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Использование анаболических стероидов и препаратов для повышения спортивной результативности в американском футболе официально запрещено практически всеми санкционирующими органами.

Национальная футбольная лига (НФЛ) начала тестированию игроков для использования стероидов в течение сезона 1987 года, и начала выдавать подвесок игроков в течение сезона 1989 года. [1] НФЛ выдала игрокам целых шесть случайных тестов на наркотики , при этом каждый игрок проходил по крайней мере один тест на наркотики за сезон. [2] Один примечательный инцидент произошел в 1992 году, когда защитник Лайл Альзадо умер от рака мозга, который был приписан употреблению анаболических стероидов; [3] однако врачи заявили, что анаболические стероиды не способствовали его смерти. [4]

Использование препаратов, улучшающих спортивные результаты, также было обнаружено на других уровнях футбола, в том числе на уровне колледжа и средней школы. [5] Самые последние данные тестов на наркотики в футболе Национальной университетской спортивной ассоциации (NCAA) (см. Тестирование на наркотики NCAA ) показывают, что один процент всех футболистов NCAA не прошел тесты на наркотики, взятые на играх в чашу , а три процента признались, что употребляли стероиды. общий. [5] В NCAA игроки проходят случайное тестирование с уведомлением за 48 часов, а также случайное тестирование во время ежегодных игр в чашу. [5] NCAA обычно берет около 20 процентов игроков футбольной команды для тестирования в определенный день.[5]

Анаболические стероиды и другие препараты, улучшающие спортивные результаты, также используются в школьном футболе . Использование стероидов на этом уровне игры увеличилось вдвое с 1991 по 2003 год, при этом результаты опроса показали, что около 6 процентов игроков из 15 000 опрошенных признались, что употребляли какой-либо тип анаболических стероидов или препаратов, повышающих производительность, в какой-то момент своей игры. время. [6] Другие данные показывают, что только 4% средних школ имеют те или иные программы тестирования на наркотики для своих футбольных команд. [6]

Использование в НФЛ [ править ]

Смотрите также: споры Национальной футбольной лиги § Запрещенные вещества

С конца 1960-х годов в Национальной футбольной лиге (НФЛ) начали использовать препараты, улучшающие спортивные результаты, и анаболические стероиды . Случай с защитным лайнменом Denver Broncos Лайлом Альзадо заметно продемонстрировал раннее использование этого метода среди игроков НФЛ. В последние годы своей жизни, когда он боролся с опухолью мозга, которая в конечном итоге привела к его смерти в возрасте 43 лет, Альзадо утверждал, что его злоупотребление стероидами напрямую привело к его смертельной болезни, но его врач заявил, что это не может быть правдой. Альзадо рассказал о своем злоупотреблении стероидами в статье в Sports Illustrated . Он сказал:

Я начал принимать анаболические стероиды в 1969 году и никогда не прекращал. Это было увлекательно, умственно. Теперь я болен, и мне страшно. Девяносто процентов спортсменов, которых я знаю, занимаются этим. Мы не рождены для того, чтобы весить 300 фунтов или прыгать на 30 футов. Но все время, пока я принимал стероиды, я знал, что они заставляют меня играть лучше. Я стал очень жестоким как на поле, так и за его пределами. Я делал то, что делают только сумасшедшие. Однажды парень сбил мою машину, и я выбил из него черт возьми. А теперь посмотри на меня. У меня нет волос, я шатаюсь, когда иду, и мне приходится держаться за кого-то за поддержку, и мне сложно что-то вспоминать. Мое последнее желание? Что больше никто никогда не умирает таким образом » [7].

Бывший игрок и тренер НФЛ Джим Хаслетт сказал в 2005 году, что в течение 1980-х половина игроков лиги применяла какой-либо препарат или стероид, повышающий производительность, и все защитники использовали их. Одним из игроков команды "Питтсбург Стилерс" 1979 года, выигравшей Суперкубок, который ранее признался в употреблении стероидов (в статье Sports Illustrated 1985 года ), был нападающий Стив Курсон . [8] Курсон обвинил в заболевании сердца, которое он развил из-за стероидов. Тем не менее, Курсон также сказал, что некоторые из его товарищей по команде, такие как Джек Хэм и Джек Ламберт , отказались использовать какие-либо препараты, повышающие производительность. [8]

BALCO Скандал в 2003 году также показали , многие пользователи стероидов в НФЛ. Скандал последовал за расследованием Федеральным правительством США лабораторного кооператива Bay Area (BALCO) по обвинению в поставке анаболических стероидов профессиональным спортсменам. [9] Тренер по спринту из США Тревор Грэм в июне 2003 года анонимно позвонил в Антидопинговое агентство США (USADA), обвинив несколько спортсменов в причастности к употреблению стероида, который в то время не был обнаружен. Он назвал владельца BALCO Виктора Конте источником стероида. В качестве доказательства Грэм принес шприц со следами вещества по прозвищу Клир .

