Candida является родом из дрожжей и является наиболее распространенной причиной грибковых инфекций во всем мире. [1] Многие виды являются безвредными комменсалами или эндосимбионтами хозяев, включая человека ; однако, когдабарьеры слизистой оболочки нарушены или иммунная система нарушена, они могут вторгнуться и вызвать заболевание, известное как оппортунистическая инфекция . [2] Кандида локализуется на большинстве поверхностей слизистых оболочек и в основном в желудочно-кишечном тракте, а также на коже. [2] Candida albicansявляется наиболее часто изолированным видом и может вызывать инфекции ( кандидоз или молочницу) у людей и других животных. В виноделии некоторые виды Candida потенциально могут испортить вина . [3]
Candida | |
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Candida albicans при увеличении 200 × | |
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Род: | Candida Берх. (1923) |
Типовой вид | |
Candida vulgaris Берх. (1923) |
Многие виды встречаются во флоре кишечника , включая C. albicans у млекопитающих- хозяев, тогда как другие живут как эндосимбионты в насекомых-хозяевах. [4] [5] [6] Системные инфекции кровотока и основных органов ( кандидемия или инвазивный кандидоз ), особенно у пациентов с ослабленной иммунной системой ( иммунодефицит ), поражают более 90 000 человек в год в США. [7]
Геном нескольких Кандида видов был секвенирован. [7]
Антибиотики способствуют развитию дрожжевых (грибковых) инфекций, включая разрастание желудочно-кишечного тракта Candida и проникновение в слизистую оболочку желудочно-кишечного тракта . [8] Хотя женщины более восприимчивы к инфекциям генитального дрожжевого грибка, мужчины также могут быть инфицированы. Определенные факторы, такие как длительное употребление антибиотиков, увеличивают риск как для мужчин, так и для женщин. Люди с диабетом или с ослабленным иммунитетом, например, инфицированные ВИЧ , более восприимчивы к дрожжевым инфекциям. [9] [10]
Candida antarctica и Candida rugosa являются источником промышленно важных липаз , а Candida krusei широко используется для ферментации какао при производстве шоколада. Candida rugosa также используется в качестве ферментной добавки для поддержки переваривания жиров, обладающей широкой специфичностью в отношении гидролиза липидов. [11]
Биология
When grown in a laboratory, Candida appears as large, round, white or cream (albicans means "whitish" in Latin) colonies, which emit a yeasty odor on agar plates at room temperature.[12]C. albicans ferments glucose and maltose to acid and gas, sucrose to acid, and does not ferment lactose, which helps to distinguish it from other Candida species.[13]
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies show that the genus Candida, as currently defined, is extremely polyphyletic (encompassing distantly-related species that do not form a natural group).[14] Before the advent of inexpensive molecular methods, yeasts that were isolated from infected patients were often called Candida without clear evidence of relationship to other Candida species. For example, Candida glabrata, Candida guilliermondii, and Candida lusitaniae are clearly misclassified[14] and will be placed in other genera once phylogenetic reorganization is complete (for example, see Khunnamwong et al. 2015).[15]
Some species of Candida use a non-standard genetic code in the translation of their nuclear genes into the amino acid sequences of polypeptides.[16] The difference in the genetic code between species possessing this alternative code is that the codon CUG (normally encoding the amino acid leucine) is translated by the yeast as a different amino acid, serine. The alternative translation of the CUG codon in these species is due to a novel nucleic acid sequence in the serine-tRNA (ser-tRNACAG), which has a guanosine located at position 33, 5' to the anticodon. In all other tRNAs, this position is normally occupied by a pyrimidine (often uridine). This genetic code change is the only such known alteration in cytoplasmic mRNA, in both the prokaryotes, and the eukaryotes, involving the reassignment of a sense codon.[17] This novel genetic code may be a mechanism for more rapid adaptation to the organism's environment, as well as playing an important role in the evolution of the genus Candida by creating genetic barriers that encouraged speciation.[17]
Возбудитель
Candida are almost universal in low numbers on healthy adult skin[13] and C. albicans is part of the normal flora of the mucous membranes of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and female genital tracts. The dryness of skin compared to other tissues prevents the growth of the fungus, but damaged skin or skin in intertriginous regions is more amenable to rapid growth.[18]
Overgrowth of several species, including C. albicans, can cause infections ranging from superficial, such as oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush) or vulvovaginal candidiasis (vaginal candidiasis) and subpreputial candidiasis which may cause balanitis; to systemic, such as fungemia and invasive candidiasis. Oral candidiasis is common in elderly denture-wearers.[19] In otherwise healthy individuals, these superficial infections can be cured with topical or systemic antifungal medications[20] (commonly over-the-counter antifungal treatments like miconazole or clotrimazole). In debilitated or immunocompromised patients, or if introduced intravenously (into the bloodstream), candidiasis may become a systemic disease producing abscesses, thrombophlebitis, endocarditis, or infections of the eyes or other organs.[7][13] Typically, relatively severe neutropenia (low neutrophils) is a prerequisite for Candida to pass through the defenses of the skin and cause disease in deeper tissues; in such cases, mechanical disruption of the infected skin sites is typically a factor in the fungal invasion of the deeper tissues.[18] The most common way to treat invasive candida infections is with the use of amphotericin or fluconazole; other methods would include surgery.[21]
Приложения
C. albicans has been used in combination with carbon nanotubes (CNT) to produce stable electrically-conductive bio-nano-composite tissue materials that have been used as temperature-sensing elements.[22]
Разновидность
Among Candida species, C. albicans, which is a normal constituent of the human flora, a commensal of the skin and the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, is responsible for the majority of Candida bloodstream infections (candidemia).[23] Yet, there is an increasing incidence of infections caused by C. glabrata and C. rugosa, which could be because they are frequently less susceptible to the currently used azole-group of antifungals.[24] Other medically important species include C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis.[7] and the more recent upcoming pathogen C. auris.[25]
Other Candida species, such as C. oleophila, have been used as biological control agents in fruit.[26]
- C. albicans
- C. ascalaphidarum
- C. amphixiae
- C. antarctica
- C. argentea
- C. atlantica
- C. atmosphaerica
- C. auris
- C. blankii
- C. blattae
- C. bracarensis
- C. bromeliacearum
- C. carpophila
- C. carvajalis[27]
- C. cerambycidarum
- C. chauliodes
- C. corydali
- C. dosseyi
- C. dubliniensis
- C. ergatensis
- C. fructus
- C. glabrata
- C. fermentati
- C. guilliermondii
- C. haemulonii
- C. humilis
- C. insectamens
- C. insectorum
- C. intermedia
- C. jeffresii
- C. kefyr
- C. keroseneae
- C. krusei
- C. lusitaniae
- C. lyxosophila
- C. maltosa
- C. marina
- C. membranifaciens
- C. mogii
- C. oleophila
- C. oregonensis
- C. parapsilosis
- C. quercitrusa
- C. rhizophoriensis
- C. rugosa
- C. sake
- C. sharkiensis
- C. shehatea
- C. temnochilae
- C. tenuis
- C. theae[28]
- C. tolerans
- C. tropicalis
- C. tsuchiyae
- C. sinolaborantium
- C. sojae
- C. subhashii
- C. viswanathii
- C. utilis
- C. ubatubensis
- C. zemplinina
Рекомендации
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Внешние ссылки
- The dictionary definition of Candida at Wiktionary
- Labs working on Candida