Saab JAS 39 Gripen ( IPA: [ɡrǐːpɛn] ; английский: грифон ) [Nb 2] [2] является свет одномоторный многоцелевой истребитель производства шведской аэрокосмической компании Saab AB . Gripen имеет треугольное крыло и конфигурацию " утка" с расслабленной конструкцией устойчивости и электронным управлением полетом. Были построены различные версии, сгруппированные как серии A, C и E.
JAS 39 Грипен | |
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ВВС Швеции JAS 39 Gripen в Кайвопуйсто авиасалоне | |
Роль | Многоцелевой истребитель |
национальное происхождение | Швеция |
Производитель | Saab AB |
Дизайн-группа | Industrigruppen JAS , FMV |
Первый полет | 9 декабря 1988 г. |
Вступление | 9 июня 1996 [1] |
Статус | В сервисе |
Основные пользователи | ВВС Швеции ВВС Южной Африки ВВС Бразилии ВВС Чехии ВВС Венгрии Королевские ВВС Таиланда |
Произведено | 1987 – настоящее время |
Количество построенных | 271+ [Nb 1] |
Серии Gripen A и C оснащены двигателем GE F404G (ранее обозначавшимся Volvo RM12 ), а серия E оснащена двигателем GE F414G и имеет максимальную скорость 2 Маха . Позднее самолеты модифицируются в соответствии со стандартами совместимости НАТО. и предпринять дозаправку в воздухе .
В 1979 году правительство Швеции начало исследования по разработке самолета, способного выполнять задачи истребителя, атаки и разведки, чтобы заменить Saab 35 Draken и 37 Viggen в ВВС Швеции . Компания Saab выбрала и разработала новую конструкцию JAS 39, первый полет которой состоялся в 1988 г., поставка первого серийного самолета произошла в 1993 г. и поступила на вооружение ВВС Швеции в 1996 г. [1] Модернизированные варианты с более совершенной авионикой. и приспособления для более длительного использования, начали поступать в эксплуатацию в 2003 году.
Чтобы продвигать самолет на международном рынке, Saab наладила партнерские отношения и начала сотрудничество с зарубежными аэрокосмическими компаниями, в том числе в 2001 году с BAE Systems . На экспортном рынке ранние модели Gripen достигли умеренного успеха в продажах в страны Центральной Европы, Южной Африки и Юго-Восточной Азии; В некоторых из этих закупок предполагалось взяточничество, но власти прекратили расследование в 2009 году [3].
Обновленная и переработанная версия, получившая обозначение Gripen JAS 39E / F, но ранее называвшаяся Gripen NG или Super JAS , [4] начала поставки в ВВС Швеции и Бразилии с 2019 года. Изменения от серии C к серии E включают внедрение новой силовой установки General Electric F414G , радара с активной решеткой с электронным сканированием (AESA) и значительно увеличенного внутреннего запаса топлива. По состоянию на 2020 год построено более 271 грипена всех моделей A – F. [Nb 1]
Разработка
Происхождение
В конце 1970-х годов Швеция пыталась заменить устаревшие модели Saab 35 Draken и Saab 37 Viggen . [6] ВВС Швеции требуется доступный самолет Mach 2 с хорошей производительностью короткого поля для оборонительного плана дисперсного базирования в случае вторжения; План включал примитивные взлетно-посадочные полосы длиной 800 м и шириной 17 м, которые были частью системы Bas 90 . [7] [8] [9] Одна из целей заключалась в том, чтобы самолет был меньше, чем Viggen, сравнявшись с его характеристиками дальности полезной нагрузки или улучшив их. [10] Ранние предложения включали Saab 38 , также называемый B3LA, предназначенный как штурмовик и учебно-тренировочный самолет, [11] и A 20 , развитие Viggen, который будет иметь возможности как истребитель, штурмовик и самолет морской разведки. [12] Некоторые зарубежные проекты были также изучены, в том числе General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon , в McDonnell Douglas F / A-18 Hornet , [13] Northrop F-20 Tigershark и Dassault Mirage 2000 . [14] В конечном итоге шведское правительство выбрало новый истребитель, который будет разработан Saab ( Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolag ). [13]
В 1979 году правительство начало исследование, призывающее к созданию универсальной платформы, способной к JAS, что означает Jakt ( воздух-воздух ), Attack ( воздух-поверхность ) и Spaning (разведка), что указывает на многоцелевой или Swingrole, истребитель, который может выполнять несколько ролей во время одной и той же миссии. [13] Было рассмотрено несколько проектов Saab, наиболее многообещающим из которых был «Проект 2105» (переименованный в «Проект 2108», а затем «Проект 2110»), рекомендованный правительству Управлением оборонных материалов ( Försvarets Materielverk , или FMV). [13] В 1980 году Industrigruppen JAS ( IG JAS , «JAS Industry Group») была создана как совместное предприятие Saab-Scania , LM Ericsson , Svenska Radioaktiebolaget , Volvo Flygmotor и Försvarets Fabriksverk , промышленного подразделения вооруженных сил Швеции. [15]
Предпочтительным самолетов был одним двигателем, легкий одноместный, охватывающей муха по проводам технологии, и утки аэродинамически неустойчивую конструкцию. [16] В качестве силовой установки был выбран Volvo-Flygmotor RM12 , производная от General Electric F404 -400 по лицензии ; Приоритетами при разработке двигателей были снижение веса и уменьшение количества компонентов. [16] [17] На 30 июня 1982 года, с одобрением от риксдага , [18] FMV заключила контракты на сумму SEK 25,7 млрд Saab, охватывающий пять прототипов и первую партию 30 серийных самолетов. [19] [20] К январю 1983 года Viggen был преобразован в летающий испытательный самолет для предполагаемой авионики JAS 39, такой как управление по проводам. [21] JAS 39 получил название Gripen (грифон) в результате публичного конкурса [22], что является геральдикой на логотипе Saab. [Nb 3]
Тестирование, производство и улучшения
Внешнее видео | |
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Кадры с земли авиакатастрофы на Грипене в 1989 году |
Saab представила первый Gripen 26 апреля 1987 года, отмечая 50-летие компании. [25] Первоначально планировалось вылететь в 1987 году, [17] первый полет был отложен на 18 месяцев из-за проблем с системой управления полетом. 9 декабря 1988 года первый прототип (серийный номер 39-1) совершил первый 51-минутный полет с пилотом Стигом Хольмстремом за штурвалом. [16] [26] Во время программы испытаний возникла обеспокоенность по поводу авионики самолета, в частности, системы дистанционного управления полетом (FCS) и конструкции с ослабленной стабилизацией. 2 февраля 1989 г. эта проблема привела к аварии прототипа во время попытки приземления в Линчёпинге ; летчик-испытатель Ларс Родестрем ушел со сломанным локтем. Причина крушения была идентифицирована как вызванные пилотом колебания , вызванные проблемами с программой управления тангажем FCS. [16] [27] [28]
В ответ на аварию Saab и американская фирма Calspan представили модификации программного обеспечения самолета. Для тестирования этих улучшений использовался модифицированный Lockheed NT-33A , что позволило возобновить летные испытания через 15 месяцев после аварии. 8 августа 1993 года серийный самолет 39102 был уничтожен в результате авиакатастрофы во время авиашоу в Стокгольме . Летчик-испытатель Родестрем потерял управление самолетом во время крена на малой высоте, когда самолет заглох, вынудив его катапультироваться. Позже Saab обнаружил, что проблема заключалась в сильном усилении быстрых и значительных команд, вводимых пилотом. Последовавшее расследование и исправление недостатков задержали испытательный полет на несколько месяцев и возобновились в декабре 1993 года [16].
