Польская Братия (польский: Bracia Polscy ) были членами Малой реформатской церкви Польши, в Nontrinitarian протестантской церкви , которая существовала в Польше от 1565 до 1658 Тех , на внешней стороне, они назывались « Ариане » или « Социниана » ( польский : arianie , socynianie ) , но сами предпочитали называться просто «братьями» или «христианами», а после изгнания из Польши - « унитарианцами ».
История
Церковь Малая Экклесия, или Малая реформатская церковь Польши , более известная сегодня как Польские братья, была основана 22 января 1556 года, когда Петр Гонендзский (Петр Гонезиус), польский студент, выступил против учения о Троице во время генерального собрания. Собор реформатских ( кальвинистских ) церквей Польши состоялся в селе Сецемин . [1]
1565: Раскол с кальвинистами
Богословские дебаты, созванные самим польским королем Сигизмундом II Августом в 1565 году, не смогли снова объединить обе протестантские фракции. Наконец, фракция, поддерживавшая аргументы Петра Гонендзского, разорвала все связи с кальвинистами и 10 июня 1565 года организовала собственный синод в городе Бжезины [2].
В 1570-х годах развивался раскол между группой пацифистов и арианцев во главе с Марцином Чеховичем и Гжегожем Павлом из Бжезина и группой непацифистов и эбионитов во главе с белорусом Симоном Будным . В 1579 году итальянский изгнанник Фаусто Соццини прибыл в Польшу и подал прошение о приеме в Малую Экклезию , в которой было отказано из-за его довольно необычного личного возражения против водного крещения, однако они увидели в итальянце способного защитника, и способный ответ Соццини на Будного последовал. женившись на дочери Кшиштофа Морштына-старшего в 1586 году, он укрепил свое место среди польских братьев. Призвание группы « социниан » в Англии больше связано с тем местом, которое было уделено сочинениям Соццини в публикации его внука Анджея Вишовати-старшего в Амстердаме столетием позже, чем какой-либо роли активного лидера в жизни Соццини - особенно с учетом того, что без приняв крещение, он никогда не мог официально присоединиться к церкви, которая позже носила его имя за границей.
1602–38: Раковская академия
Их крупнейшими культурными центрами были Пиньчув и Раков , где располагалась основная арианская типография и университетская Раковская академия ( Gymnasium Bonarum Artium ), основанная в 1602 году и закрытая в 1638 году, в которой обучались более 1000 студентов.
1658: Expulsion
The Brethren never participated in the Sandomierz Agreement 1570 between different Polish Protestants. The Minor Church in Poland was dissolved on July 20, 1658, when the Sejm expelled the Socinians from Poland. This occurred after a series of 17th-century wars known as the Deluge in which Protestant Sweden invaded Poland, since they (like almost all non-Catholic Christians) were commonly seen as Swedish collaborators.
The Brethren were exiled in three directions, finding asylum in the following regions:
- Duchy of Prussia, where Christopher Crell and his sons founded new congregations.
- Netherlands, where Andrzej Wiszowaty Sr. published the Bibliotheca Fratrum Polonorum quos Unitarios vocant (1668) and Christopher Sand published the Bibliotheca antitrinitariorum (1684).
- Transylvania, where the Unitarian Church of Transylvania enjoyed freedom. This was the destination of Andrzej Wiszowaty Jr. who became a teacher at the Unitarian College in Kolozsvár (today Cluj Romania).
Верования
Theology
Originally, the Minor Church followed a non-trinitarian doctrine inspired by the writings of Michael Servetus. Later on, Socinianism, named for Italian theologian Fausto Sozzini, became its main theological approach. They were against capital punishment, and did not believe in the traditional Christian doctrines of Hell or the Trinity.
Church and state
They advocated the separation of church and state and taught the equality and brotherhood of all people; they opposed social privileges based on religious affiliation, and their adherents refused military service (they were known for carrying wooden swords instead of real, almost obligatory, szablas), and they declined to serve in political office.
Влияние
Although never numerous, they had a significant impact on political thought in Poland. After being expelled from Poland, they emigrated to England, East Prussia and the Netherlands, where their works were widely published and influenced much of the thinking of later philosophers such as John Locke and Pierre Bayle.