Вскоре после этого тогдашний директор олимпийской аналитической лаборатории Калифорнийского университета в Лос-Анджелесе Дон Кэтлин разработал процесс тестирования для The Clear ( тетрагидрогестринона (THG)). [10] Обладая способностью обнаруживать ГТГ, USADA повторно протестировало 550 существующих проб мочи у спортсменов, некоторые из которых оказались положительными на ГТГ. [11]

В этот скандал были замешаны несколько игроков « Оклендских рейдеров» , в том числе Билл Романовски , Тайрон Уитли, Барретт Роббинс , Крис Купер и Дана Стабблфилд . [12] В последнее время многие игроки признались в употреблении стероидов. Одним из этих игроков был бывший игрок Oakland Raiders Билл Романовски . Романовски признался в 60 Minutes, что употреблял стероиды в течение двухлетнего периода, начиная с 2001 года. [13] Он заявил, что они были предоставлены бывшим игроком НФЛ и бывшим главой BALCO Виктором Конте , сказав:

Я принимал [гормон роста человека] в течение короткого периода времени и ... я определенно не получил того, что получил от THG » [13].

Заметное происшествие произошло в 2006 году. Во время сезона полузащитник San Diego Chargers Shawne Merriman не прошел испытание на наркотики и был приостановлен на четыре игры, когда его первичный образец «A» и резервный образец «B» дали положительный результат на запрещенное вещество. [14] Мерриман был назван новичком года в обороне НФЛ в 2005 году с 54 снастями и 10 мешками . У него также было в общей сложности пять защищенных передач и два вынужденных фамбла . Он был стартовым игроком Pro Bowl 2005 года и лидером своей команды в сезоне 2006 года. [14] The incident led to the passage of a rule that forbids a player who tests positive steroids from being selected to the Pro Bowl in the year in which they tested positive. The rule is commonly referred to as the "Merriman Rule".[15][16] However, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell has tried to distance the policy from being associated with the player, stating that Merriman tested clean on 19 of 20 random tests for performance-enhancing drugs since entering the league.[17]


NFL Drug Testing Season[edit]

The NFL drug testing season commences on 4/20 of each year (a holiday for the smoking or consumption of marijuana or cannabis.) The NFL is known to take the drug tests seriously. When an athlete is selected for a drug test they must have it completed within 4 hours of notice or else the league will start to impose fines and the possibility of a suspension for not complying. If athletes fail to complete the test in the 4-hour window given the NFLPA (also known as the National Football League Players Association) will still treat it as if they were tested positive (it does not matter if they were clean or not.) [18] The NFL in recent years have drastically changed the testing to these athletes. The drug tests are happening now more than ever before in the league's 100-year history. The NFL in the past 10 years, has begun to crack down on athlete's use trying to catch them off guard in hopes of finding them guilty of using performance-enhancing drugs or (PEDS) for short. Every year the league tries to improve the testing to try to clean up the NFL of all the players. The drug testing season closes when the season closes which means up until Super Bowl week any player can be tested at any time. [19]

How The Athletes Are Tested[edit]

Players are notified usually after practice via a note on their chair next to their locker that they are required to complete a drug test. Any failure or refusal to complete the test will be treated as a positive result, and the athlete will be given the full punishment as if they were tested positive. The athletes then have limited time to complete the test to be eligible to play the next week and so forth. The athlete will then urinate into a cup and that will be sent to an official testing facility to deem if the athlete is clean or is tested positive for an illegal substance. After all testing is completed, the athlete and club manager are notified of the results. If the test indicates that the athlete has taken performance enhancing drugs, both individuals are notified of the imposed sanctions. Players can be tested either at a team facility or if the team is away they can be tested at the nearest NFL testing station. [20]

NFL Appeals Process[edit]

If an athlete is deemed positive for PEDS every player has the option to appeal the result. The most noticeable appeal that has been won in recent years was Richard Sherman in 2012 when he avoided a 4-game suspension because of wrongful practices when he was being tested. [21] Although the likely hood of an appeal going the players way is unlikely. Very few players that are tested positive end up winning the appeal only a few have won the appeal in recent years.

