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Гаплогруппа T-M184 , также известная как гаплогруппа T, представляет собой гаплогруппу ДНК Y-хромосомы человека . УЭП , который определяет этот клад является СНП известным как M184 . Другие SNP - M272 , PAGES129 , L810 , L455 , L452 и L445 - считаются филогенетически эквивалентными M184 . Как основная ветвь гаплогруппы LT (также известная как K1), базальная недивергентная гаплогруппа T * в настоящее время имеет альтернативнуюфилогенетическое название из K1b и является родственный гаплогруппы L * (ака K1a). (До 2008 года гаплогруппа T и ее субклады были известны как гаплогруппа K2. [2] Имя K2 с тех пор было переназначено первичному субкладу гаплогруппы K.) У нее есть две основные ветви: T1 (T-L206) и T2 (T -PH110).

T-M184 необычен тем, что он географически широко распространен и относительно редок (учитывая, что он возник около 40 000 лет назад). [3] [4] [5]

T1 (T-L206) - численно доминирующая первичная ветвь T-M184 - по-видимому, возникла в Западной Азии и, возможно, распространилась оттуда в Восточную Африку , Южную Азию , Южную Европу и прилегающие регионы. T1 *, возможно, расширился за счет докерамической неолитической культуры B (PPNB). Большинство мужчин, которые теперь принадлежат к гаплогруппе T-L206, несут субклад T-M70 (T1a), первичную ветвь T-M206. T-M70, похоже, присутствовал в Европе с неолита, возможно, прибыв туда в эпоху неолита с первыми фермерами. [2] Это подтверждается находкой нескольких членов группы T1a1 (CTS880) в поселении возрастом 7000 лет на месте неолита 5800–5400 гг. До н.э. в Малак Преславце, Болгария.[6] [7] Аутосомный анализ этих останков предполагает, что некоторые из них были тесно связаны с современными популяциями Юго-Западной Азии. [6] [8]

Структура [ править ]

Структура субклада гаплогруппы T (M184). [9]
  • T1 (L206)
    • T1a (M70 / Page 46 / PF5662)
      • T1a1 (L162 / Страница 21, L454)
        • T1a1a (L208 / Страница2)
          • T1a1a1 (CTS11451)
          • T1a1a2 (Y16897)
            • T1a1a2a (Z19963)
      • T1a2 (L131)
        • T1a2a (PH141 / Y13244)
        • T1a2b (L446)
      • T1a3 (FGC1350 / Y11151)
        • T1a3a (Y11675 / Z9798)
        • T1a3b (FGC1340 / Y8614)
  • Т2 (PH110)

Распространение [ править ]

Обзор [ править ]

Гаплогруппа T обнаруживается в больших количествах в изолированных регионах, таких как Центральная Азия, Северо-Восточная и Восточная Индия, Северная Азия, Центральная Африка и Южная Африка. Клады подтверждается большинством Dir клановых сомалийцев в районе Африканского Рога ; [10] среди Курру , Бауриса и Лодхи в Южной Азии; среди Тубу в Чаде; и в значительном меньшинстве раджусов и махли в Южной Азии; общие сомалийцы, южные египтяне и фула (фульбе) на севере Камеруна ; люди из Чиана ,Аквилани , Saccensi , Ibizan (Eivissenc) и мирандийские регионы в Европе; Зороастрийцы , бахтиарцы на Ближнем Востоке и ненцы и казахи (особенно момыны и аргыны ) в Сибири / Средней Азии. [ необходима цитата ]

Максимальная частота гаплогруппы T-M184 во всем мире наблюдается среди сомалийцев в районе Дыре-Дава [11] и Джибути [10], где она составляет примерно от 82% сомалийских мужских линий [11] до 100% мужчин сомалийских дирижаблей. родословные соответственно. [10] Луис и др. (2004) предполагают, что присутствие T на африканском континенте может, как и представители R1 *, указывать на более раннюю интродукцию из Азии. Левант , а не на Аравийском полуострове , как представляется, является основным маршрутом въезда, как египетские и турецкие гаплотипы значительно старше по возрасту (13700 BP и BP 9000, соответственно) , чем те , что в Омане(всего 1600 л. По мнению авторов, пятнистая современная картина распространения гаплогруппы T-M184 в Африке может, следовательно, представлять следы более широко распространенного раннего местного присутствия этой клады. Более поздние экспансии популяций, несущих клоны E1b1b , E1b1a , G и J NRY, могли подавить носителей клады T-M184 в некоторых местах. [12]