Первый заказ включал опцион еще на 110, который был исполнен в июне 1992 года. Партия II состояла из 96 одноместных JAS 39A и 14 двухместных JAS 39B. [29] [30] Вариант JAS 39B на 66 см (26 дюймов) длиннее, чем JAS 39A, чтобы разместить второе сиденье, что также потребовало удаления пушки и уменьшения внутреннего запаса топлива. [31] К апрелю 1994 года было завершено пять прототипов и два серийных Gripens; но ракета вне зоны видимости (БВР) еще не была выбрана. [32] В июне 1997 года была заказана третья партия, состоящая из 50 модернизированных одноместных JAS 39C и 14 двухместных JAS 39D [31], известных как «Turbo Gripen», совместимых с НАТО для экспорта. [33] Самолеты серии III, поставленные в период с 2002 по 2008 год, обладают более мощным и обновленным бортовым радиоэлектронным оборудованием, возможностью дозаправки в полете с помощью выдвижных датчиков на правом борту самолета и бортовой системой генерации кислорода (OBOGS) для более продолжительных миссий. . [34] Дозаправка в полете была испытана на специально оборудованном прототипе (39-4), который успешно прошел испытания с VC10 Королевских ВВС в 1998 году. [31]
Соглашения о сотрудничестве
Во время Парижского авиасалона 1995 года Saab Military Aircraft и British Aerospace (BAe, ныне BAE Systems ) объявили о создании совместного предприятия Saab-BAe Gripen AB с целью адаптации, производства, маркетинга и поддержки Gripen по всему миру. [31] [35] Сделка включала преобразование самолетов серий A и B в «экспортные» серии C и D, которые разработали Gripen для совместимости со стандартами НАТО . [36] Это сотрудничество было расширено в 2001 году с образованием Gripen International для содействия экспортным продажам. [37] В декабре 2004 года Saab и BAE Systems объявили, что BAE продаст большую часть своей доли в Saab и что Saab возьмет на себя полную ответственность за маркетинг и экспортные заказы Gripen. [38] В июне 2011 года Saab объявил, что внутреннее расследование выявило доказательства коррупционных действий со стороны BAE Systems, включая отмывание денег , в Южной Африке, одном из клиентов Gripen. [39]
26 апреля 2007 года Норвегия подписала с Saab соглашение о совместной разработке на сумму 150 миллионов норвежских крон для участия в программе разработки Gripen, включая интеграцию норвежской промышленности в разработку будущих версий самолета. [40] В июне того же года Saab также заключила соглашение с Thales Norway A / S о разработке систем связи для истребителя Gripen. Этот орден был первым, присужденным в соответствии с положениями Письма-соглашения, подписанного Министерством обороны Норвегии и Gripen International в апреле 2007 года. [40] В результате утечки дипломатических телеграмм США в 2010 году выяснилось, что американские дипломаты был обеспокоен сотрудничеством между Норвегией и Швецией по теме Gripen и пытался оказать давление против покупки самолета Норвегией. [41]
В декабре 2007 года в рамках маркетинговых усилий Gripen International в Дании было подписано соглашение с датским поставщиком технологий Terma A / S, которое позволило им участвовать в программе промышленного сотрудничества в течение следующих 10–15 лет. Общая стоимость программы оценивалась более чем в 10 миллиардов датских крон и частично зависела от закупки Gripen Данией. [42] Впоследствии Дания решила закупить истребитель F-35 Joint Strike Fighter.
Споры, скандалы и издержки
Разработка перспективного многоцелевого истребителя была серьезным делом для Швеции. Предшественник Вигген, несмотря на то, что он был менее продвинутым и менее дорогим, подвергался критике за то, что занимал слишком большую часть военного бюджета Швеции, и был заклеймен критиками как «кукушка в военном гнезде» еще в 1971 году. На партийном съезде социал-демократов 1972 года. , доминирующая партия в шведской политике с 1950-х годов, было принято предложение остановить любые будущие проекты по разработке перспективных военных самолетов. [43] В 1982 году проект Грипена прошел в риксдаге с перевесом 176 "за" и 167 "против", при этом вся социал-демократическая партия проголосовала против этого предложения из-за требований о проведении дополнительных исследований. Новый законопроект был внесен в 1983 году [44] , и окончательное утверждение было предоставлено в апреле 1983 года с условием , что проект должен был иметь предопределенное контракт с фиксированной ценой, [45] решение , которое позже будет подвергнут критике как нереалистичным из - за позднее перерасход средств. [43]
По словам Анники Брандстрём, после катастроф 1989 и 1993 годов Gripen рисковал потерять доверие и ослабить свой общественный имидж. В обществе высказывались предположения, что неспособность решить технические проблемы, выявленные в первой аварии, непосредственно способствовали возникновению второй аварии, и поэтому их можно было избежать. [46] Брандстрем заметил, что элементы СМИ призывали к большей публичной отчетности и разъяснению проекта; плохо информированный анализ СМИ также исказил общественное мнение о Грипене. [47] Действующее консервативное правительство быстро одобрило и поддержало Грипен - министр обороны Андерс Бьорк публично заверил, что проект был очень позитивным для Швеции. [48] В связи с маркетинговыми усилиями Gripen во многих странах, включая Южную Африку, Австрию, Чешскую Республику и Венгрию, поступали сообщения о широкомасштабном взяточничестве и коррупции со стороны BAE Systems и Saab. [49] [50] В 2007 году шведские журналисты сообщили, что BAE дала взятки в размере миллионов долларов. [51] [52] [53] После уголовных расследований в восьми странах только один человек в Австрии, Альфонс Менсдорф-Пуйи , был привлечен к ответственности за взяточничество. Скандал запятнал международную репутацию компаний Gripen, BAE Systems, Saab и Швеции. [50]
Стоимость Gripen часто обсуждалась и обсуждалась. В 2008 году Saab объявила о сокращении прибыли за этот год, отчасти из-за увеличения маркетинговых затрат на самолет. [54] В 2008 году Saab оспорила норвежские расчеты затрат на Gripen NG как завышенные и превышающие реальные показатели существующих операторов. [55] В отчете Института исследований безопасности Европейского Союза за 2007 год говорится, что общие затраты на исследования и разработки Gripen составили 1,84 миллиарда евро. [56] Согласно исследованию Jane's Information Group в 2012 году, эксплуатационные расходы Gripen были самыми низкими среди нескольких современных истребителей; она оценивалась в 4700 долларов за час полета. [57] Министерство обороны Швеции оценило стоимость всей системы, включающей 60 Gripen E / F, в 90 миллиардов шведских крон, распределенных в период 2013–42 годов. По оценкам шведских вооруженных сил, содержание 100 самолетов модели C / D до 2042 года будет стоить 60 миллиардов шведских крон, в то время как покупка самолетов у иностранного поставщика обойдется в 110 миллиардов шведских крон. [58]
JAS 39E / F и другие разработки
Двухместный самолет, получивший обозначение "Gripen Demo", был заказан в 2007 году в качестве испытательного стенда для различных модернизаций. [59] [60] Он был оснащен двигателем General Electric F414G , разработанным на базе двигателя Boeing F / A-18E / F Super Hornet . [61] Максимальный взлетный вес Gripen NG был увеличен с 14 000 до 16 000 кг (30 900–35 300 фунтов), внутренний запас топлива был увеличен на 40 процентов за счет перемещения шасси, что также позволило установить две дополнительные точки подвески на днище фюзеляжа. . Его боевой радиус составлял 1300 километров (810 миль) при наличии шести зенитных ракетных комплексов и десантных танков . [60] [62] ПС-05 / А радар заменен новым Raven ES-05 [63] активны с электронным сканированием массива (АФАР) РЛС, которая основана на РЛС семейства Лисица AESA от Selex ES (с 2016 Финмекканика , затем Leonardo SpA ). [64] [65] Первый полет Gripen Demo был проведен 27 мая 2008 года. [66] 21 января 2009 года Gripen Demo пролетел со скоростью 1,2 Маха без повторного нагрева, чтобы проверить свои суперкруизные возможности. [67] Gripen Demo послужила основой для Gripen E / F, также называемого Gripen NG (Next Generation) и MS (Mission System) 21. [68] [69]
Saab изучал вариант Gripen, способный работать с авианосцев в 1990-х годах. В 2009 году он запустил проект Sea Gripen в ответ на запрос Индии о предоставлении информации о палубном самолете . Бразилии также может потребоваться новый самолет-носитель. [70] [71] После встречи с должностными лицами Министерства обороны (МО) в мае 2011 года Saab согласился создать центр разработок в Великобритании для расширения концепции Sea Gripen. [72] В 2013 году Леннарт Синдал из Saab заявил, что фирма изучает возможность создания Gripen E с дополнительным пилотом, способного выполнять беспилотные операции; дальнейшее развитие опционально пилотируемых и авианосных версий потребует приверженности заказчика. [73] [74] 6 ноября 2014 года ВМС Бразилии проявили интерес к авианосному самолету Gripen. [75]
В 2010 году Швеция заключила с Saab четырехлетний контракт на улучшение радара Gripen и другого оборудования, интеграции нового вооружения и снижения эксплуатационных расходов. [76] В июне 2010 года Saab заявила, что Швеция планирует заказать Gripen NG, получивший обозначение JAS 39E / F, и должен поступить в эксплуатацию в 2017 году или ранее в зависимости от экспортных заказов. [68] 25 августа 2012 года, после намерения Швейцарии купить 22 варианта E / F, Швеция объявила о своем намерении купить 40–60 Gripen E / F. [77] Правительство Швеции решило приобрести 60 Gripen Es 17 января 2013 года. [78] [79] После общенационального референдума в 2014 году Швейцария решила не закупать истребители на замену и отложила процесс закупок.
В июле 2013 года началась сборка первого предсерийного Gripen E. [80] Первоначально 60 JAS 39C должны были быть модернизированы в JAS 39E к 2023 году [81], но это было изменено на Gripen Es с новыми планерами и некоторыми повторно используемыми. части из JAS 39Cs. [82] Первый серийный самолет должен быть доставлен в 2018 году. [83] В марте 2014 года Saab представила подробный проект и сообщила о планах получить сертификат военного образца в 2018 году. [83] Первый Gripen E был выпущен 18 мая. 2016. [84] Saab отложила первый полет с 2016 на 2017, чтобы сосредоточиться на сертификации программного обеспечения гражданского уровня; [85] начали высокоскоростные испытания такси в декабре 2016 года [86] [87] В сентябре 2015, глава Saab Aeronautics Леннард Sindhal объявил , что Electronic Warfare версия Gripen F двухместный находилась в стадии разработки. [88] 15 июня 2017 года Saab выполнил первый полет Gripen E. [89] По состоянию на май 2018 г.[Обновить], Gripen E достиг сверхзвукового полета и должен был начать нагрузочные испытания. [90] Программа опытно-конструкторских летных испытаний опытного образца Gripen E продолжается сегодня после внутренних поставок в ВВС Швеции и Бразилии.
