Бнай Брит Международный ( / б ə ˌ п eɪ б г ɪ & thetas ; / с иврита : בְּנֵי בְּרִית , латинизируются : b'né Brit , лит 'Дети Пакта ') [1] является еврейским сервисная организация . Бнай Брит заявляет, что он привержен обеспечению безопасности и преемственности еврейского народа и Государства Израиль, а также борьбе с антисемитизмом и фанатизмом.
בְּנֵי בְּרִית | |
Предшественник | Независимый Орден Бнай Брит (и многие другие) |
---|---|
Формирование | 13 октября 1843 г . |
Тип | НПО |
ИНН. | 53-0179971 |
Место расположения | |
Президент | Чарльз О. Кауфман |
Исполнительный директор | Даниил Сергеевич Мариащин |
Председатель | Сет Дж. Риклин |
Веб-сайт | www |
Хотя исторические корни организации уходят в систему братских лож и подразделений в конце 19 века, по мере того как братские организации приходили в упадок по всей территории Соединенных Штатов, организация превратилась в двойную систему, состоящую как из лож, так и из подразделений. [2] [3] Модель членства стала более распространенной для других современных организаций, состоящих из членов, связанных взносами в дополнение к формальным членам, уплачивающим членские взносы. У Бнай Брит есть члены, спонсоры и сторонники по всему миру.
История
Бнай Брит была основана в кафе Аарон Sinsheimer в Нью - Йорке «s Lower East Side 13 октября 1843 года , 12 последних немецких еврейских иммигрантов во главе с Генри Джонсом. [3] [4] Новая организация представляла собой попытку организовать евреев местной общины, чтобы противостоять тому, что Исаак Розенбург, один из основателей, назвал «плачевным положением евреев в этой, только что принятой нами стране». [5] Цель новой группы, описанная в ее конституции, заключалась в выполнении традиционных функций, выполняемых еврейскими обществами в Европе: «посещение и уход за больными» и «защита и помощь вдовам и сиротам». Его основатели надеялись, что вскоре он охватит всех евреев в Соединенных Штатах, но этого не произошло, поскольку другие еврейские организации также формировались примерно в то же время. [6]
Немецкоязычные основатели первоначально назвали организацию Bundes-Brüder (по-немецки «Братья по завету») [7], чтобы отразить их цель создания братского порядка, который мог бы обеспечить утешение всему спектру американских евреев. [8] Хотя первые встречи проводились на немецком языке, через короткое время английский стал предпочтительным языком, и название было изменено на Б'най Брит. В конце 20 века перевод был изменен на более современный и содержательный «Дети Завета».
Несмотря на свое братское и местное начало, Бнай Брит выступал за права евреев на ранних этапах своей истории и использовал свою растущую национальную сеть лож как способ оказывать политическое влияние от имени мирового еврейства. Например, в 1851 году он распространил петиции, призывающие государственного секретаря Дэниела Вебстера потребовать положить конец еврейской инвалидности в Швейцарии во время продолжающихся торговых переговоров. В 1920-е годы Бнай Брит продолжал свою политическую работу, присоединяясь к еврейским делегациям и лоббируя усилия, с помощью которых американские евреи стремились влиять на государственную политику, как внутреннюю, так и внешнюю. Бнай Брит также сыграл решающую роль в транснациональной еврейской политике. Позднее распространение организации по миру сделало ее нервным центром внутриеврейского общения и взаимных усилий. [9]
1843 - начало 1900-х гг.