Распространенность Т-М184 у сасунских армян
Гаплогруппа T-M184, которая относительно редко встречается в других ближневосточных популяциях, а также в трех протестированных здесь армянских коллекциях, представляет собой наиболее заметное происхождение в Сасуне, составляя 20,1% образцов. Присутствие этой гаплогруппы в Араратской долине, Гардмане и озере Ван, напротив, более ограничено, составляя только 3,6%, 6,3% и 3,9% соответственно от лиц из этих коллекций. [...] Сасун, однако, демонстрирует статистически значимое расхождение с остальными армянскими популяциями, скорее всего, в результате преобладания в Сасуне родословных (T-M184 и R2a-M124), обнаруживаемых в значительно более низких частотах в Араратской долине, Гардмане и озере Ван.

Кристиан Дж. Эррера, 2012

На Кавказе и в Анатолии он составляет до 4% населения на юго-востоке и северо-западе Кавказа, а также на юго-востоке и западе Анатолии, достигая пика до 20% среди армян из Сасуна. На Ближнем Востоке он составляет до 4% населения вокруг гор Загрос и Персидского залива, а также вокруг гор Таурус и бассейна Леванта, достигая пика до 10% у зороастрийцев из Кермана, Бахтиари, ассирийцев из Азербайджана, абудхабийцев, Армяне из исторической юго-западной Армении и друзы из Галилеи. В Восточной Африке он составляет до 4% населения Верхнего Египта, а в Луксоре - до 10%.

Гаплогруппа T в Европе встречается редко. Согласно Mendez et al. (2011), «появление в Европе клонов, принадлежащих как к субкладам T1a1 (старый T1a), так и T1a2 (старый T1b), вероятно, отражает множественные эпизоды потока генов. Гаплогруппы T1a1 * в Европе, вероятно, отражают поток старых генов». [2] Он составляет до 4% населения в Центральной Италии, Западной Сицилии, Северо-Западной Корсике, Северо-Западном Пиренейском полуострове, Западной Андалусии, Западных Альпах, Восточном Крите и Македонии, частота до 10% на Ибице, Миранда-де-И-Дору. , Восточный Овьедо, Кадис, Бадахос, Балагна, Норма и Рагуза, а пик - 20% в Шакке, Аквиле и некоторых регионах Германии [ что? ]. T-M184 был обнаружен в 1,7% (10/591) пула из шести выборок самцов с юго-запада России, но полностью отсутствовал в пуле из восьми образцов, в общей сложности 637 человек из северной половины европейской части России. [13] Русские с юго-запада были из следующих городов: Рославль , Ливны , Пристень , Репьевка и Белгород ; и кубанские казаки из Республики Адыгея .

T1 (T-L206) [ редактировать ]

T1 является наиболее распространенным потомком гаплогруппы T-M184, являясь потомком более 95% всех евразийских членов T-M184. Одна из их родословных линий часто встречается среди северных сомалийских кланов. Однако, похоже, он возник где-то в районе северного Средиземноморского бассейна, возможно, где-то между Грецией и горами Загрос .

Базальный субклад T1 *, по-видимому, распространился из северо-восточной Анатолии, по крайней мере, в Левант , с культурой докерамического неолита B (PPNB). Хотя это редкость в современных популяциях, T1 * был обнаружен у бербера из Туниса , у мужчины из Сирии и в одной последовательности среди этнических македонцев в Македонии . [2] [14] [15]

Первоначальное исследование T1a (T-M70; ранее известный как K2)
Считается, что K2-M70 возник в Азии после появления полиморфизма K-M9 (45–30 тыс. Лет назад) (Underhill et al. 2001 a ). Как следует из коллективных данных (Underhill et al. 2000; Cruciani et al. 2002; Semino et al. 2002; настоящее исследование), особи K2-M70 в какой-то более поздний момент отправились на юг в Африку. Хотя эти хромосомы относительно часто встречаются в Египте, Омане, Танзании, Эфиопии, они особенно заметны в 18% фульбе ([Scozzari et al. 1997, 1999]).

