians
 New Zealand957 (2013 census)[170]2,000–3,000[171]
Plus 1,600 Turkish Cypriots[160]		Turks in New Zealand

Other regions[edit]

CountryOfficial State census figuresOther estimatesFurther informationLists of Turks by country
 IndiaN/A. The Indian census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity. but Turk peoples in India Have their organisation to protect their culture, they are mainly reside in the area of west Uttar Pradesh (state) consisting district of Moradabad, Sambhal, Amroha, Rampur, Turks are in majority in Sambhal town about 50%–60%2,000[172]Turks in India
 Peru12,000[173]

References and notes[edit]

  1. ^ Milliyet. "55 milyon kişi 'etnik olarak' Türk". Retrieved 22 November 2015.
  2. ^ CIA. "Turkey". Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  3. ^ TRNC State Planning Organization (2011). "Nüfus ve Konut Sayımı" (PDF). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. p. 4.
  4. ^ International Crisis Group (2010). "CYPRUS: BRIDGING THE PROPERTY DIVIDE". International Crisis Group. p. 2. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011.
  5. ^ Cole 2011, 95 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFCole2011 (help).
  6. ^ Embargoed. "The Constitution of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  7. ^ Republic of Cyprus Statistics Service. "Population Enumerated with Cypriot Citizenship, By Ethnic/Religious Group, Age and Sex (1.10.2001)". Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  8. ^ Hatay, Mete (2007), "Is the Turkish Cypriot Population Shrinking?" (PDF), www.prio.no, International Peace Research Institute, p. 40, ISBN 978-82-7288-244-9, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2011
  9. ^ Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus. "The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  10. ^ Federal Office of Statistics. "Population grouped according to ethnicity, by censuses 1961–1991". Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
  11. ^ a b c d e Cole, Jeffrey (2011), Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, pp. 367–368, ISBN 978-1-59884-302-6, Today Turkish/Muslim populations residing in the former European Turkey approximately amounts to 1.3 million, with roughly 50,000 in Bosnia- Herzegovina, 50,000 in Kosovo, 55,000 in Romania, 150,000 in Greece, 200,000 in the Republic of Macedonia, 750,000 in Bulgaria, and the rest living in various Balkan countries. This estimate does not included those citizens of Turkey who work and reside in the Balkans...
  12. ^ Minahan, James (1998), Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 45, ISBN 978-0313306105
  13. ^ a b Council of Europe. "List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148". Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  14. ^ Национален статистически институт. "Население по местоживеене, възраст и етническа група1" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
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