NFL steroid policy[edit]


Numerous vials of injectable anabolic steroids, which have been listed as banned in the NFL banned substances policy.

The NFL banned substances policy has been acclaimed by some[22] and criticized by others,[23] but the policy is one of the longest running in professional sports, beginning in 1987.[22] Since the NFL started random, year-round tests and suspending players for banned substances, many more players have been found to be in violation of the policy. By April 2005, 111 NFL players had tested positive for banned substances, and of those 111, the NFL suspended 54.[23]

The policy involves all players getting tested times throughout the regular season, the playoffs, and during the off-season.[2] The policy was different in the 1990s than it is today, due to heavy criticism from the United States Government.[23] Originally, there were specific guidelines for when the player was caught using a steroid or other performance-enhancing drug. If a player was caught using steroids during training camp or some other off-season workout, they were suspended for 30 days for a first-time offense.[2] Typically, this would mean missing four games, three in the pre-season and one in the regular season. Players would then be tested throughout the year for performance-enhancing drugs and steroids. A player who tested positively during a previous test might or might not be included in the next random sampling.[2] A player who tested positive again would be suspended for one year, and a suspension for a third offense was never specified, because it never happened.[2] In later years when many players ignored the policy, NFLPA director Gene Upshaw sent out a letter to all NFL players that stated:

"Over the past few years, we have made a special effort to educate and warn players about the risks involved in the use of "nutritional supplements." Despite these efforts, several players have been suspended even though their positive test result may have been due to the use of nutritional supplements. Under the Policy, you and you alone are responsible for what goes into your body. As the Policy clearly warns, supplements are not regulated or monitored by the government. This means that, even if they are bought over-the-counter from a known establishment, there is simply no way to be sure that they:

(a) contain the ingredients listed on the packaging;
(b) have not been tainted with prohibited substances; or
(c) have the properties or effects claimed by the manufacturer or salesperson.

Therefore, if you take these products, you do so AT YOUR OWN RISK! The risk is at least a 4-game suspension without pay if a prohibited substance is detected in your system. For your own health and success in the League, we strongly encourage you to avoid the use of supplements altogether, or at the very least to be extremely careful about what you choose to take."[24]

Use in college football[edit]

Steroids and performance-enhancing drugs have been reportedly used by many college football players in the NCAA. According to a recent drug test and survey, about one percent of all NCAA football players have tested positive for a performance-enhancing drug or steroid, and about three percent have admitted to using one sometime during their college football career.[5]Controversy arose in 2005, when former Brigham Young University player Jason Scukanec, although never admitting to using steroids himself, stated that steroids were used in many notable Division I programs.[5]

Scukanec, who is the co-host of a sports talk radio show "Primetime With Isaac and Big Suke" on KFXX-AM (AM 1080 "The Fan") in Portland, Oregon, made these statements:

Over the course of my five years at BYU, I have concrete proof of 13 to 15 guys (using steroids), and I would suspect five others...And BYU is more temperate than most programs. Being around NFL and NFL Europe players, they would tell me stuff that blew my mind. I know other schools are worse. I would bet my house you could find at least five guys on every Division I team in the country (using steroids).[5]

My best friend was a steroid monster. I shot him up probably four times in the butt. He couldn’t do it himself. He was afraid of needles. He was naturally 245 or 250 pounds, but he got up to 312 with a 36-inch waist. He had stretch marks on his chest and shoulder and eventually blew out both of his knees. When I was with the Broncos, they brought him in for a workout. The offensive line coach came to me and said, ‘What’s your friend on?’ Another guy we played with, who is still in the NFL, would come back at the end of a season weighing 270. Three weeks into the offseason, he was 295 and buffed. It wasn’t a big mystery what he was doing. Three guys I played with in the NFL, I saw them use (steroids). The coaches knew the guys on the juice. To pretend it doesn’t go on would be a farce. It’s the big no-no nobody wants to talk about. And you don’t want to know what’s going on at the junior college level, where no testing is being done.[5]

Portland State University coach Tim Walsh commented on the situation, declining the remarks:

That’s a bold statement. It’s a tough accusation, to come up with a number like that. Is it true? Maybe, maybe not. I wish I could say I knew for sure. I’m not naive enough to think it’s not going on out there, but I feel pretty strongly it’s not been a problem with our players over the years.[5]