Дизайн
Обзор
Gripen - это многоцелевой истребитель, представляющий собой легкую и маневренную воздушную платформу с современной, легко адаптируемой авионикой. У него есть управляющие поверхности утка, которые создают положительную подъемную силу на всех скоростях, в то время как значительная подъемная сила треугольного крыла компенсирует задний стабилизатор, создавая отрицательную подъемную силу на высоких скоростях, увеличивая индуцированное сопротивление . [91] Преднамеренная нестабильность и использование цифрового дистанционного управления полетом для поддержания устойчивости снимает многие ограничения полета, улучшает маневренность и снижает сопротивление. [92] [93] Gripen также имеет хорошие взлетные характеристики на коротких дистанциях, способность поддерживать высокую скорость снижения и усилен, чтобы выдерживать нагрузки при коротких посадках. [94] Пара воздушных тормозов расположена по бокам хвостовой части фюзеляжа; Усы также наклоняются вниз, чтобы действовать как воздушный тормоз и уменьшать посадочную дистанцию. [95] Он способен летать под углом атаки 70–80 градусов. [96]
Чтобы обеспечить Gripen долгий срок службы, примерно 50 лет, Saab разработал его с учетом низких требований к обслуживанию. [97] Основные системы, такие как двигатель RM12 и радар PS-05 / A, являются модульными, чтобы снизить эксплуатационные расходы и повысить надежность. [93] Gripen был разработан, чтобы быть гибким, так что недавно разработанные датчики, компьютеры и вооружение могли быть интегрированы по мере развития технологий. [98] Приблизительно 67% самолетов были поставлены шведскими или европейскими поставщиками, а 33% - из США. [99]
Одним из ключевых аспектов программы Gripen, который Saab старался подчеркнуть, были соглашения о передаче технологий и промышленное партнерство с экспортными клиентами. [100] Gripen обычно настраивается в соответствии с требованиями клиентов, что позволяет включать местных поставщиков в производственные процессы и процессы поддержки. Ряд южноафриканских фирм поставляют компоненты и системы, в том числе комплекты средств связи и системы радиоэлектронной борьбы, для Gripens, эксплуатируемых южноафриканскими военно-воздушными силами. [101] Операторы также имеют доступ к исходному коду Gripen и технической документации, что позволяет независимо интегрировать обновления и новое оборудование. [102] Некоторые экспортные заказчики намерены собирать Gripen внутри страны; Было высказано предположение, что бразильский производитель авиакосмической техники Embraer может производить грипены и для других экспортных заказчиков. [103] [104]
Авионика и датчики
Вся авионика Gripen полностью интегрирована с использованием пяти цифровых шин данных MIL-STD-1553 B , что называется « объединением датчиков ». [93] Полная интеграция авионики делает Gripen «программируемым» летательным аппаратом, позволяя со временем вводить обновления программного обеспечения для повышения характеристик и дополнительных рабочих ролей и оборудования. [105] Язык программирования Ada был адаптирован для Gripen и используется для первичного управления полетом на окончательных прототипах с 1996 года и на всех последующих серийных самолетах. [106] Программное обеспечение Gripen постоянно совершенствуется, добавляя новые возможности, по сравнению с предыдущим Viggen, который обновлялся только в течение 18 месяцев. [107]
Большая часть данных, генерируемых бортовыми датчиками и действиями кабины, записывается в цифровом виде на протяжении всей миссии. Эта информация может быть воспроизведена в кабине или легко извлечена для подробного анализа после миссии с использованием блока передачи данных, который также может использоваться для ввода данных миссии в самолет. [108] [109] Gripen, как и Viggen, был разработан для работы в качестве одного из компонентов сетевой системы национальной обороны, которая позволяет автоматически обмениваться информацией в режиме реального времени между самолетами Gripen и наземными объектами. [110] Согласно Saab, Gripen имеет «самый развитый канал передачи данных в мире». [93] Тактическая навигационная система Ternav Gripen объединяет информацию от нескольких бортовых систем, таких как компьютер данных о воздухе , радиолокационный высотомер и GPS, для непрерывного расчета местоположения Gripen. [111]
Gripen поступил на вооружение с использованием многорежимной РЛС PS-05 / A в импульсном доплеровском диапазоне X , разработанной Ericsson и GEC-Marconi , которая основана на усовершенствованном радаре Blue Vixen для Sea Harrier, который также послужил основой для радар Eurofighter CAPTOR . [112] [93] Всепогодный радар способен обнаруживать и идентифицировать цели на расстоянии 120 км (74 мили), [113] и автоматически отслеживать несколько целей в верхней и нижней сферах, на земле, в море или в воздухе. . Он может наводить несколько ракет класса " воздух-воздух" за пределами видимости одновременно по нескольким целям. [114] Saab заявил, что PS-05 / A способен выполнять все типы задач ПВО, класса воздух-земля и разведки, [93] и разрабатывает для него модернизацию Mark 4. [115] [116] Версия Mark 4 имеет на 150% увеличение дальности обнаружения на большой высоте, обнаружение и сопровождение более мелких целей на текущих дальностях, улучшение на 140% в режиме воздух-воздух на малой высоте. , а также полная интеграция современного оружия, такого как AIM-120C-7 AMRAAM , AIM-9X Sidewinder и ракеты MBDA Meteor . [117]
В будущем Gripen E / F будет использовать новый радар с активным электронным сканированием (AESA) Raven ES-05, основанный на семействе радаров Vixen AESA от Selex ES . [65] Среди других улучшений новый радар должен быть способен сканировать в значительно увеличенном поле зрения и увеличенной дальности. [118] Кроме того, новый Gripen интегрирует инфракрасный датчик поиска и сопровождения (IRST) Skyward-G , который способен пассивно обнаруживать тепловое излучение от воздушных и наземных целей в непосредственной близости от самолета. [119] Датчики Gripen E, как утверждается, способны обнаруживать цели с малым радиолокационным поперечным сечением (RCS) за пределами видимости. [120] Цели отслеживаются системой «лучший датчик доминирует», либо бортовыми датчиками, либо посредством функции передачи данных вспомогательного блока передатчика (TAU) радара. [121] [122]
Кокпит
Основные органы управления полетом совместимы с принципом управления ручным управлением дроссельной заслонкой ( HOTAS ) - центрально установленный джойстик, помимо управления самолетом, также управляет дисплеями в кабине и системами вооружения. Триплекс, цифровая электродистанционная система используется на органах управления полетом Gripen, [93] с механической опорой для дроссельной заслонки. [123] Доступ к дополнительным функциям, таким как связь, навигация и поддержка принятия решений, можно получить через переднюю панель управления, расположенную прямо над центральным дисплеем в кабине. [124] Gripen включает в себя систему индикации в кабине EP-17, разработанную Saab для обеспечения пилотов высокой ситуационной осведомленностью и снижения рабочей нагрузки пилотов за счет интеллектуального управления информацией. Грипена имеет слитый датчик возможность, информацию от бортовых датчиков и баз данных совмещена, автоматически анализируется, и полезные данные представлены пилоту с помощью широкого поля-обзора Head-Up Display , три больших многофункциональных цветных дисплеев, и опционально система отображения на шлеме (HMDS). [109]
Из трех многофункциональных дисплеев (MFD) центральный дисплей предназначен для навигационных данных и данных миссии, дисплей слева от центра показывает состояние самолета и информацию о радиоэлектронной борьбе , а дисплей справа от центра отображает сенсорную информацию и информацию о стрельбе. контрольная информация. [124] В двухместных вариантах дисплеи на задних сиденьях могут работать независимо от расположения дисплеев пилота на переднем сиденье, Saab продвигает эту возможность как полезную во время операций радиоэлектронной борьбы и разведки , а также при выполнении командования и управления. виды деятельности. [109] В мае 2010 года Швеция начала оснащать свои грипены дополнительными бортовыми компьютерными системами и новыми дисплеями. [125] MFD взаимозаменяемы и предназначены для резервирования в случае отказа, полетная информация может быть представлена на любом из дисплеев. [123]
Saab и BAE разработали Cobra HMDS для использования в Gripen на основе Striker HMDS, используемой на Eurofighter. [126] К 2008 году Cobra HMDS была полностью интегрирована в действующие самолеты и доступна в качестве опции для экспортных клиентов; он был переоборудован в старые шведские и южноафриканские Gripens. [126] HMDS обеспечивает управление и информацию о целеуказании, данных датчиков и параметрах полета, и опционально оснащается для работы в ночное время и с химической / биологической фильтрацией. [108] Все соединения между HMDS и кабиной были спроектированы для быстрого отсоединения для безопасного использования системы катапультирования. [127]
Двигатель