JR Luis et al. 2004, [12]

T1a (M70) [ править ]

Mendez et al. (2011) указывает на древнее присутствие T1a-M70 в Европе, что может отражать ранние изгнания между древними землями Израиля и Вавилона. Субклад, вероятно, прибыл с самыми первыми фермерами . [2]

T1a1 * [ править ]

Pityusans : одна из трех генетически различных популяций на Балеарских островах.
Население островов Питиусик действительно демонстрирует явное генетическое расхождение по сравнению с популяциями Майорки и Менорки. Ни тот, ни другой не сливаются с каталонским и валенсийским населением, как Майорка и Менорка. При сравнении данных, предоставленных популяцией Pityusic с другими средиземноморскими популяциями, удивительно, что практически нет конвергенции ни с одной из этих популяций, даже с популяциями Северной Африки. Случай Pityusic является парадигматическим: некоторые маркеры показывают сходство с восточными популяциями (некоторые переменные мтДНК), но расходятся с этими популяциями при рассмотрении других маркеров. Это отдельный случай, остров, не в географическом, а в генетическом смысле.

Misericòrdia Ramon Juanpere et al., 1998-2004 гг.

Недавние результаты Haak et al. который обнаружил несколько членов T1a1-CTS880 в 7000-летнем поселении в Карсдорфе , Германия. [6] [7]

Остатки скелета T1a1 из этого поселения также принадлежат к гаплогруппе H mtdna , это поселение имеет самую высокую частоту этой гаплогруппы мтДНК 30,4% (7/23), которая была обнаружена у любого населения Европы раннего неолита до настоящего времени. [6] T1a1 (T-L162 / Page21; также известный как T-L162 (xL208) и T-L454), который появился 17 400–14 600 л.н., является самой крупной ветвью ниже по течению от T1a-M70. Человек с T1a1 был впервые идентифицирован в статье Tomas et al. в 2006 г. среди выборки ибисцев (Eivissencs) с Балеарских островов в Испании. [16] T-L162 (xL208) также был обнаружен по крайней мере у одного мужчины с понтийским греческим происхождением. [цитата необходима ]

Pityusans из Питиусские острова ( Ибица и Форментера ) - были обнаружены три различных исследований , которые обладают T1a1 на относительно высоком уровне 6.7-16.7%. Tomàs et al. (2006) обнаружили три случая среди выборки из 45 (6,7%). [16] Zalloua et al. (2008) обнаружили девять примеров, которые были L454 + (SNP, эквивалентный L162 / Page21) из 54 выборки (то есть 16,7%). [17] [18] Родригес и др. (2009) обнаружили семь случаев L454 + в выборке из 96 (7,3%). [19]

В понтийских греков Анатолии также сообщалось, обладают T1a1. В 2009 году мужчина с фамилией Метаксопулос и понтийским греческим происхождением был зарегистрирован как T-L162 (xL208) - согласно проекту сравнения генома Y-хромосомы, проводимому Адриано Скекко. [ необходима цитата ] Греки из Фатса (первоначально "Φάτσα"), как сообщается, в древности мигрировали из Синопа , который сам был колонизирован ионийцами (из Милета ). Другая древняя ионическая колония на северо-западе Анатолии, Лампсакос ( Lampsacus ), имела ономастические связи с островами Питюсик (см. Выше) - Лампсакос изначально был ионической колонией, известной как Питьюсса..

T1a1a (L208) [ править ]

Эта линия, образованная 14 200–11 000 лет назад, является крупнейшей ветвью ниже по течению T1a1-L162. Впервые обнаружен и зарегистрирован в августе 2009 года у клиента 23andMe иберийского происхождения, который участвовал в публичном проекте Squecco по сравнению генома Y-хромосомы и фигурировал там как «Avilés» и как «AlpAstur» в 23andMe. В ноябре 2009 года назван «L208».

T1a1a1a1b1a1 * (T-Y3782 *) [ править ]

У одного сардинского мужчины из выборки 187 человек (номинальная ставка 0,53%) - жителя провинции Кальяри (Сардинский язык: Casteddu) - обнаружен T-Y3782 (xY3836), также известный как T1a1a1a1b1a1 (xT1a1a1a1b1a1a). [20]

T1a1a1a1b1a1a (T-Y3836) [ править ]

T-Y3836 Филогения. Используя 19 маркеров Y-STR.