В деятельности организации в XIX и XX веках преобладали взаимопомощь, социальное обслуживание и благотворительность . В соответствии с их заботой о защите своих семей, первым конкретным действием организации стало учреждение страхового полиса, по которому вдовам умерших членов было выплачено 30 долларов на покрытие расходов на похороны и стипендия в размере 1 доллара в неделю на всю оставшуюся жизнь. Чтобы помочь своим детям, каждый ребенок также получал стипендию, а детям мужского пола - гарантию того, что он будет обучаться ремеслу. [5]
В 1851 году в Нью-Йорке был построен Ковенант-холл как первый еврейский общинный центр в Соединенных Штатах, а также то, что широко считается первой еврейской публичной библиотекой в Соединенных Штатах. [3] Год спустя Бнай Брит основал Библиотеку Маймонида . [10] Сразу после Гражданской войны, когда евреи по обе стороны сражения остались без крова, Бнай Брит основал Кливлендский еврейский приют для сирот на 200 коек . В течение следующих нескольких лет организация откроет множество больниц , детских домов и домов для престарелых. [11]
В 1868 году, когда разрушительное наводнение нанесло ущерб Балтимору , Бнай Брит отреагировал на это кампанией по оказанию помощи при стихийных бедствиях. Этот акт на 13 лет предшествовал основанию Американского Красного Креста и должен был стать первой из многих программ оказания помощи внутри страны. В том же году Бнай Брит спонсировал свой первый зарубежный благотворительный проект, собрав 4 522 доллара на помощь жертвам эпидемии холеры в Османской Палестине. [12]
В 1875 году в Торонто была основана ложа , вскоре после этого - в Монреале, а в 1882 году - в Берлине . Членство за пределами Соединенных Штатов быстро росло. Вскоре ложи были образованы в Каире (1887 г.) и в Иерусалиме (1888 г. - за девять лет до созыва Теодором Герцлем Первого сионистского конгресса в Базеле , Швейцария ). [13] Иерусалимская ложа стала первой общественной организацией, которая проводила все свои собрания на иврите. [14] [15]
After 1881, with the mass immigration of Eastern European Jews to the United States,[16] B'nai B'rith sponsored Americanization classes, trade schools and relief programs. This began a period of rapid membership growth, a change in the system of representation and questioning of the secret rituals common to fraternal organizations. In 1897, when the organization's U.S. membership numbered slightly more than 18,000, B'nai B'rith formed a ladies' auxiliary chapter in San Francisco. This was to become B'nai B'rith Women, which in 1988 broke away as an independent organization, Jewish Women International.[17]
Early 20th century
In response to the Kishinev pogrom in 1903[18] President Theodore Roosevelt and Secretary of State John Hay met with B'nai B'rith's executive committee in Washington, D.C. B'nai B'rith President Simon Wolf presented the draft of a petition to be sent to the Russian government protesting the lack of opposition to the massacre. Roosevelt readily agreed to transmit it and B'nai B'rith lodges began gathering signatures around the country.
In the first two decades of the 20th century B'nai B'rith launched three of today's major Jewish organizations: The Anti-Defamation League (ADL), Hillel and BBYO (originally B'nai B'rith Youth Organization). Later they would take on a life of their own with varying degrees of autonomy.
A growing concern in the 1920s was the preservation of Jewish values as immigration slowed and a native Jewish population of Eastern European ancestry came to maturity.[19] In 1923, Rabbi Benjamin Frankel of Illinois established an organization on the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to provide both Reform and Orthodox Sabbath services, classes in Judaism and social events for Jewish college students. Two years later, he approached B'nai B'rith about adopting this new campus organization. B'nai B'rith sponsorship of the Hillel Foundations enabled it to extend throughout the United States, eventually become international and to grow into a network of more than 500 campus student organizations.[20][21][22]
At virtually the same time as Hillel was being established, Sam Beber of Omaha, Neb., presented a plan in 1924 to B'nai B'rith for a fraternity for Jewish men in high school. The new organization was called Aleph Zadik Aleph in imitation of the Greek-letter fraternities from which Jewish youth were excluded. In 1925, AZA became the junior auxiliary of B'nai B'rith.
In 1940, B'nai B'rith Women adopted its own junior auxiliary for young women, B'nai B'rith Girls (BBG, then a loose-knit group of organizations) and, in 1944, the two organizations became the B'nai B'rith Youth Organization (BBYO).
B'nai B'rith has also been involved in Jewish camping for more than a half century. In 1953, B'nai B'rith acquired a 300-acre camp in Pennsylvania's Pocono Mountains. Originally named Camp B'nai B'rith, the facility would later be named B'nai B'rith Perlman Camp in honor of the early BBYO leader Anita Perlman and her husband, Louis. In 1976, a second camp was added near Madison, Wis. Named after the founder of AZA, the camp became known as B'nai B'rith Beber Camp. In 2010, Beber Camp became independent of B'nai B'rith. Perlman Camp functions as both a Jewish children's camp and as a leadership training facility.[23]
In 1938 B'nai B'rith established the Vocational Service Bureau to guide young people into careers. This evolved into the B'nai B'rith Career and Counseling Service, an agency that provided vocational testing and counseling, and published career guides. In the mid-1980s, the program was dissolved or merged into other community agencies.[24]
1977 Hanafi siege
On March 9–11, 1977, three buildings in Washington, D.C. were seized by 12 African American Muslim gunmen, led by Hamaas Abdul Khaalis, who took 149 hostages and killed a radio journalist and a police officer. After a 39-hour standoff, all other hostages were released from the District Building (the city hall; now called the John A. Wilson Building), B'nai B'rith headquarters, and the Islamic Center of Washington.