Все находящиеся в эксплуатации Gripens по состоянию на январь 2014 года оснащены турбовентиляторным двигателем Volvo RM12 (теперь GKN Aerospace Engine Systems), производным от General Electric F404 по лицензии , питаемым от Y-образного воздуховода с разделительными пластинами ; Изменения включают повышенную производительность и надежность для соответствия критериям безопасности при использовании одного двигателя, а также повышенную устойчивость к столкновениям с птицами . [123] [128] Некоторые подсистемы и компоненты также были переработаны, чтобы снизить требования к обслуживанию. [129] К ноябрю 2010 года «Грипен» налетал более 143 000 часов без единой поломки или происшествий, связанных с двигателем; Руне Хайрефельдт, глава управления военной программой Volvo Aero, заявил: «Я думаю, что это непростой рекорд для одномоторного приложения». [129]
Разрабатываемые варианты JAS 39E и F должны принять силовую установку F414G, вариант General Electric F414 . F414G может производить на 20% большую тягу, чем текущий двигатель RM12, что позволяет Gripen выполнять суперкруиз (летать на сверхзвуковой скорости без использования форсажных камер ) со скоростью 1,1 Маха, неся боевую нагрузку воздух-воздух. [61] В 2010 году Volvo Aero заявила, что может доработать свой двигатель RM12, чтобы он лучше соответствовал характеристикам F414G, и заявила, что разработка RM12 будет менее дорогостоящим вариантом. [130] До того, как Saab выбрал F414G, Eurojet EJ200 также рассматривался для Gripen; Предлагаемые реализации включали использование вектора тяги . [131]
Техника и вооружение
Gripen совместим с рядом различных вооружений, помимо единственной 27-мм пушки Mauser BK-27 (отсутствует в двухместных вариантах) [132], включая ракеты класса "воздух-воздух", такие как AIM-9 Sidewinder , ракеты класса "воздух-земля", такие как AGM-65 Maverick , и противокорабельные ракеты, такие как RBS-15 . [133] В 2010 году флот Gripen ВВС Швеции завершил процесс модернизации MS19, обеспечив совместимость с целым рядом вооружений, включая ракету MBDA Meteor большой дальности, ракету IRIS-T малой дальности и лазерную установку GBU-49. управляемая бомба. [134] Говоря о выборе вооружения Gripen, директор кампании Saab в Индии Эдвард де ла Мотт заявил, что: «Если вы покупаете Gripen, выберите, откуда вы хотите получить свое оружие. Израиль, Швеция, Европа, США… Южная Америка. к клиенту". [118]
В полете Gripen обычно способен нести до 6500 кг (14 330 фунтов) различного вооружения и оборудования. [105] Оборудование включает в себя внешние стручки датчика для разведки и целеуказания, таких как Рафаэль «s Litening ориентации стручок , Saab „s Модульного Reconnaissance Pod система или Фалес “Digital Совместного Reconnaissance Pod. [135] Gripen имеет усовершенствованный и интегрированный набор средств радиоэлектронной борьбы , способный работать в необнаруживаемом пассивном режиме или активно блокировать радары противника; система предупреждения о приближении ракет пассивно обнаруживает и отслеживает приближающиеся ракеты. [119] [136] В ноябре 2013 года было объявлено, что Saab первым предложит активный глушитель BriteCloud, разработанный Selex ES . [137] В июне 2014 года модульный модуль самозащиты с технологией повышенной выживаемости, защитный модуль противоракетной обороны, совершил свой первый полет на «Грипене». [138]
Saab описывает Gripen как «самолет с поворотной ролью», заявляя, что он способен «мгновенно переключаться между ролями одним нажатием кнопки». Человеко-машинный интерфейс изменяется при переключении между ролями, оптимизируется компьютером в ответ на новые ситуации и угрозы. [108] Gripen также оборудован для использования ряда различных стандартов и систем связи, включая безопасную радиосвязь SATURN, Link-16, ROVER и спутниковые каналы связи. [139] Оборудование для выполнения полетов на большие расстояния, такое как зонд для дозаправки в воздухе и бортовая система генерации кислорода (OBOGS), было интегрировано в Gripen C / D. [140]
Удобство использования и обслуживание
Во время холодной войны , в Вооруженные силы Швеции должны были быть готовы защитить от возможного вторжения. Этот сценарий требовал рассредоточения оборонительных сил боевых самолетов в системе Bas 90 для поддержания способности противовоздушной обороны. [141] Таким образом, ключевой целью проектирования во время разработки Gripen была способность взлетать с заснеженных взлетно-посадочных полос длиной всего 800 метров (2600 футов); [142] кроме того, короткое время, всего десять минут, в течение которого группа, состоящая из техника и пяти призывников, сможет перевооружиться, заправиться топливом и провести базовые проверки и обслуживание в пределах этого временного окна, прежде чем вернуться в полет. для миссий воздух-воздух. Для миссий «воздух-земля» это время обработки с использованием того же ресурса немного больше и составляет двадцать минут. [142] [143]
В процессе проектирования большое внимание уделялось упрощению и минимизации технического обслуживания самолетов; Помимо удобной в обслуживании компоновки, многие подсистемы и компоненты практически не требуют обслуживания. [144] Самолеты оснащены системой мониторинга работоспособности и использования (HUMS), которая контролирует работу различных систем и предоставляет информацию техническим специалистам для оказания помощи в их обслуживании. [145] Saab осуществляет программу непрерывного совершенствования; информация из HUMS и других систем может быть отправлена для анализа. [146] Согласно Saab, Gripen обеспечивает «эксплуатационные расходы на 50% ниже, чем у его лучшего конкурента». [93]
В исследовании Jane's Aerospace and Defense Consulting, проведенном в 2012 году, сравнивались эксплуатационные расходы ряда современных боевых самолетов, и был сделан вывод о том, что у Gripen была самая низкая стоимость летного часа (CPFH) при использовании топлива, предполетной подготовке и ремонте и плановом техническом обслуживании на уровне аэродрома. вместе с соответствующими расходами на персонал были объединены. Предполагаемый CPFH Gripen составлял 4700 долларов США, тогда как следующий самый низкий, F-16 Block 40/50, имел CPFH на 49% выше и составлял 7000 долларов. [57] [147]
История эксплуатации
Швеция
ВВС Швеции размещены в общей сложности заказ на 204 Gripens [148] в трех партий. Первая доставка произошла 8 июня 1993 года, когда 39102 был передан Flygvapnet во время церемонии в Линчёпинге; [149] последняя партия из первой партии была передана 13 декабря 1996 года. [30] ВВС получили свой первый образец партии II 19 декабря 1996 года. [150] Вместо соглашения о фиксированной цене партии I, партия II Самолеты оплачивались как концепция «целевой цены»: любые недосыстки или перерасходы должны быть разделены между FMV и Saab. [31]
JAS 39 поступил на вооружение авиакрыла Скараборг (F 7) 1 ноября 1997 года. [151] [152] Последняя партия из трех самолетов была доставлена в FMV 26 ноября 2008 года. [34] Это было выполнено на 10% меньше. чем согласованная цена за партию, в результате чего стоимость взлетно-посадочной полосы JAS 39C составляет менее 30 миллионов долларов США. [34] Эта партия Gripens была оборудована для дозаправки в полете от специально оборудованных TP84 . [31] В 2007 году была начата программа модернизации 31 истребителя ВВС JAS 39A / B до JAS 39C / D. [153] В январе 2013 года на вооружении SwAF находилось 134 самолета JAS 39. [154] В марте 2015 года ВВС Швеции получили последний JAS 39C. [155]
29 марта 2011 года парламент Швеции утвердил размещение ВВС Швеции на 3 месяца для поддержки санкционированной ООН бесполетной зоны над Ливией. 2 апреля началось развертывание восьми Gripens, десяти пилотов и другого персонала. [156] 8 июня 2011 года шведское правительство объявило о соглашении о продлении срока дислокации пяти Gripens. [157] К октябрю 2011 года «Грипенс» выполнил более 650 боевых вылетов, почти 2 000 летных часов и передал НАТО примерно 2 000 отчетов о разведке. [158] Журналист Тим Хефер предположил, что операции в Ливии могут стимулировать продажи Gripen и других самолетов. [159]
В ноябре 2012 года подполковник Ларс Хельмрих из ВВС Швеции дал показания риксдагу относительно Gripen E. Он заявил, что текущая версия Gripen будет устаревшей в боевых действиях воздух-воздух к 2020 году. [160] С 60 Gripens. будучи признанным минимумом, необходимым для защиты воздушного пространства Швеции, ВВС Швеции хотят к 2020 году модернизировать 60–80 Gripen до стандарта E / F [161].
25 августа 2012 года правительство Швеции объявило, что к 2023 году ожидается закупка и ввод в эксплуатацию 40–60 грипсов JAS 39E / F. [77] [162] 11 декабря 2012 года риксдаг утвердил закупку от 40 до 60 грипсов JAS. 39E / F с возможностью отмены, если не менее 20 самолетов не заказаны другими клиентами. [163] 17 января 2013 года правительство одобрило сделку на поставку 60 JAS 39E в период с 2018 по 2027 год. [78] 3 марта 2014 года министр обороны Швеции заявил, что могут быть заказаны еще 10 JAS 39E; Позже это было подтверждено правительством. [164] [165]
Также есть планы сохранить часть Gripen C / D в активном состоянии после 2025 года. Это было рекомендовано шведским консультативным комитетом по обороне в 2019 году [166].