Эта линия в основном встречается среди людей с Пиренейского полуострова, где субклад также отличается наибольшим разнообразием. Можно четко выделить два субклада. Первый, обнаруженный в основном в постколониальном Пуэрто-Рико, с DYS391 = 10, а второй, обнаруженный в основном в Панаме, где их иберийские потомки могли иметь точку входа в Америку, с DYS439 = 12.

Некоторые члены Y3836 встречаются среди различных сообществ сефардской диаспоры, но, как показано в Nogueiro et al., Они встречаются крайне редко в общем проценте некоторых из этих сообществ. Это, вероятно, могло означать, что эти члены могли быть интегрированы в эти сообщества через контакты с другими коренными иберийскими популяциями, как показано в работе Монтейро и др. где эта линия была обнаружена среди носителей астурско-леонского языка.

T2 (PH110) [ редактировать ]

 Эта линия могла появиться в Леванте в результате экспансии PPNB из северо-восточной Анатолии .

2014 год исследование показало , Т-PH110 в одной этнического Bhutanese мужского пола, из образца 21, возможно , что предполагает скорость 4,8% в Бутане. [3] Также были найдены у одного немца и еще двух с Кавказа. Бутанские и немецкие гаплотипы, кажется, сгруппированы вместе.

Возможные случаи из более раннего исследования [ править ]

Географическое распространение [ править ]

Северная Азия [ править ]

Европа [ править ]

С K-M9 +, неподтвержденным, но вероятным T-M70 +: 14% (3/23) русских в Ярославле , [107] 12,5% (3/24) итальянцев в Матере , [56] 10,3% (3/29) россиян. Итальянцы в Авеццано , [56] 10% (3/30) тирольцев в Nonstal , [56] 10% (2/20) итальянцев в Пескара , [56] 8,7% (4/46) итальянцев в Беневенто , [ 56] 7,8% (4/51) итальянцев в Южном Лацио , [66] 7,4% (2/27) итальянцев в Паоле , [56]7,3% (11/150) итальянцев в Центральной и Южной Италии, [108] 7,1% (8/113) от сербов в Сербии, [109] 4,7% (2/42) из аромуны в Румынии [110] 3,7% (3/82) итальянцев в Бьелле , [111] 3,7% (1/27) андалузцев в Кордове , [62] 3,3% (2/60) леонцев в Леоне , [62] 3,2% (1/31) итальянцев в Постуа , [111] 3,2% (1/31) итальянцев в Кавальи , [111] 3,1% (3/97) калабрийцев в Реджо- ди- Калабрия, [19] 2,8% (1/36) русских в Рязанской области , [112] 2,8% (2/72) итальянцев в Южной Апулии , [113] 2,7% (1/37) калабрийцев в Козенце , [19 ] 2,6% (3/114) сербов в Белграде, [114] 2,5% (1/40) русских в Пскове , [107] 2,4% (1/42) русских в Калуге , [107] 2,2% (2 / 89) трансильванцев в Miercurea Ciuc , [115] 2,2% (2/92) итальянцев вТрино Верчеллезе , [111] 1,9% (2/104) итальянцев в Брешии , [116] 1,9% (2/104) румын в Румынии, [117] 1,7% (4/237) сербов и черногорцев в Сербии и Черногория , [118] 1,7% (1/59) итальянцев в Марке, [113] 1,7% (1/59) калабрийцев в Катандзаро , [19] 1,6% (3/183) греков в Северной Греции , [119 ] 1,3% (2/150) швейцарских немцев в районе Цюриха , [120]1,3% (1/79) итальянцев в Южной Тоскане и Северном Латиуме , [113] 1,1% (1/92) голландцев в Лейдене , [121] 0,5% (1/185) сербов в Нови-Саде ( Воеводина ), [122] 0,5% (1/186) польского языка в Подляском воеводстве [123]