The gunmen had several demands. They "wanted the government to hand over a group of men who had been convicted of killing seven relatives – mostly children – of takeover leader Hamaas Khaalis. They also demanded that the movie Mohammad, Messenger of God be destroyed because they considered it sacrilegious."[25]
Time magazine noted: "That the toll was not higher was in part a tribute to the primary tactic U.S. law enforcement officials are now using to thwart terrorists—patience. But most of all, perhaps, it was due to the courageous intervention of three Muslim ambassadors, Egypt's Ashraf Ghorbal, Pakistan's Sahabzada Yaqub-Khan and Iran's Ardeshir Zahedi."[26]
Общественные работы
From its earliest days, a hallmark of the organization's local efforts was service to the communities in which members reside. In 1852, that meant raising money for the first Jewish hospital in Philadelphia.[27] In the 21st century, these community service efforts range from delivering Jewish holiday packages of meals and clothing to the elderly and infirm, and distributing food and medicine to the Jewish community of Cuba.
With the graying of the American Jewish population, service to seniors became a major focus with the first of what was to become a network of 36 senior residence buildings in more than 27 communities across the United States and more internationally—making B'nai B'rith the largest national Jewish sponsor of housing for seniors. The U.S. facilities—built in partnership with the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)—provide quality housing to more than 6,000 men and women of limited income, age 62 and over, of all races and religions. Residents pay a federally mandated rent based upon income.[28]
The beginning of the 21st century also saw the senior service program expand and become the Center for Senior Services,[29] providing advocacy, publications and other services to address financial, legal, health, religious, social and family concerns for those over 50.
In recent years, B'nai B'rith has advocated for health care reform, Social Security and Medicare protection.
B'nai B'rith also includes, on its domestic agenda, tolerance issues such as advocating for hate crimes legislation as well as sponsoring a youth writing challenge, Diverse Minds. This annual writing contest asks high school students to create a children's book dedicated to the message of ending intolerance and bigotry. Winners earn college scholarships and the publication and distribution of their books to schools and libraries in their communities.[30]
B'nai B'rith also sponsors the Enlighten America program, the centerpiece of which is a pledge that individuals can take to refrain from using slang expressions or telling jokes based on race, sexual orientation, gender, nationality or physical or mental challenges that would serve to demean another.[31]
B'nai B'rith also produces and distributes "Smarter Kids - Safer Kids", a booklet in both English and Spanish meant to guide parents through discussions with their children about potential dangers.[32]
Anti-defamation activities
The American-based international B'nai B'rith organization founded the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith (ADL) as a response to attacks on Jews in the United States. The announcement of the creation of the ADL mentioned the Leo Frank lynching in particular.[33][34] The ADL is now an independent organization.
In Australia and New Zealand, the local B'nai B'rith has its own human rights arm, called the B'nai B'rith Anti-Defamation Commission (ADC). It is dedicated to eliminating the defamation of Jewish people, combating racism, intolerance, and prejudice. It seeks to secure justice and fair treatment for all citizens alike.[35]
Educational programs and publications
Since 1886, B'nai B'rith has published B'nai B'rith Magazine, the oldest continually published Jewish periodical in the United States.[36][37]
B'nai B'rith also publishes program guides for local Jewish education programs and each year sponsors "Unto Every Person There is a Name". This program includes community recitations of the names of Holocaust victims, usually on Yom Hashoah, Holocaust Remembrance Day.[38]
In 1973, the organization turned what had formerly been an exhibit hall at its Washington, D.C. headquarters into the B'nai B'rith Klutznick National Jewish Museum. The museum featured an extensive collection of Jewish ceremonial objects and art and, for decades featured the 1790 correspondence between President George Washington and Moses Seixas, sexton of the Touro Synagogue in Newport, Rhode Island.[39] Although the organization's move from its own building to rented offices necessitated closing of the museum to public view, select pieces of the collection are still on display at B'nai B'rith's current headquarters and are available for viewing by appointment.[40]
Scholarships
B'nai B'rith International awards scholarships for emerging scholars. The first B'nai B'rith recipient to the University of Miami was Dagmar R. Henney, who later became known for her research in theoretical mathematics.
