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Vickers-Armstrongs Limited была британским инженерным конгломератом, образованным в результате слияния активов Vickers Limited и Sir WG Armstrong Whitworth & Company в 1927 году. Большая часть компании была национализирована в 1960-х и 1970-х годах, а оставшаяся часть была продана как Vickers plc. в 1977 г.

История [ править ]

Vickers объединилась с находящейся в Тайнсайде инженерной компанией Armstrong Whitworth , основанной Уильямом Армстронгом , и стала Vickers-Armstrongs. Армстронг Уитворт и Виккерс развивались в том же направлении, расширяясь в различные военные сектора и производя целый набор военной продукции. Армстронг Уитворт был известен своим артиллерийским производством в Элсуике и судостроением на верфи в Хай Уокер на реке Тайн .

1929 год ознаменовался слиянием приобретенного железнодорожного бизнеса с бизнесом Cammell Laird с образованием Metropolitan Cammell Carriage and Wagon (MCCW) ; Метро Каммелл.

В 1935 году, до начала перевооружения, Vickers-Armstrongs была третьим по величине работодателем в обрабатывающей промышленности в Великобритании после Unilever и ICI . [1]

В 1956 году Дороти Хэтфилд стала первой женщиной - инжиниринговая подмастерьем в Виккерс-Armstrongs (Aircraft), Brooklands , [2] , затем в 1958 году Джанет Гулланд , который был первым выпускница подмастерьем в компании. [3]

Расставание [ править ]

В 1960 году интересы авиастроителей были объединены с интересами компаний Bristol , English Electric и Hunting Aircraft с образованием Британской авиастроительной корпорации (BAC). Он принадлежал Vickers, English Electric и Bristol (владеющим 40%, 40% и 20% соответственно). BAC, в свою очередь, принадлежало 70% Hunting. Операция Supermarine была закрыта в 1963 году, а торговая марка Vickers для самолетов была исключена BAC в 1965 году. В соответствии с положениями Закона 1977 года о самолетостроении и судостроении BAC была национализирована и стала частью British Aerospace (позже BAE Systems ).

Закон о самолетостроении и судостроении также привел к национализации судостроительного подразделения Vickers в составе британских судостроителей . Это подразделение было приватизировано как Vickers Shipbuilding & Engineering в 1986 году, позже перешло к GEC как часть Marconi Marine и существует по сей день как часть BAE Systems Submarines .

Подразделение Vickers Container and Packaging Machinery, включая подразделения Vickers Stitcher и Vickers Hardness Machine , было куплено компанией Fords Industrial Products, входящей в Barry Wehmiller, в 1986 году. В 1991 году подразделение Vickers Hardness Machinery было куплено тогдашними полевыми инженерами и продолжает работать по сей день. UK Calibrations Limited, базирующаяся в Киддерминстере . Vickers Stitcher все еще производился в Индии еще в 2005 году.

Подразделение по производству стали стало частью British Steel Corporation, а оставшиеся доли были переданы в публичную компанию Vickers plc , различные компоненты которой позже были разделены. Название Vickers прекратило свое существование в 2003 году, когда Rolls-Royce переименовал свои приобретения в Vickers plc .

Бизнесы [ править ]

Вооружение [ править ]

Виккерс-Армстронг унаследовал пулемет Виккерс 1912 года, использовавшийся во время Первой мировой войны, от компании Vickers Limited. Помимо обычной модели с водяным охлаждением (известной как «Виккерс»), были и другие пулеметы Виккерс: пулемет Виккерс-Бертье (VB), используемый индийской армией , авиационный пулемет Виккерс «К» .303, разработанный из него и 40-мм авиационную пушку Виккерс "С" . Также был изготовлен необычный пулемет « Виккерс Хигсон» . [4]

Vickers производила более крупное оружие, такое как 2-фунтовая пушка Ordnance QF, используемая на танках. В 1948 году Викерс купил австралийский бизнес Charles Ruwolt Ltd за 750 000 фунтов стерлингов после смерти Руволта в 1946 году. Во время Второй мировой войны фирма Ruwolt производила вооружение для правительства Австралии, в том числе полевую артиллерию, такую ​​как минометы и гаубичные пушки. [5]

Судостроение [ править ]

After the 1927 merger, the company possessed a major yard on each coast of Britain; the Naval Construction Yard of Vickers at Barrow-in-Furness in Cumbria and the Naval Yard of Armstrong Whitworth at High Walker on the River Tyne. Vickers-Armstrongs was one of the most important warship manufacturers in the world. These interests were renamed as Vickers-Armstrongs Shipbuilders in 1955, changing again to Vickers Limited Shipbuilding Group in 1968. The Barrow yard was nationalised and became part of British Shipbuilders in 1977, was privatised as VSEL in 1986 and remains in operation to this day as BAE Systems Submarines. Meanwhile, the Naval Yard at High Walker on the River Tyne passed to Swan Hunter in 1968,[6] was nationalised and became part of British Shipbuilders in 1977, was privatised still as Swan Hunter in 1986 but closed down during the 1980s.[7]

Vickers-Armstrong also built the VA-3 hovercraft.