Другие части, которые, как было обнаружено, содержат значительную долю лиц гаплогруппы T-M184, включают Трентино (2/67 или 3%), Маринья Люченс (1/34 или 2,9%), Ираклион (3/104 или 2,9%), Рославль. (3/107 или 2,8%), Оренсе (1/37 или 2,7%), Ливны (3/110 или 2,7%), Бьелла (3/114 или 2,6%), Энтре Дору (6/228 или 2,6%), Порту (3/118 или 2,5%), Урбино (1/40 или 2,5%), Пиренейский полуостров (16/629 или 2,5%), Блекинге / Кристианстад (1/41 или 2,4%), Беларусь (1/41 или 2,4 %). %), Модена(3/130 или 2,3%), Прованс-Альпы-Лазурный берег (1/45 или 2,2%), Пристан (1/45 или 2,2%), Касерес (2/91 или 2,2%), Брак (1 / 47 или 2,1%), Сатакунта (1/48 или 2,1%), Западная Хорватия (2/101 или 2%), Украина (1/50 или 2%), Грайфсвальд (2/104 или 1,9%), молдаване в Софии (1/54 или 1,9%), Упсала (1/55 или 1,8%), Люблин (2/112 или 1,8%), Пиас в Беже (1/54 или 1,8%), македонские греки (1/57 или 1,8%) ), Неа Никомедея (1/57 или 1,8%),Сескло / Димини (1/57 или 1,8%), Lerna / Franchthi (1/57 или 1,8%), Açores (2/121 или 1,7%), Виана - ду - Каштелу (1/59 или 1,7%), Тулуз (1 / 67 или 1,5%), Белгород (2/143 или 1,4%), Сардиния (1/77 или 1,3%). [124] [125] [126] [127] [128] [129] [66] [70] [130] [97] [131] [132] [133] [134] [135] [136] [137 ] ] [138] [139] [140] [141] [142] [143] [144] [145][48] [92] [146] [147] [148] [ чрезмерное цитирование ] По данным коммерческого тестирования, 3,9% итальянских мужчин принадлежат к этой гаплогруппе. [149] Примерно 3% евреев-сефардов и 2% евреев ашкенази принадлежат к гаплогруппе T. [150]

Ближний Восток и Кавказ [ править ]

Гаплогруппа T имеет некоторые значительные частоты в юго-восточной и восточной Анатолии, в горах Загрос и по обе стороны Персидского залива .

Есть также неподтвержденные сообщения о Т-М70 + среди 28% (7/25) лезгин в Дагестане , [161] 21,7% (5/23) осетин в Заманкуле , [184] 14% (7/50) иранцев в Исфахан , [161] 13% (3/23) осетин в Зильге , [184] 12,6% (11/87) курдов курманджи в Восточной Турции , [185] 11,8% (2/17) палестинских арабов в Палестина , [186] 8,3% (1/12) иранцев в Ширазе ,[187] 8,3% (2/24) осетин в Алагире , [184] 8% (2/25) курдов курманджи в Грузии, [185] 7,5% (6/80) иранцев в Тегеране , [161] [ 188] 7,4% (10/135) палестинских арабов в израильской деревне , [186] 7% (10/143) палестинских арабов в Израиле и Палестине , [186] 5% (1/19) чеченцев в Чечне , [ 161] [188] 4,2% (3/72) азербайджанцев в Азербайджане ,[161] [188] 4,1% (2/48) иранцев в Исфахане , [188] 4% (4/100) армян в Армении , [161] [188] 4% (1/24) бедуинов в Израиле [186] и 2,6% (1/39) турок в Анкаре . [188]

Африка [ править ]

Окаменелости, раскопанные на месте позднего неолита Келиф-эль-Боруд в Марокко и датированные с помощью радиоуглерода примерно 3000 г. до н.э., принадлежат к гаплогруппе T-M184. [189]

Южная Азия [ править ]

Гаплогруппа T-M184 была обнаружена на очень высоком уровне в некоторых частях восточной Индии.