Every year, B'nai B'rith awards the Sally R. Schneider scholarship to a deserving Jewish female graduate student who is studying in a field that will benefit humankind. The scholarship, which is worth $1,000, is named for Sally Schneider, a longtime B'nai B'rith member who was passionate about pro-Israel advocacy and women's education.[41]
Local B'nai B'rith lodges also award scholarships. B'nai B'rith Great Lakes holds an annual golf classic, the proceeds of which fund several college scholarships each year.[42]
Philatelic services
In affiliation with the United States Postal Service, the B'nai B'rith Philatelic Service was involved in releasing a series of first day of issue stamps relating to prominent Jewish entrepreneurs, philanthropists, entertainers, and various Jewish organizations throughout the country.[43]
Disaster relief
B'nai B'rith has responded to natural and manmade disasters since 1865, when it assisted victims of a cholera epidemic in what was then Palestine.[44] B'nai B'rith later raised funds and distributed them to those affected by the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the Galveston, Texas, flood of 1900 and the Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906.[45]
In recent years, the B'nai B'rith Disaster Relief Fund responded to the 2010 earthquakes in Haiti and Chile,[46][47] the 2011 Japan tsunami[48] and the multiple tornadoes and subsequent flooding that hit six states in the South and Midwest in 2011.[49] B'nai B'rith also opened a disaster relief fund following the fires that raged through Mount Carmel in northern Israel[50] and another fund to help victims of the worst drought to hit East Africa in more than 50 years.[51]
Much of the money B’nai B’rith raises for disaster relief is focused on long-term rebuilding, meeting needs beyond what the initial responders provide. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in the U.S. Gulf Coast-region in 2005, B’nai B’rith raised more than $1 million, distributing the money among various projects over a five-year span. The projects included rebuilding homes, houses of worship and restoring parks.
In Haiti, B’nai B’rith raised $250,000 for shoes, medicine, health supplies and other needs immediately following the January 2010 earthquake that struck the island nation.[52] The year following the disaster, B’nai B’rith and IsraAID initiated “Haiti Grows,” a program that trained farmers in theory and in practice over a six-month period. The farmers learned new agricultural techniques that allowed them to increase the number of crops they could grow as well as the yield of those crops.
Following Hurricane Sandy in the fall of 2012, B’nai B’rith's Young Professional Network in New York immediately began assisting in the cleanup. Members descended upon the Rockaways, and over the course of several days helped remove debris and sand from buildings, extract moldy drywall and insulation, and pull out water damaged furniture and appliances from area homes. B’nai B’rith has also held and planned several fundraisers for future rebuilding projects.[53]
Working with IsraAid, a Zionist humanitarian organization which brings together Israeli and Jewish organizations to form coordinated responses in the wake of humanitarian crises, the B’nai B’rith Disaster Relief Fund allocated funds to survivors of the 2018 flooding in Japan.[54]
The B’nai B’rith Disaster Relief Fund also helped with two domestic disasters, one in California and the other in Hawaii, in the fall of 2018. Wildfires struck communities in Southern California that summer and fall, and B’nai B’rith contributed to the much-needed disaster recovery by assisting with the costs of food, utility bills and medical supplies for the Idyllwild HELP Center. Normally, the HELP Center is a charity and thrift store that helps needy individuals and families with the costs of food, utilities, housing and other basic needs. In the aftermath of the wildfires, the center stepped up to help fire victims.[54] In Hawaii, B’nai B’rith provided assistance to the Ahava ‘Aina Synagogue after the eruption of the Kilauea Volcano and damage from a tropical storm.
In May 2019, the B’nai B’rith Center for Senior Services (CSS) held its annual B’nai B’rith Managers and Service Coordinators Training meeting in Puerto Rico, which is still recovering from damage caused by 2017’s Hurricane Maria. In choosing to hold the meeting in Puerto Rico, the CSS team wanted to contribute to both Puerto Rico’s short-term recovery, by volunteering for a day of service with local nonprofits during their trip, and its long-term economic recovery, by bringing business to the island.[54]
Международные отношения
B'nai B'rith was present at the founding of the United Nations in San Francisco and has taken an active role in the world body ever since.[5] In 1947, the organization was granted non-governmental organizational (NGO) status and, for many years, was the only Jewish organization with full-time representation at the United Nations. It is credited with a leading role in the U.N. reversal of its 1975 resolution equating Zionism with racism.[55]
B'nai B'rith's NGO role is not limited to the United Nations and its agencies. B'nai B'rith also has worked extensively with officials in the State Department, in Congress, and in foreign governments to support the efforts of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) to combat anti-Semitism. With members in more than 20 Latin American countries, the organization was the first Jewish group to be accorded civil society status at the Organization of American States (OAS), where it has advocated for democracy and human rights throughout the region.[56][57] B'nai B'rith's role in Latin America dates to the turn of the 20th century and grew considerably with the influx of Jewish refugees from Nazi Europe.