Республика Чехия
Когда Чешская Республика стала членом НАТО в 1999 году, необходимость замены существующего парка МиГ-21 советской постройки на самолеты, совместимые со стандартами взаимодействия НАТО, стала очевидной. В 2000 году Чешская Республика начала оценку ряда самолетов, включая F-16, F / A-18, Mirage 2000, Eurofighter Typhoon и Gripen. Одним из основных условий закупок было соглашение о промышленной офсетной печати на уровне 150% от ожидаемой закупочной стоимости. [167] В декабре 2001 года, по сообщениям, поддавшись щедрой программе финансирования и компенсации Gripen International, чешское правительство объявило, что выбрали Gripen. [168] В 2002 году сделка была отложена до проведения парламентских выборов; Также изучались альтернативные средства ПВО, в том числе аренда самолетов. [169]
14 июня 2004 года было объявлено, что Чешская Республика должна арендовать 14 самолетов Gripen, модифицированных в соответствии со стандартами НАТО. [170] Соглашение также включало обучение чешских пилотов и техников в Швеции. Первые шесть были сданы 18 апреля 2005 года. [171] Аренда была заключена на согласованный период в 10 лет и стоила 780 миллионов евро; 14 самолетов бывших ВВС Швеции включали 12 одноместных и два двухместных учебно-тренировочных самолета JAS 39D. [172] [173] В сентябре 2013 года Экспортное агентство обороны и безопасности объявило, что заключено последующее соглашение с Чешской Республикой о продлении аренды на 14 лет, до 2029 года; арендованные воздушные суда также должны пройти обширную модернизацию, включая внедрение новых линий передачи данных. [174] В договоре аренды также есть возможность в конечном итоге напрямую приобрести бойцов. [173] В 2014 году срок аренды был продлен до 2027 года, а сервисный контракт Saab - до 2026 года. [175] [176]
In November 2014, Czech Air Force commander General Libor Štefánik proposed leasing a further six Gripens due to Russia's deteriorating relationship with the West;[177] a Ministry of Defence spokesperson stated that the notion was the commander's personal vision and fleet expansion was not on the agenda for years to come.[178] In 2015, the service decided to upgrade its fleet to the MS20 configuration.[179] The MS20 upgrade was completed in 2018.[180]
Hungary
Following Hungary's membership of NATO in 1999, there were several proposals to achieve a NATO-compatible fighter force. Considerable attention went into studying second-hand aircraft options as well as modifying the nation's existing MiG-29 fleet. In 2001, Hungary received several offers of new and used aircraft from various nations, including Sweden, Belgium, Israel, Turkey, and the US.[181] Although the Hungarian government initially intended to procure the F-16, in November 2001 it was in the process of negotiating a 10-year lease contract for 12 Gripen aircraft, with an option to purchase the aircraft at the end of the lease period.[182][183]
As part of the procurement arrangements, Saab had offered an offset deal valued at 110 per cent of the cost of the 14 fighters.[184] Initially, Hungary had planned to lease several Batch II aircraft; however, the inability to conduct aerial refuelling and weapons compatibility limitations had generated Hungarian misgivings.[185] The contract was renegotiated and was signed on 2 February 2003 for a total of 14 Gripens, which had originally been A/B standard and had undergone an extensive upgrade process to the NATO-compatible C/D 'Export Gripen' standard.[186] The last aircraft deliveries took place in December 2007.[187]
While the Hungarian Air Force operates a total of 14 Gripen aircraft under lease,[173] in 2011, the country reportedly intended to purchase these aircraft outright.[188] However, in January 2012, the Hungarian and Swedish governments agreed to extend the lease period for a further ten years; according to Hungarian Defence Minister Csaba Hende, the agreement represented considerable cost savings.[189]
Two Gripens were lost in crashes in May and June 2015,[190][191][192] leaving 12 Gripens in operation.[193] From 2017, Hungary is back to operating 14 fighters.[194]
South Africa
In 1999, South Africa signed a contract with BAe/Saab for the procurement of 26 Gripens (C/D standard) with minor modifications to meet their requirements.[195] Deliveries to the South African Air Force commenced in April 2008.[196] By April 2011, 18 aircraft (nine two-seater aircraft and nine single-seaters) had been delivered.[197] While the establishment of a Gripen Fighter Weapon School at Overberg Air Force Base in South Africa had been under consideration, in July 2013 Saab ruled out the option due to a lack of local support for the initiative; Thailand is an alternative location being considered,[198] as well as the Čáslav Czech air base.[199]
Between April 2013 and December 2013, South African contractors held prime responsibility for maintenance work on the Gripen fleet as support contracts with Saab had expired; this arrangement led to fears that extended operations may not be possible due to a lack of proper maintenance.[200] In December 2013, Armscor awarded Saab a long-term support contract for the company to perform engineering, maintenance, and support services on all 26 Gripens through 2016.[201] On 13 March 2013, South African Defense Minister Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula stated that "almost half of the SAAF Gripens" have been stored because of an insufficient budget to keep them flying.[202] In September 2013, the SAAF decided not to place a number of its Gripens in long-term storage; instead all 26 aircraft would be rotated between flying cycles and short-term storage.[203] Speaking in September 2013, Brigadier-General John Bayne testified that the Gripen met the SAAF's minimum requirements, as the country faced no military threats.[204]
Thailand
In 2007, Thailand's Parliament authorized the Royal Thai Air Force to spend up to 34 billion baht (US$1.1 billion) as part of an effort to replace Thailand's existing Northrop F-5 fleet.[205] In February 2008, the Thai Air Force ordered six Gripens (two single-seat C-models and four two-seat D-models) from Saab; deliveries began in 2011.[206] Thailand ordered six more Gripen Cs in November 2010; deliveries began in 2013.[207] Thailand may eventually order as many as 40 Gripens.[208] In 2010, Thailand selected the Surat Thani Airbase as the main operating base for its Gripens.[209] The first of the six aircraft were delivered on 22 February 2011.[210]
Saab delivered three Gripens in April 2013, and three more in September 2013.[211] In September 2013, Air Force Marshal Prajin Jantong stated that Thailand is interested in purchasing six aircraft more in the near future, pending government approval.[205][212] Thai Supreme Commander General Thanasak Patimapragorn has stated that the Air Force intends for the Gripen's information systems to be integrated with Army and Navy systems. The armed forces were to officially inaugurate the Gripen Integrated Air Defence System during 2014.[205]
United Kingdom
The Empire Test Pilots' School (ETPS) in the United Kingdom has used the Gripen for advanced fast jet training of test pilots under a "wet lease" arrangement since 1999.[213] It operates a Gripen D aircraft.[214]
Brazil
In October 2008, Brazil selected three finalists for its F-X2 fighter programme: the Dassault Rafale B/C, the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, and the Gripen NG.[215] The Brazilian Air Force initially planned to procure at least 36 and possibly up to 120 later,[216][217] to replace its Northrop F‐5EM and Dassault Mirage 2000C aircraft.[218] In February 2009, Saab submitted a tender for 36 Gripen NGs.[219] In early 2010, the Brazilian Air Force's final evaluation report reportedly placed the Gripen ahead, a decisive factor being lower unit cost and operational costs.[220] Amid delays due to financial constraints,[221][222] there were reports in 2010 of the Rafale's selection,[223] and in 2011 of the F/A-18's selection.[71][224] On 18 December 2013, President Dilma Rousseff announced the Gripen NG's selection.[218][225] Key factors were domestic manufacturing opportunities, full Transfer of Technology (ToT), participation in its development, and potential exports to Africa, Asia and Latin America;[103][226] Argentina and Ecuador are interested in procuring Gripens via Brazil,[227] and Mexico is considered an export target.[228] Another factor was the distrust of the US due to the NSA surveillance scandal.[229] The Gripen is not immune to foreign pressure: the UK may use their 30% component percentage in the Gripen to veto an Argentinan sale over the Falkland Islands dispute; thus Argentina is considering other fighters instead.[230]
On 24 October 2014, Brazil and Sweden signed a 39.3 billion SEK (US$5.44 bn, R$13 bn) contract for 28 Gripen E (single-seat version) and 8 Gripen F (dual-seat version) fighters for delivery from 2019 to 2024 and maintained until 2050;[231][232] the Swedish government will provide a subsidized 25-year, 2.19% interest rate loan for the buy.[233] At least 15 aircraft are to be assembled in Brazil, Brazilian companies shall be involved in its production; Gripen Fs are to be delivered later. An almost US$1 billion price increase since selection is due to developments requested by Brazil,[234] such as the "Wide Area Display" (WAD), a panoramic 19 by 8 inches touchscreen display.[235][236] The compensation package is set at US$9 billion, or 1.7 times the order value.[237] The Brazilian Navy is interested in the Gripen Maritime to replace its Douglas A-4KU Skyhawk carrier-based fighters.[71][238] In 2015, Brazil and Sweden finalised the deal to develop the Gripen F, designated F-39 by Brazil.[239][240]