Считается, что T1a-M70 в Индии имеет западноевразийское происхождение. [231]

With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 56.6% (30/53) of Kunabhis in Uttar Kannada,[239] 32.5% (13/40) of Kammas in Andhra Pradesh,[240] 26.8% (11/41) of Brahmins in Visakhapatnam,[240] 25% (1/4) of Kattunaiken in South India,[241] 22.4% (11/49) of Telugus in Andhra Pradesh,[242] 20% (1/5) of Ansari in South Asia, (2/20) of Poroja in Andhra Pradesh,[240] 9.8% (5/51) of Kashmiri Pandits in Kashmir,[233] 8.2% (4/49) of Gujars in Kashmir,[233] 7.7% (1/13) of Siddis (migrants from Ethiopia) in Andhra Pradesh,[240] 5.5% (3/55) of Adi in Northeast India,[243] 5.5% (7/128) of Pardhans in Adilabad,[242] 5.3% (2/38) of Brahmins in Bihar,[233] 4.3% (1/23) of Bagata in Andhra Pradesh,[240] 4.2% (1/24) of Valmiki in Andhra Pradesh,[240] (1/32) of Brahmins in Maharashtra,[233] 3.1% (2/64) of Brahmins in Gujarat,[233] 2.9% (1/35) of Rajput in Uttar Pradesh,[244] 2.3% (1/44) of Brahmins in Peruru,[240] and 1.7% (1/59) of Manghi in Maharashtra.[242]

Also in Desasth-Brahmins in Maharashtra (1/19 or 5.3%) and Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (1/21 or 4.8%), Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (2/66 or 3%).

Central Asia & East Asia[edit]

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 2% (4/204) of Hui in Liaoning (China),[264] and 0.9% (1/113) of Bidayuh in Sarawak.[265]

Americas (post-colonisation)[edit]

Ancient DNA[edit]

Ancient DNA from 'Ain Ghazal[edit]

Haplogroup T is found among the later middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) inhabitants from the 'Ain Ghazal archaeological site (in modern Jordan). It was not found among the early and middle PPNB populations. It is thought that the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B population is mostly composed of two different populations: members of early Natufian civilisation and a population resulting from immigration from the north, i.e. north-eastern Anatolia. However, Natufians have been found to belong mostly to the E1b1b1b2 lineage – which is found among 60% of the whole PPNB population and 75% of the 'Ain Ghazal population, being present in all three middle PPNB stages.

Later middle PPNB populations in the Southern Levant were already witnessing severe changes in climate that would have been exacerbated by large population demands on local resources. Beginning at 8.9 cal ka BP we see a significant decrease in population in highland Jordan, ultimately leading to the complete abandonment of almost all central settlements in this region.[300]

The 9th millennium Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) period in the Levant represents a major transformation in prehistoric lifeways from small bands of mobile hunter–gatherers to large settled farming and herding villages in the Mediterranean zone, the process having been initiated some 2–3 millennia earlier.

'Ain Ghazal (" Spring of the Gazelles") is situated in a relatively rich environmental setting immediately adjacent to the Wadi Zarqa, the longest drainage system in highland Jordan. It is located at an elevation of about 720m within the ecotone between the oak-park woodland to the west and the open steppe-desert to the east.

Evidence recovered from the excavations suggests that much of the surrounding countryside was forested and offered the inhabitants a wide variety of economic resources. Arable land is plentiful within the site's immediate environs. These variables are atypical of many major neolithic sites in the Near East, several of which are located in marginal environments. Yet despite its apparent richness, the area of 'Ain Ghazal is climatically and environmentally sensitive because of its proximity throughout the Holocene to the fluctuating steppe-forest border.

The Ain Ghazal settlement first appear in the middle PPNB, which is split into two phases. Phase 1 starts 10300 yBP and ends 9950 yBP, phase 2 ends 9550 yBP.

The estimated population of the middle PPNB site from ‘Ain Ghazal is of 259-1,349 individuals with an area of 3.01-4.7 ha. Is argued that at its founding at the commencement of the middle PPNB ‘Ain Ghazal was likely 2 ha in size and grew to 5 ha by the end of the middle PPNB. At this point in time their estimated population was 600-750 people or 125-150 people per hectare.