The number of players who have admitted using steroids in a confidential survey conducted by the NCAA since the 1980s has dropped from 9.7 percent in 1989 to 3.0 percent in 2003.[5] During the 2003 season, there were over 7,000 drug tests, with just 77 turning up as positive test results.[5] Scukanec claims that methods were used to get around the drug testing, whether it be avoiding the tests by using the drugs during the off-season, or flushing the drugs out of your system. This was used with a liquid he referred to as the "pink."[5] He stated:

There are a ton of (masking) products out there. What most of them cause is diuresis (increased excretion of urine), which means the athlete is providing diluted urine sample, almost water. In NCAA drug testing, the athlete is required to provide a concentrated specimen that passes a specific gravity cutoff. If the specimen is too diluted, he has to provide another sample. Using a product to cause diuresis is not going to help.[5]

Health issues[edit]

An example of a heart attack, which can occur after the use of a performance-enhancing drug.

Performance-enhancing drugs, most notably anabolic steroids can cause many health issues. Many American football players have experienced these health issues from using anabolic steroids, which have even resulted in some player's deaths. Most of these issues are dose-dependent, the most common being elevated blood pressure, especially in those with pre-existing hypertension,[25] and harmful changes in cholesterol levels: some steroids cause an increase in LDL cholesterol and a decrease in HDL cholesterol.[26] Anabolic steroids such as testosterone also increase the risk of cardiovascular disease[27] or coronary artery disease.[28][29] Acne is fairly common among anabolic steroid users, mostly due to stimulation of the sebaceous glands by increased testosterone levels.[30][31] Conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) can accelerate the rate of premature baldness for those who are genetically predisposed.

Other side effects can include alterations in the structure of the heart, such as enlargement and thickening of the left ventricle, which impairs its contraction and relaxation.[32] Possible effects of these alterations in the heart are hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, heart attacks, and sudden cardiac death.[33] These changes are also seen in non-drug using athletes, but steroid use may accelerate this process.[34][35] However, both the connection between changes in the structure of the left ventricle and decreased cardiac function, as well as the connection to steroid use have been disputed.[36][37]

High doses of oral anabolic steroid compounds can cause liver damage as the steroids are metabolized (17α-alkylated) in the digestive system to increase their bioavailability and stability.[38] When high doses of such steroids are used for long periods, the liver damage may be severe and lead to liver cancer.[39][40]

There are also gender-specific side effects of anabolic steroids. Development of breast tissue in males, a condition called gynecomastia (which is usually caused by high levels of circulating estrogen), may arise because of increased conversion of testosterone to estrogen by the enzyme aromatase.[41] Reduced sexual function and temporary infertility can also occur in males.[42][43][44] Another male-specific side effect which can occur is testicular atrophy, caused by the suppression of natural testosterone levels, which inhibits production of sperm (most of the mass of the testes is developing sperm). This side effect is temporary: the size of the testicles usually returns to normal within a few weeks of discontinuing anabolic steroid use as normal production of sperm resumes.[45] Along with this the use of anabolic steroids also leads to an increased risk for prostate cancer. Female-specific side effects include increases in body hair, deepening of the voice, enlarged clitoris, temporary decreases in menstrual cycles, and male pattern baldness. When taken during pregnancy, anabolic steroids can affect fetal development by causing the development of male features in the female fetus and female features in the male fetus.[46] In teens anabolic steroids can stunt the growth at an early age due to high hormone levels signaling the body to stop bone growth and can also stunt the growth of teens if the teens use the steroids before their growth spurt.

Even though anabolic steroids do not cause the same high as other drugs, they can lead to addiction. Studies have shown that animals will give themselves steroids when they have the chance, just as they do with other addictive drugs. People may continue to use steroids despite going through physical problems, and can cause family issues just like any other addictive drug. These behaviors show steroids' addictive potential. Research has found that some steroid users turn to other drugs, such as opioids, to reduce sleep problems and irritability caused by steroids. People who abuse steroids may go through withdrawal symptoms such as mood swings, fatigue, restlessness, loss of appetite, sleep problems, decrease of sex drive, and steroid cravings.[47]

See also[edit]

  • Steroid use in baseball
  • Doping in the United States
  • Doping (sport)
  • List of suspensions in the National Football League

References[edit]

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  3. ^ Puma, Mike. "Not the size of the dog in the fight". ESPN. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
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External links[edit]

  • Pages mentioning steroids