The first Brazilian F-39E Gripen flight took place on 26 August 2019, from Saab's factory airfield in Linköping, Sweden.[241] The unit was handed over to the Brazilian Air Force on 10 September 2019 for the flight test programme.[242] The fighter arrived in Brazil on 20 September 2020,[243][244] and then was transported by land to Navegantes International Airport. On 24 September, it took off to the Embraer unit in Gavião Peixoto, in São Paulo state, to start the test program for flight control systems, weapon integration, communication systems and others. The fighters will be part of the 1st Air Defense Group (1º GDA), based at the Anápolis Air Force Base.[245][246][247] The deliveries of operational fighters will begin in 2021.[248] According to Saab executive Eddy De La Motte, the first F-39F will be delivered in 2023.[249] Saab chief executive Håkan Buskhe confirmed negotiations with Brazil to purchase a new batch of 36 Gripen E/Fs; a contract is expected to be signed in 2021 or 2022.[250] The Brazilian Air Force has a requirement for 108 Gripens, to be delivered in three batches.[251][252]
Potential operators
Botswana
In 2014, Saab opened an office in Botswana.[253][254] The country is interested in buying eight surplus Gripen C/Ds, with possible extension to 16, to replace the Botswana Defence Force Air Wing's (BDF) 14 ex-Royal Canadian Air Force CF-5 fighters used since 1996.[255][256] BDF officials reportedly believe the Gripen acquisition is a done deal.[257][258]
Canada
Canada is a level 3 industrial partner in the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II development program, however an open fighter competition was launched in December 2017.[259] The Royal Canadian Air Force announced in February 2018 that Saab was a contestant along with the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and F-35.[260][261] The competition is very dependent on industrial benefits for Canadian companies; in May 2019, Saab offered to build Gripens in Canada akin to the Brazilian arrangement.[262]
In June 2019, Saab stated it was ready to offer 88 Gripen Es to Canada, in addition to full transfer of technology, Saab stated that they could offer the integration of American and other non-Saab equipment so that the aircraft is interoperable with the US military. Saab also stated the Gripen E was built for arctic conditions.[263]
Colombia
Saab has offered Gripen C/D or E[264] to Colombia, with possible deliveries during 2018–21, depending on variant selected.[265][214]
Croatia
On 24 October 2015, Sweden announced its Gripen C/D bid for Croatia's fighter replacement requirement, following a request for information from the Croatian Ministry of Defence in June for between 8 and 12 new-build aircraft to replace Croatia's fleet of MiG-21bis aircraft. The LTDP would run from 2015 to 2024 and was scheduled to have funding available for a replacement aircraft in 2019; second-hand F-16s from another country were also considered.[266] On 29 March 2018, the Croatian government chose Israel's bid of 12 F-16C/D Barak 2020 fighters over the Gripen;[267] this sale was halted in January 2019 after the US failed to approve Israel's sale of the modified aircraft to Croatia.[268] Sweden submitted another response in September 2020 following a second RFP identifying Croatia's requirements issued in the spring of 2020 for twelve fighters.[269] The second RFP opened up the competition to both new and secondhand aircraft.[270]
Finland
In June 2015, a working group set up by the Finnish MoD proposed starting a program to replace the Finnish Air Force's current F/A-18 Hornet fleet; it recognized five potential types: Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon, Lockheed Martin F-35, and Saab Gripen.[271] In December 2015, the Finnish MoD sent a letter to Britain, France, Sweden and the US, informing them that the HX Fighter Program had launched to replace the Hornet with multi-role fighters by around 2025; the letter mentioned the Gripen as a potential fighter. A Request for Information (RFI) for the HX Fighter Program was sent in April 2016,[272] and five responses were received by November 2016; an official request for quotations will be sent to all five manufacturers that responded to the RFI in early 2018.[273]
On 29 January 2020 the Gripen E prototype 39-10 landed at Tampere–Pirkkala Airport to participate in HX Challenge, the Finnish HX fighter procurement programme's flight evaluations. It was later followed by Gripen NG demonstrator 39-7 (sensor testbed), while a Globaleye participated in the trials from Linköping in Sweden.[274][275] Saab announced they had successfully completed the planned tests to demonstrate the capabilities of Gripen and Globaleye. On 31 January 2020 Saab submitted a revised offer in response to the revised Request for Quotation for the Finnish HX programme[276] and follow-on BAFO activity anticipated to continue through April 2021. The down selected is scheduled to occur in 2021.[277]
Saab has submitted its Best and Final Offer (BAFO) that includes 64 JAS-39Es with an option for JAS-39Fs, two GlobalEye AEW&C and extensive weapons package. More than 20% of the proposal price relating to Gripen is for weapons, such as Meteor, IRIS-T, KEPD 350, SPEAR, EAJP (Electronic Attack Jammer Pod), and LADM (Lightweight Air-launched Decoy Missile)[vague].[278][279][280][281]
India
The Gripen was a contender for the Indian MRCA competition for 126 multirole combat aircraft.[282] In April 2008, Gripen International offered the Next Generation Gripen for India's tender[283] and opened an office in New Delhi to support its efforts in the Indian market.[284] On 4 February 2009, Saab announced that it had partnered with India's Tata Group to develop the Gripen to fit India's needs.[285] The Indian Air Force (IAF) conducted extensive evaluations of the Gripen's flight performance, logistics capability, weapons systems, advanced sensors and weapons firing.[286] In April 2011, the IAF rejected the bid in favour of the Eurofighter Typhoon and the Dassault Rafale.[287] Allegedly, IAF officials, while happy with the improved capabilities of Gripen NG, identified its high reliance on US-supplied hardware, including electronics, weaponry and the GE F414 engine, as a factor that may hamper exports.[288]
In 2015, after the Rafale order was cut back to just 36 aircraft, Saab indicated a willingness to set up joint production of the Gripen in India.[289] In October 2016, Saab, among other manufacturers, reportedly received an informal request-for-information query, resuming a new competition for a single-engine fighter to replace the IAF's Soviet-built MiG-21 and MiG-27 fleets; Saab had already submitted an unsolicited bid.[290] In November 2017, Saab pledged full Gripen E technology transfer to India if it is awarded the contract.[291] The Gripen is now competing with 6 other types in a fresh tender which is referred as MMRCA 2.0 in the Indian media, for the procurement of 114 multi-role combat aircraft.[292]
Indonesia
In July 2016, Saab Indonesia confirmed having submitted a proposal earlier in the year in response to an Indonesian Air Force requirement. The proposal included the initial acquisition of 16 Gripen C/D for US$1.5 billion, to replace Northrop F-5E Tiger II in service with the Indonesian Air Force since the 1980s. Saab have expressed the intention for the bid to "100%" comply with Indonesia's Defence Industry Law 2012 (or, Law Number 16),[293] which requires foreign contractors to work with local industry, collaborating on production and sharing technology. They also indicated that the bid could replace the C/D versions with the E-version, if Indonesia were willing to accept longer delivery time. Competing aircraft responding to the requirement include the F-16V, Su-35, Rafale and Eurofighter Typhoon.[294]
Philippines
In September 2016, Saab announced its intention to open an office in Manila to support its campaign to sell the Gripen to fill the Philippine Air Force's requirement for 12 multirole fighters; Saab also intends to offer ground infrastructure, integrated C2 systems and datalinks, similar to the capabilities of the Royal Thai Air Force.[295][296] In 2018, Saab renewed its sales push.[297] According to the Department of National Defense (Philippines), the Department of National Defense is more likely to buy the Gripen C/D over the US offer of F-16V Block 70/72.[298][299]
Others
Other countries that have expressed interest in Gripen include:
- Argentina (E/F from Brazil, subject to UK veto)[300][301]
- Austria (C/D or E/F)[264][302]
- Colombia (C/D or E/F from Brazil)[264][302]
- Ecuador[227] (C/D, or E/F[264] from Brazil)
- Estonia[303]
- Kenya[304] (C/D)[264]
- Latvia[303]
- Lithuania[303]
- Malaysia[303] (C/D)[264]
- Mexico[228] (C/D, or E/F[264] from Brazil)
- Namibia[214] (C/D)[264]
- Peru[303] (C/D, or E/F[264] from Brazil)
- Portugal[303] (C/D)[264]
- Serbia[305]
- Slovenia[306]
- Uruguay (C/D or E/F[264] from Brazil)
- Vietnam[307]
Saab's head of exports Eddy de La Motte has stated that the Gripen's chances have improved as nations waver in their commitments to the F-35.[308] In September 2013, Saab's CEO Håkan Buskhe said he envisioned Gripen sales to reach 400 or 450 aircraft.[309]
Failed bids
Bulgaria
After the Bulgarian Air Force expressed interest in the Gripen, the Gerdzhikov caretaker cabinet announced on 26 April 2017 that a state commission chose Saab's fighter, planning for an initial batch of eight Gripens at up to 1.5 billion BGN (ca. 745 million euro), to be delivered in the 2018–20 timeframe, with a planned follow-up batch of another eight fighters. Competing bids were used USAF F-16A/Bs to be refurbished and modernised to MLU standard by the Portuguese OGMA (similar to Bulgaria's neighbour Romania) and used Italian Tranche 1 Eurofighter Typhoons, with the US/Portuguese offer finishing second and the Italian offer third.[310] According to the deputy prime minister and minister of defence Stefan Yanev, the main reason for the Gripen's selection was the favourable financial terms offered by Saab, including a lease option and offset agreements, accounting for about one billion BGN for the aircraft alone ($834 million),[311][312] while the US/Portuguese bid accounted a price of about one and a half billion BGN for the aircraft alone. The decision pended Bulgarian parliamentary approval. The second-place offer was retained as a back-up option if negotiations with Saab failed; finances for the program were budgeted until the end of 2017. The fighters would replace both the MiG-29 fighters of Graf Ignatievo Air Base and the Su-25 attack aircraft of Bezmer Air Base, as well as the already retired Su-22 reconnaissance aircraft.[313][314]