A 2018 study[301] conducted by scholars from Tel-Aviv University, the Israel Antiquities Authority and Harvard University had discovered that 22 out of the 600 people who were buried in Peki'in cave from the Chalcolithic Period were of both local Levantine and Persian and Zagros[302] area ancestries, or as phrased in the paper itself: "Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation,” the scientists concluded that the homogeneous community found in the cave could source ~57% of its ancestry from groups related to those of the local Levant Neolithic, ~26% from groups related to those of the Anatolian Neolithic, and ~17% from groups related to those of the Iran Chalcolithic.".[303] The scholars noted that the Zagros genetic material held "Certain characteristics, such as genetic mutations contributing to blue eye color, were not seen in the DNA test results of earlier Levantine human remains...The blue-eyed, fair-skinned community didn't continue, but at least now researchers have an idea why. "These findings suggest that the rise and fall of the Chalcolithic culture are probably due to demographic changes in the region".[303]

We find that the individuals buried in Peqi’in Cave represent a relatively genetically homogenous population. This homogeneity is evident not only in the genome-wide analyses but also in the fact that most of the male individuals (nine out of ten) belong to the Y-chromosome Haplogroup T (Y-DNA), a lineage thought to have diversified in the Near East. This finding contrasts with both earlier (Neolithic and Epipaleolithic) Levantine populations, which were dominated by Haplogroup E (Y-DNA), and later Bronze Age individuals, all of whom belonged to Haplogroup J (Y-DNA). [1]

Ancient city of Ebla[edit]

In the ancient city of Ebla in Syria in the Bronze age, one individual was found belonging to haplogroup T-L162 (T1a1).[304][305]

Alalakh Amorite city-state[edit]

One individual from Alalakh who lived circa 2014-1781 BC, belonged to haplogroup T-CTS11451 (T1a1a).[306][307][308]

Notable haplogroup members[edit]

Elite endurance runners[edit]

Possible patterns between Y-chromosome and elite endurance runners were studied in an attempt to find a genetic explanation to the Ethiopian endurance running success. Given the superiority of East African athletes in international distance running over the past four decades, it has been speculated that they are genetically advantaged. Elite marathon runners from Ethiopia were analysed for K*(xP) which according to the previously published Ethiopian studies is attributable to the haplogroup T[309]

According to further studies,[2] T1a1a* (L208) was found to be proportionately more frequent in the elite marathon runners sample than in the control samples than any other haplogroup, therefore this y-chromosome could play a significant role in determining Ethiopian endurance running success. Haplogroup T1a1a* was found in 14% of the elite marathon runners sample of whom 43% of this sample are from Arsi province. In addition, haplogroup T1a1a* was found in only 4% of the Ethiopian control sample and only 1% of the Arsi province control sample. T1a1a* is positively associated with aspects of endurance running, whereas E1b1b1 (old E3b1) is negatively associated.[310]

Thomas Jefferson[edit]

A notable member of the T-M184 haplogroup is American President Thomas Jefferson (most distant known ancestor "MDKA" is Samuel Jefferson, Born 11 October 1607 in Pettistree, Suffolk, England). The Y-chromosomal complement of the Jefferson male line was studied in 1998 in an attempt to resolve the controversy over whether he had fathered the mixed-race children of his slave Sally Hemings. A 1998 DNA study of the Y chromosome in the Jefferson male line found that it matched that of a descendant of Eston Hemings, Sally Hemings' youngest son. This confirmed the body of historical evidence, and most historians believe that Jefferson had a long-term intimate liaison with Hemings for 38 years, and fathered her six children of record, four of whom lived to adulthood. In addition, the testing conclusively disproved any connection between the Hemings descendant and the Carr male line. Jefferson grandchildren had asserted in the 19th century that a Carr nephew had been the father of Hemings' children, and this had been the basis of historians' denial for 180 years. Jefferson's paternal family traced back Wales, where T is incredibly rare, as it is throughout Britain. A couple of British males with the Jefferson surname have been found with the third president's type of T, reinforcing the idea that his immediate paternal ancestry was British.