In addition to its advocacy efforts, B'nai B'rith maintains a program of community service throughout Latin America. In 2002, in cooperation with the Brother's Brother Foundation, B'nai B'rith distributed more than $31 million worth of critically needed medicine, books and supplies to Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela following the economic disaster that struck much of Latin America. Through 2011 the program had distributed more than $100 million in medicine and supplies.[58][59][60][61]
Europe
By the 1920s, B'nai B'rith membership in Europe had grown to 17,500—nearly half of the U.S. membership—and by the next decade, the formation of a lodge in Shanghai (number 1102) represented the organization's entry into the Far East.[62] The Shanghai lodge established the B'nai B'rith Foundation Polyclinic in 1934, later renamed the Shanghai Jewish Hospital.[63] This international expansion was to come to a close with the rise of Nazism. At the beginning of the Nazi era, there were six B'nai B'rith districts in Europe. Eventually, the Nazis seized nearly all B'nai B'rith property in Europe.
B'nai B'rith Europe was re-founded in 1948. Members of the Basel and Zurich lodges and representatives from lodges in France and Holland who had survived the Holocaust attended the inaugural meeting. In 2000, the new European B'nai B'rith district merged with the United Kingdom district to become a consolidated B'nai B'rith Europe with active involvement in all institutions of the European Union. By 2005 B'nai B'rith Europe comprised lodges in more than 20 countries including the former Communist Eastern Europe.[64][65]
In 1943, in response to what would later become known as the Holocaust, B'nai B'rith President Henry Monsky convened a conference in Pittsburgh of all major Jewish organizations to "find a common platform for the presentation of our case before the civilized nations of the world".[66] During the next four years, the conference established the machinery that saved untold numbers of lives, assisted in the post-war reconstruction of European Jewish life and helped spur public opinion to support the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, which recommended the partition of Mandate Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state.
Israel and the Middle East
Just prior to the creation of the State of Israel, President Harry S. Truman, resisting pressure by various organizations, declined meetings with Jewish leaders. B'nai B'rith President Frank Goldman convinced fellow B'nai B'rith member Eddie Jacobson, long-time friend and business partner of the president, to appeal to Truman for a favor.[67] Jacobson convinced Truman to meet secretly with Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann in a meeting said to have resulted in turning White House support back in favor of partition, and ultimately to de facto recognition of Israeli statehood.[68]
In addition to founding the Jerusalem Lodge in 1888, life in Israel has been a prime focus for the organization.[69] Among the Jerusalem lodge's most noted contributions was the city's first free public library, Midrash Abarbanel.[70]
In 1959, B'nai B'rith became the first major American Jewish organization to hold a convention in Israel.[71] Only six weeks after the signing of the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt in 1978, B'nai B'rith was the first Jewish group to visit Egypt at the invitation of President Anwar Sadat.
In 1980, nearly all nations removed their embassies from Jerusalem in response to the passage by the Knesset of the Jerusalem Law extending Israeli sovereignty over the entire city. B'nai B'rith responded with the establishment of the B'nai B'rith World Center in Jerusalem to serve as "the permanent and official presence of B'nai B'rith in Jerusalem".[72][73]
Награды
The Presidential Gold Medal is awarded by B'nai B'rith every few years to honor the recipient's commitment to the Jewish people and the State of Israel. Recipients have included David Ben-Gurion, John F. Kennedy, George H. W. Bush, Stephen Harper and Golda Meir. The Gold Medal has been given to former Austrian chancellor Franz Vranitzky,[74][75] Australian Prime Minister John Howard,[76][77][78] former German Chancellor Willy Brandt and former U.S. presidents Harry S. Truman, Gerald R. Ford and Dwight D. Eisenhower. In 1969 Edwin Palmer "EP" Hoyt, as Editor and Publisher of the Denver Post for 25 years, was given the B'nai B'rith Man of the Year award for his tireless humanitarian work against bigotry in defense of Jewish people.
The B'nai B'rith book award was established in 1970. The first recipient was Ronald Sanders for his work The Downtown Jews.[79]
Other awards include the "Jewish Heritage Award" and "Award for Outstanding Contribution to Relations with the Jewish People".
Смотрите также
- BBYO
- B'nai Brith Canada
- World Jewish Congress
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дальнейшее чтение
- Wilhelm, Cornelia (2011). The Independent Orders of B'nai B'rith and True Sisters: Pioneers of a New Jewish Identity, 1843–1914. Wayne State University Press.
Внешние ссылки
- Official website