In October 2018, potential suppliers responded to a renewed tender for aircraft, consisting of new F-16V Viper aircraft from Lockheed Martin, new F/A-18E/F Super Hornet aircraft from Boeing, used Eurofighter Typhoon aircraft from Italy and used Saab JAS 39 Gripen C/D from Sweden. France, Germany, Israel and Portugal did not respond to requests for used Eurofighter Typhoons and F-16 variants.[315][316]
In December 2018, Saab submitted an improved offer to supply 10 new Gripen C/Ds instead of the previously proposed 8.[317] However, in December 2018, the Bulgarian Ministry of Defence selected the US offer for 8 F-16V for an estimated 1.8 billion lev ($1.05 billion) as the preferred option, and recommended the government start talks with the US.[318]
On 3 June 2019, the U.S. State Department approved the possible sale of 8 F-16 aircraft to Bulgaria. The cost of the contract was estimated at $1.67 billion.[319] On 10 July 2019, Bulgaria approved the acquisition of eight F-16V Block 70/72 fighters for US$1.25bn.[320]
The deal was vetoed by the Bulgarian President, Rumen Radev on 23 July 2019, citing the need to find a broader consensus for the deal, sending the deal back to parliament,[321] On 26 July the deal was again approved by parliament, overruling the veto, and was approved by Radev.[322]
In April 2020, Lockheed Martin was contracted by the U.S. government to produce F-16Vs for Bulgaria, estimated to be completed in 2027.[323][324]
Denmark
In 2007, Denmark signed a Memorandum of Understanding between the Defence Ministers of Sweden and Denmark to evaluate the Gripen as a replacement for Denmark's fleet of 48 F-16s. Denmark also requested the development of Gripen variants featuring more powerful engines, larger payloads, longer range, and additional avionics; this request contributed to Saab's decision to proceed with the JAS E/F's development.[42][325] Denmark repeatedly delayed the purchase decision;[326] in 2013, Saab indicated that the Gripen was one of four contenders for the Danish purchase, alongside Boeing's Super Hornet, Lockheed Martin's F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, and the Eurofighter.[327] Denmark is a level-3 partner in the JSF programme, and has already invested US$200 million. The final selection was to be in mid-2015 where an order for 24 to 30 fighters was expected.[328] The Swedish government announced on 21 July 2014 the Gripen's withdrawal from the Danish competition, having chosen not to respond to the invitation to tender.[329] In May 2016, Denmark announced the intention to purchase 27 F-35 fighters.[citation needed]
On 9 June 2016, the Danish defence committee agreed to purchase 27 F-35As to replace its F-16s for US$3 billion.[330][331] In May 2019, Danish Minister of Defence Claus Hjort Frederiksen stated that Denmark is considering stationing fighter jets in Greenland to counter Russia's expanding military presence in the Arctic region. In an additional interview with Ritzau, the minister said that to provide air defense of Greenland would require at least four fighter planes, which would require Denmark to make an additional purchase.[332][333] In January 2020, Lockheed Martin announced that assembly had begun on L-001, the first of 27 F-35As destined for the Royal Danish Air Force.[334] According to DR (Danish public-service) USA spied on the other contenders, the Danish ministries and defense industry to gain advantage in the procurement process.[335]
Finland
The Gripen's first export bid was to Finland, where it competed against F-16, F/A-18, MiG-29 and Mirage 2000 to replace Finnish Air Force's J 35 Draken and MiG-21 fleet. In May 1992, McDonnell Douglas F/A-18C/D was announced as a winner[336] on performance and cost grounds. The Finnish Minister of Defence, Elisabeth Rehn, stated that delays in Gripen's development schedule had hurt its chances in the competition.[337]
Netherlands
In July 2008, the Netherlands announced it would evaluate Gripen NG together with four other competitors;[338] in response, Saab offered 85 aircraft to the Royal Netherlands Air Force in August 2008.[339] On 18 December 2008, it was reported that the Netherlands had evaluated the F-35 as having a better performance-price relation than the Gripen NG.[340][341] On 13 January 2009, NRC Handelsblad claimed that, according to Swedish sources, Saab had offered to deliver 85 Gripens for €4.8 billion to the Dutch Air Force, about 1 billion euro cheaper than budgeted for the F-35.[342]
Norway
On 18 January 2008, the Norwegian Ministry of Defence issued a Request for Binding Information (RBI) to the Swedish Defence Material Administration,[343] who issued an offer for 48 Gripens in April 2008.[344][345] On 20 November 2008, the selection of the F-35 Lightning II for the Royal Norwegian Air Force was announced, stating that the F-35 is the only candidate to meet all operational requirements;[346] media reports claimed the requirements were tilted in the F-35's favour.[347] Saab and Sweden's defence minister Sten Tolgfors stated that Norway's cost calculations were flawed;[55] the offer being for 48 Gripens over 20 years, but Norway had extrapolated it to operating 57 aircraft over 30 years, thus doubling the cost; cost projections also failed to relate to the Gripen's operational costs. Norway also calculated greater attrition losses than what Sweden considered reasonable. According to Tolgfors, Norway's decision complicated further export deals.[348][349]
In December 2010 leaked United States diplomatic cables revealed that the United States deliberately delayed Sweden's request for access to a US AESA radar until after Norway's selection. The cables also indicated that Norwegian consideration of the Gripen "was just a show" and that Norway had decided to purchase the F-35 due to "high-level political pressure" from the US.[41]
Poland
The Gripen C/D was a contender for 48 multirole fighters for the Polish Air Force started in 2001. On 27 December 2002, the Polish Defence Minister announced the F-16C/D Block 50/52+'s selection.[350] According to Stephen Larrabee, the selection was heavily influenced by Lockheed Martin's lucrative offset agreement (totaling $3.5 billion and 170% offset against Gripen International's €3.2 billion with 146% offset) and by a political emphasis on Poland's strategic relationship with the US and NATO.[185] Both Gripen International and Dassault Aviation (who offered the Mirage 2000-5 Mk 2) described the decision as political.[351] According to a former Polish military defence vice-minister, the JAS 39 offer was better and included research participation proposals.[352]
In 2014, Poland planned to purchase 64 multirole combat aircraft from 2021 as part of its modernisation plans to replace the ageing fleet of Sukhoi Su-22M4 'Fitter-K' ground attack aircraft and Mikoyan MiG-29 'Fulcrum-A' fighters.[353][354][355] On 23 November 2017, the Armament Inspectorate announced it was starting the acquisition process.[356] By 22 December 2017, five entities had expressed interest in the potential procurement, referred to as Harpia (harpy eagle), including: Saab AB with Gripen NG, Lockheed Martin with F-35, Boeing Company with F/A-18, Leonardo SpA with Eurofighter Typhoon and Fights-On Logistics with second hand F-16s.[357] In May 2019, the Polish Defense Ministry formally requested to buy 32 F-35A for $4 billion with delivery from 2023 to 2026 with an option for 32 more from 2027.[358]
Slovakia
On 30 August 2014, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Sweden signed a letter of intent agreeing to co-operate on using the Gripen, which might lead to its acquisition by the Slovak Air Force. The letter of intent laid the foundation for bilateral co-operation around a common airspace surveillance of Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Slovakia sought to replace its MiG-29 fighters and the Gripen has been reported as the aircraft of choice, although the requirement would go to open competition. They may seek to lease fighters rather than buy, as did neighbouring Hungary and the Czech Republic.[359]
In February 2018, the Slovak Ministry of Defence announced the launch of a new study to examine bids from the US and Swedish governments for the F-16V Viper and the Gripen to replace Slovakian MiG-29s.[360] On 11 July 2018, the Slovakian Defense ministry announced that it will purchase 14 F-16V Block 70/72s instead of Gripen Cs.[361] The F-16V package includes ammunition, training and logistics for a total of €1.589 billion (US$1.85 billion). Political opposition, among them former Defence Minister Ľubomír Galko, expressed criticism that the deal lacked transparency.[362]
On December 12, 2018, Slovakia signed a contract to acquire 14 F-16 Block 70/72. All are to be delivered by the end of 2023.[363]
Switzerland