Phylogenetic tree[edit]

Nomenclatural history[edit]

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

Original research publications[edit]

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001

β Underhill 2000

γ Hammer 2001

δ Karafet 2001

ε Semino 2000

ζ Su 1999

η Capelli 2001

Y-DNA backbone tree[edit]

References[edit]

Original research[edit]

  1. ^ W. Goodwin et al., " Department of Forensic and Investigative Science ," "www.yhrd.org/" (2012),
  2. ^ Carsten Hohoff and Bernd Brinkmann "Institut für Rechtsmedizin"," 'Universität Münster <http://www.yhrd.org>
  3. ^ Uta D. Immel et al., "Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Martin-Luther Universität Haale/Saale," "www.yhrd.org/" (1999),
  4. ^ Laura Valverde Potes et al., "Grupo BIOMICs / BIOMICs Research Group," "www.yhrd.org/" (2011),

Other works cited[edit]

  1. ^ "T YTree". www.yfull.com.
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  3. ^ a b Hallast P, Batini C, Zadik D, Maisano Delser P, Wetton JH, Arroyo-Pardo E, Cavalleri GL, de Knijff P, Destro Bisol G, Dupuy BM, Eriksen HA, Jorde LB, King TE, Larmuseau MH, López de Munain A, López-Parra AM, Loutradis A, Milasin J, Novelletto A, Pamjav H, Sajantila A, Schempp W, Sears M, Tolun A, Tyler-Smith C, Van Geystelen A, Watkins S, Winney B, Jobling MA (2015). "The Y-chromosome tree bursts into leaf: 13,000 high-confidence SNPs covering the majority of known clades". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 32 (3): 661–73. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu327. PMC 4327154. PMID 25468874.
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  17. ^ a b c Zalloua PA, Platt DE, El Sibai M, Khalife J, Makhoul N, Haber M, Xue Y, Izaabel H, Bosch E, Adams SM, Arroyo E, López-Parra AM, Aler M, Picornell A, Ramon M, Jobling MA, Comas D, Bertranpetit J, Wells RS, Tyler-Smith C (2008). "Identifying genetic traces of historical expansions: Phoenician footprints in the Mediterranean". American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (5): 633–42. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012. PMC 2668035. PMID 18976729.
  18. ^ Adams SM, et al. (2008). "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (6): 725–736. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. PMC 2668061. PMID 19061982.
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  308. ^ Skourtanioti, Eirini; Erdal, Yilmaz S.; Frangipane, Marcella; Balossi Restelli, Francesca; Yener, K. Aslıhan; Pinnock, Frances; Matthiae, Paolo; Özbal, Rana; Schoop, Ulf-Dietrich; Guliyev, Farhad; Akhundov, Tufan; Lyonnet, Bertille; Hammer, Emily L.; Nugent, Selin E.; Burri, Marta; Neumann, Gunnar U.; Penske, Sandra; Ingman, Tara; Akar, Murat; Shafiq, Rula; Palumbi, Giulio; Eisenmann, Stefanie; d'Andrea, Marta; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Warinner, Christina; Jeong, Choongwon; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Haak, Wolfgang; Krause, Johannes (2020). "Genomic History of Neolithic to Bronze Age Anatolia, Northern Levant, and Southern Caucasus". Cell. 181 (5): 1158–1175.e28. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.044. PMID 32470401. S2CID 219105572.
  309. ^ Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Silvana; Falaschi, Francesco; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Underhill, Peter A. (2002). "Ethiopians and Khoisan Share the Deepest Clades of the Human Y-Chromosome Phylogeny". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (1): 265–8. doi:10.1086/338306. PMC 384897. PMID 11719903.
  310. ^ Moran, Colin N.; Scott, Robert A.; Adams, Susan M.; Warrington, Samantha J.; Jobling, Mark A.; Wilson, Richard H.; Goodwin, William H.; Georgiades, Evelina; et al. (2004). "Y chromosome haplogroups of elite Ethiopian endurance runners". Human Genetics. 115 (6): 492–7. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1202-y. PMID 15503146. S2CID 13960753.

External links[edit]

  • The Y-DNA Haplogroup T Project
  • YFull T YTree
  • T1a1-CTS880 skeleton, Germany I0795_390K
  • T1a1-CTS880 skeleton, Germany I0795_1240K
  • T1a-M70 skeleton, Germany I0797_1240K
  • Settlement Burials at the Karsdorf LBK Site, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
  • Map of the 7100ybp T1a settlement of Karsdorf
  • Video: Karsdorf's adjacent pagan structure for tribal rituals
  • Video: Tribal culture contemporaneous to T1a and their adjacent pagan structure
  • The Digital Archaeological Atlas of the 'Ain Ghazal settlement
  • C14 radiocarbon CONTEXT database
  • Map of the 7550ybp T1a1a-CTS4916 settlement of Malak Preslavets