Military vehicles[edit]

The company was also known for its tank designs, starting with the widely used Vickers 6-Ton. It also produced the influential, if never actually produced, Independent A1E1 tank. One of the company's most important designs was the Valentine Infantry Tank, produced in the thousands in World War II. The military vehicle manufacturing interests were divested into Vickers plc, and would later pass to Alvis Vickers, now part of BAE Systems Land and Armaments.

Notable Vickers-Armstrongs military vehicles include;

  • Carden Loyd tankette
  • Cruiser Mk I
  • Cruiser Mk II
  • Vickers 6-ton
  • Light Tank Mk VI
  • Valentine
  • Vickers MBT (and under licence in India as Vijayanta)

Aviation[edit]

Vickers formed its Aviation Department in 1911. The aircraft interests of Armstrong Whitworth were not acquired in the merger and later passed to the Hawker Aircraft group. In 1928 the Aviation Department became Vickers (Aviation) Ltd and soon after acquired Supermarine Aviation Works, which became the Supermarine Aviation Works (Vickers) Ltd and was responsible for producing the revolutionary Spitfire fighter. In 1938, both companies were re-organised as Vickers-Armstrongs (Aircraft) Ltd, and a new 'art deco' headquarters designed by architect C. Howard Crane was built at its Brooklands factory in Surrey although the former Supermarine and Vickers works continued to brand their products under their former names. In 1960 the aircraft interests were one of the founding companies merged to form BAC. The hovercraft activities of Vickers-Armstrongs were merged with those of the Westland Aircraft company (including those of Saunders-Roe) to form the British Hovercraft Corporation in 1966 with Vickers holding 25% of the new company. Westland bought out Vickers interest along with other partners in 1970.

Vickers formed a subsidiary, the Airship Guarantee Company, under the direction of Cdr Dennis Burney solely for the purpose of producing the R100 airship for the government.

Between 1911 and 1970, just over 16,000 aircraft were built under the Vickers name; together the 11,462 Wellington and 846 Warwick aircraft (which were structurally similar) make up over 75% of this total.[8]

Military aircraft[edit]

Vickers became renowned as a manufacturer of large aircraft at its main factory at Brooklands in Surrey. In the interwar period, the company produced the Wellesley, designed by Rex Pierson using the geodetic airframe principle of structural engineer Barnes Wallis. This would later evolve into the famous Wellington bomber, a mainstay of RAF Bomber Command and RAF Coastal Command during World War II. The Cold War-era Valiant V bomber was another Vickers product.

Military aircraft with the Vickers brand:

  • Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane
  • Vickers E.F.B.1
  • Vickers F.B.5
  • Vickers E.S.1
  • Vickers E.F.B.7
  • Vickers E.F.B.8
  • Vickers F.B.11
  • Vickers F.B.12
  • Vickers F.B.14
  • Vickers F.B.16
  • Vickers F.B.19
  • Vickers F.B.24
  • Vickers F.B.25
  • Vickers Vampire
  • Vickers Vimy
  • Vickers VIM
  • Vickers Viking
  • Vickers Vagabond
  • Vickers Vendace
  • Vickers Vixen
  • Vickers Viget
  • Vickers Valparaiso
  • Vickers Venture
  • Vickers Type 131 Valiant
  • Vickers Type 123
  • Vickers Type 141
  • Vickers Type 143 – a.k.a. Bolivian Scout
  • Vickers Jockey
  • Vickers Type 161
  • Vickers Type 163
  • Vickers Type 177
  • Vickers Vespa
  • Type 121 Wibault Scout
  • Vickers Vireo
  • Vickers Vellore
  • Vickers Virginia
  • Vickers Vanox
  • Vickers Valentia – 1918 flying boat
  • Vickers Type 264 Valentia – 1934 cargo aircraft
  • Vickers Vernon
  • Vickers Victoria
  • Vickers Vildebeest
  • Vickers Vincent
  • Vickers Type 207
  • Vickers Type 253
  • Vickers Wellesley
  • Vickers Venom
  • Vickers Wellington
  • Vickers Wellington LN514
  • Vickers Warwick
  • Vickers Type 432 – WWII high altitude interceptor
  • Vickers Windsor
  • Vickers Valetta
  • Vickers Varsity
  • Vickers Valiant

Vickers also competed for contracts with designs such as:

  • Victory Bomber
  • Vickers Type 559 – 1950s high altitude supersonic interceptor
  • Vickers Type 010 Swallow – 1950s supersonic interceptor
  • Vickers Type 581 - 1950s swing-wing bomber project

Vickers Canada[edit]

  • Canadian Vickers Vancouver
  • Canadian Vickers Vanessa
  • Canadian Vickers Varuna
  • Canadian Vickers Vedette
  • Canadian Vickers Velos
  • Canadian Vickers Vigil
  • Canadian Vickers Vista

Missiles and other weapons[edit]

  • "Upkeep" and "Highball" bouncing bombs
  • Tallboy bomb
  • Grand Slam bomb
  • UB.109T – Company designation was Vickers 825.
  • Blue Boar – Air-to Surface television-guided glider bomb from the 1950s.
  • Green lizard – Surface-to-air missile project from the 1950s.
  • Orange William – Anti-tank missile project from the late 1950s.
  • Red Dean – Air-to-air missile project.
  • Red Hebe – Air-to-air missile project.
  • Vickers Vigilant
  • R.A.E. - Vickers Transonic Research Rocket

Civilian aircraft[edit]

Vickers was a pioneer in producing airliners, early examples being converted from Vimy bombers. Post-WWII, Vickers went on to manufacture the piston-engined Vickers VC.1 Viking airliner, the Viscount and Vanguard turboprop airliners and (as part of BAC) the VC10 jet airliner, which was used in RAF service as an aerial refuelling tanker until 2013.

  • Vickers Vimy Commercial
  • Vickers Vulcan (1920s)
  • Vickers Type 170 Vanguard (1923)
  • Vickers Viastra
  • Vickers Vellox
  • Vickers VC.1 Viking
  • Vickers Viscount
    • Vickers Viscount variants
  • Vickers Vanguard
  • Vickers V-1000 – not completed
  • Vickers VC10

Marine engines[edit]

Vickers-Armstrongs was one of the few British manufacturers of marine diesel engines, notably for Royal Navy S, T-class and Estonian Kalev-class submarines during World War II.

Civilian Target and Sporting Rifles[edit]

After the Great War Vickers needed to diversify when the military contracts ended. Between WWI and the Second World War they introduced ranges of target and sporting rifles and shotguns, the most successful of which were their small-bore .22 rimfire target rifles. These were serious competitors to the Birmingham Small Arms equivalent products, and Vickers .22 target rifles were at the top of the major competitions' results for more than a decade. Initially these rifles were named solely for Vickers, but, after the 1927 amalgamation with Armstrongs, they became Vickers Armstrongs' products. See reference Vickers and Vickers-Armstrongs Martini target rifles and Sporting guns

In fiction[edit]

In The Adventures of Tintin comic The Broken Ear, the role of Vickers-Armstrongs in the Chaco War is parodied as "Viking Arms Co. Limited".[citation needed]A handgun described in a trial of Walter Mitty's alter ego is a 50 caliber Webley-Vickers revolver.[citation needed]

See also[edit]

  • Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom
  • Basil Zaharoff

References[edit]

  1. ^ David Edgerton (8 December 2005). Warfare State: Britain, 1920–1970. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-139-44874-1.
  2. ^ "Dorothy Hatfield | Women's Engineering Society". www.wes.org.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  3. ^ "Brooklands Museum :: LGBTQ at Brooklands: Janet Gulland". www.brooklandsmuseum.com. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  4. ^ Double-barreled automatic gun – VICKERS ARMSTRONGS LTD. Freepatentsonline.com (30 May 1950). Retrieved on 7 September 2013.
  5. ^ G. Hayes. "Australian Dictionary of Biography". Adb.online.anu.edu.au. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  6. ^ "Tyne & Wear Archives" (PDF). Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  7. ^ 3.30 pm (12 May 1993). "Hansard 1993". Hansard.millbanksystems.com. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  8. ^ Iain Murray (2012). Vickers Wellington Manual. Haynes. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-85733-230-1.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Andrews, C.F. (1969). Vickers Aircraft since 1908. Putnam.
  • Johnston, Ian; Buxton, Ian (2013). The Battleship Builders – Constructing and Arming British Capital Ships (Hardback). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-027-6.
  • Lynch, Brendan. Yesterday We Were in America - Alcock and Brown - First to fly the Atlantic non-stop. Yeovil, England: Haynes Publishing, 2009 ISBN 978 1 84425 681 5
  • Scott, J.D. (1962). Vickers: A History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

External links[edit]

  • Vickers and Vickers-Armstrongs Martini Target Rifles and Sporting Guns
  • Vickers Golden Jubilee Flight 1961
  • Vickers Photographic Archive