Their main ideologues were Piotr z Goniadza ("Gonesius"), Grzegorz Paweł z Brzezin, Marcin Czechowic, although Johannes Crellius (from Germany), and Johann Ludwig von Wolzogen (who came to Poland from Austria) were far better known outside Poland. Among the best known adherents of this fellowship are Mikołaj Sienicki, Jan Niemojewski, and writers and poets Zbigniew Morsztyn, Olbrycht Karmanowski and Wacław Potocki.
This expulsion is sometimes taken as the beginning of decline of famous Polish religious freedom, although the decline started earlier and ended later: the last non-Catholic deputy was removed from parliament in the beginning of the 18th century. Most of Polish Brethren moved to the Netherlands, where they greatly influenced European opinion, becoming precursors to Enlightenment.[citation needed]
Influence in Britain
John Locke was preceded by a few decades by Samuel Przypkowski on tolerance and by Andrzej Wiszowaty on 'rational religion.' Isaac Newton had met Samuel Crell, son of Johannes Crellius, of the Spinowski family. Newton was well informed about the developments in Poland and collected many books from the Racovian Academy.[3]
The Englishman John Biddle had translated two works by Przypkowski, as well as the Racovian Catechism and a work by Joachim Stegmann, a "Polish Brother" from Germany. Biddle's followers had very close relations with the Polish Socinian family of Crellius (aka Spinowski).
Influence in the United States
Subsequently, the Unitarian of Christianity was continued by, most notably, Joseph Priestley, who had emigrated to the United States and was a friend of both James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, the latter of whom sometimes attended services at Priestley's congregation in Philadelphia. Notably, Priestley was very well informed on the earlier developments in Poland, especially by his mentions of Socinus and Szymon Budny (translator of Bible, author of many pamphlets against the Trinity).
In the modern era
In the Second Polish Republic, 1937, priest Karol Grycz-Śmiałowski recreated what he considered was a revival of the Church of Polish Brethren in Kraków. In the People's Republic of Poland it was registered in 1967 as the Unity of Polish Brethren (Jednota Braci Polskich).
Modern groups which look to the Polish Brethren include the Christadelphians and CoGGC. Although Christadelphians had since their origins in the 1840s always looked for historical precedents, the group was unaware of closer precedents in Socinianism. This changed with a series of articles in the community magazine during the early seventies subsequently published.[4][5] The Polish arm of the Christadelphians use the name Bracia w Chrystusie in a conscious echo of Socinian precedents. The Atlanta Bible College of the CoGGC also publish a Journal continuing research into the Polish Brethren and related groups.[6]
Смотрите также
- Unitarianism
- History of philosophy in Poland
Заметки
- ^ Hewett, Racovia, pp. 20–21.
- ^ Hewett, p. 24.
- ^ Snobelen, Stephen D. (1999). "Isaac Newton, heretic: the strategies of a Nicodemite" (PDF). British Journal for the History of Science. 32: 381–419. doi:10.1017/S0007087499003751.
- ^ Eyre, Alan, The Protestors, Birmingham 1975
- ^ Eyre, Alan, Brethren in Christ, Adelaide, 1983
- ^ Journal for The Radical Reformation, archived from the original on 2010-07-02
Рекомендации
- Phillip Hewett, Racovia: An Early Liberal Religious Community, Providence, Blackstone Editions, 2004.
дальнейшее чтение
- Joseph Kasparek, The Constitutions of Poland and of the United States: Kinships and Genealogy, Miami, FL, American Institute of Polish Culture, 1980.
- Earl Morse Wilbur, A History of Unitarianism: Socinianism and Its Antecedents, Harvard University Press, 1945.
- George Huntston Williams, The Polish Brethren: Documentation of the History and Thought of Unitarianism in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and in the Diaspora 1601–1685, Scholars Press, 1980, ISBN 0-89130-343-X
Внешние ссылки
- Socinian.org Polish Socinians: from the Polish Socinians to the American Constitution, Marian Hillar, article from A Journal from the Radical Reformation, A Testimony to Biblical Unitarianism, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 22–57, 1994
- Alan Eyre, chapter from Brethren in Christ CSSS, Adelaide The Little Ecclesia in Poland
- Cyprian Sajna's bracia polscy.com portal (Polish)
- The Polish Brethren: The First Reformed Peace Church & Poland’s First Banned Religion