In January 2008, the Swiss Defence Material Administration invited Gripen International to bid to replace the nation's F-5 fleet.[364] Saab responded with an initial proposal on 2 July 2008;[365] other contenders were the Dassault Rafale and Eurofighter Typhoon.[366] On 30 November 2011, the Swiss government announced its decision to buy 22 Gripen NG aircraft for 3.1 billion Swiss francs.[367][368] In 2012, a confidential report of the Swiss Air Force's 2009 tests of the three contenders was leaked, which had rated the Gripen as performing substantially below both the Rafale and the Eurofighter. The Gripen was assessed as satisfactory for reconnaissance but unsatisfactory for combat air patrol and strike missions.[369][370] The JAS 39C/D was evaluated, while the Gripen NG was bid.[371] The parliamentary security commission found that the Gripen offered the most risks, but voted to go ahead as it was the cheapest option.[372] The Gripen was considered satisfactory in all roles.[373]
On 25 August 2012, the plan to order was confirmed by both Swedish and Swiss authorities.[374] Deliveries were expected to run from 2018 to 2021 at a fixed price of CHF 3.126 billion (US$3.27 billion) including development costs, mission planning systems, initial spares and support, training, and certification; the Swedish government also guaranteed the price, performance and operational suitability. 8 JAS 39Cs and 3 JAS 39Ds were to be leased from 2016 to 2020 to train Swiss pilots and allow the F-5s to be retired.[375][376] In 2013, Saab moved to increase Swiss industry offsets above 100% of the deal value after the Swiss parliament's upper house voted down the deal's financing.[377] On 27 August 2013, the National Council's Security Commission approved the purchase,[378] followed by the lower and upper houses of the parliament's approval in September 2013.[379][380] Elements of the left and center of the political spectrum often criticized the Gripen as unnecessary and too expensive. On 18 May 2014, 53.4% of Swiss voters voted against the plan in a national referendum.[381][382] Reportedly, objectors questioned the role of fighter aircraft in general, and the relevance of alternatives such as UAVs, surface-to-air missiles, or cyberwarfare capabilities.[383]
In 2015, Switzerland was set to relaunch the F-5E/F, and now also F/A-18C/D, replacement programme;[384][385] the Gripen was again considered the favourite.[386] In March 2018, Swiss officials named contenders in its US$8 billion Air 2030 programme that includes not only combat aircraft but also ground-based air defense systems: The Gripen, Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon, Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and Lockheed Martin F-35.[387][388] In January 2019, Saab submitted a formal proposal for 30 to 40 Gripen Es to Armasuisse.[389] It was due to perform evaluation flights for Swiss personnel at Payerne Air Base in June 2019.[390] However, in June 2019, Saab did not participate at Payerne with the Gripen E because it was not considered ready to perform all tests.[391][392][393][394]
Others
The Gripen was one of the candidates to replace the Austrian Air Force's ageing Saab 35 Drakens; the Eurofighter Typhoon was selected in 2003,[395] but is being considered again due to costs.[264][302]
The Swedish government decided not to enter the Belgian contest.[396]
Oman ended up with the Eurofighter Typhoon.[397][398]
Romania decided to acquire used F-16s instead.[399]
The Gripen was one of the aircraft evaluated by the Chilean Air Force in 1999. Chile finally selected the F-16 over the Gripen, Boeing F/A-18, and Dassault Mirage 2000–5.[400]
There were plans to begin licensed production of the Gripen in Lviv, Ukraine. However, these plans have stalled since 2014.[401]
Варианты
- A-series single seater, JAS 39A or Gripen A: initial version that entered service with the Swedish Air Force in 1996. A number have been upgraded to the C standard.[402]
- A-series two seater, JAS 39B or Gripen B: two-seat version of the 39A for training, specialised missions and type conversion.[403] To fit the second crew member and life support systems, the internal cannon and an internal fuel tank were removed and the airframe lengthened 0.66 m (2 ft 2 in).[31]
- C-series single seater, JAS 39C, or Gripen C: NATO-compatible version with extended capabilities in terms of armament, electronics, etc. Can be refuelled in flight.[404] Variant was first deliveried on 6 September 2002.[1]
- C-series two seater, JAS 39D, or Gripen D: two-seat version of the 39C, with similar alterations as the 39B.[36]
- E-series single seater Gripen NG: improved version following on from the Gripen Demo technology demonstrator.[66] Changes from the JAS 39C/D include the more powerful F414G engine, Raven ES-05 AESA radar, increased fuel capacity and payload, two additional hardpoints, and other improvements.[60][61] These improvements have reportedly increased the Gripen NG costs to an estimated 24,000 Swiss Francs (US$27,000) per hour,[405] and increased the flyaway cost to 100 million Swiss Francs (US$113M).[406]
- E-series single seater, JAS 39E or Gripen E: single-seat production version developed from the Gripen NG program, priced at US$85 million a unit.[407] Sweden and Brazil have ordered the variant.[78][163][218] Brazil's designation for this variant is F-39E.[240][408]
- E-series two seater, JAS 39F or Gripen F: two-seat version of the E variant. Eight ordered by Brazil,[231] to be developed and assembled in São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil;[409] planned for pilot training and combat, being optimized for back seat air battle management, with jamming, information warfare and network attack, besides weapon system officer and electronic warfare roles.[410] Brazil's designation for the variant is F-39F.[240][408]
Proposals
- Gripen Aggressor: ‘red team’ weaponless variant of the Gripen C & possibly D[411][412] intended for the UK's Air Support to Defence Operational Training (ASDOT) requirement, and part of the US Air Force's adversary air (AdAir) opportunity.[413]
- Gripen Maritime: proposed carrier-based version based on the Gripen E-series.[414][70] As of 2011[update], its development was underway.[72] As of 2013[update], Brazil and India[238] were interested. This variant has also been named Sea Gripen.[415] In July 2017, the Brazilian Navy began studying the Gripen Maritime for naval purposes and is looking to replace its fleet of Douglas A-4 Skyhawk aircraft.[416]
- Gripen UCAV: proposed unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) variant of the Gripen E.[74]
- Gripen EA: proposed electronic warfare (EW) ‘Growler’ or Electronic Attack variant of the Gripen F.[88]
Операторы
There are 158 Gripens in service as of 2016.[417]
- Brazil
- The Brazilian Air Force operates one F-39E Gripen, [242] with another 27 F-39Es and 8 F-39Fs on order. [232] 72 E/F aircraft to be ordered. [251][418]
- 'Adelphi' Squadron of the 1st Air Defense Group
- Czech Republic
- The Czech Air Force has 14 Gripens on lease; these include 12 single-seat C models and two two-seat D models, in operation as of 2016. [417]
- 211. taktická letka
- Hungary
- The Hungarian Air Force operates 14 Gripens (12 C-models and 2 D-models) on a lease-and-buy arrangement as of February 2017. [194]
- 'Puma' Harcászati Repülőszázad
- South Africa
- The South African Air Force (SAAF) ordered 26 aircraft; 17 single-seat C-models and nine two-seat D-models. [18] The first delivery, a two-seater, took place on 30 April 2008. [196] It has 17 Cs and nine Ds in service as of 2016. [417]
- No. 2 Squadron
- Sweden
- The Swedish Air Force operates 74 JAS 39Cs and 24 Ds and ordered 60 Es as of 2016 with 10 more aircraft planned to be ordered. [231][417] It originally ordered 204 aircraft, including 28 two-seaters. Sweden leases 28 to the Czech and Hungarian Air Forces. [419]
- Skaraborg Air Force Wing
- Blekinge Air Force Wing
- Norrbotten Air Force Wing
- Thailand
- The Royal Thai Air Force has eight JAS 39Cs and four JAS 39Ds in use as of 2016. [417] In October 2013, the Thai government announced its intention to purchase another six Gripens. [212]
- 701 Fighter Squadron
- United Kingdom
- The Empire Test Pilots' School operates Gripens for training. ETPS instructor pilots and students undergo simulator training with the Swedish Air Force, and go on to fly the two-seater Gripen at Saab in Linköping, in two training campaigns per year (Spring and Autumn). The agreement was renewed in 2008. [420]
Самолет на дисплее
- Second prototype JAS 39-2 is on display at the Swedish Air Force Museum, Linköping.[421]
- Single seat JAS 39A serial 39113 is displayed at the Skaraborg Air Force Wing.
- The Swedish government has donated one Swedish Air Force JAS 39A to Thailand for display at the Royal Thai Air Force Museum in Don Mueang, Bangkok.[422]
Несчастные случаи и происшествия
As of January 2017[update], Gripen aircraft have been involved in at least 10 incidents, including nine hull-loss accidents, with one loss of life.[423]
The first two crashes, in 1989 and 1993 respectively, occurred during public displays of the Gripen and resulted in considerable negative media reports. The first crash was filmed by a Sveriges Television news crew and led to critics calling for development to be cancelled.[424] The second crash occurred in an empty area on the island of Långholmen during the 1993 Stockholm Water Festival with tens of thousands of spectators present. The decision to display the Gripen over large crowds was publicly criticized, and was compared to the 1989 crash.[425][426] Both the 1989 and 1993 crashes were related to flight control software issues.[427] The first and only fatal crash occurred on 14 January 2017 at Hat Yai International Airport, Thailand, during an airshow for Thai Children's Day; the pilot did not survive.[428] The last crash occurred on 21 August 2018 near the southern Swedish town of Ronneby; the pilot was able to successfully eject from the aircraft.[429][430] The following investigation by the Swedish Accident Investigation Authority led to the conclusion by DNA analysis of the engine that it collided with Phalacrocorax carbo birds at an speed of 304 kn (563 km/h) and height 1,400 ft (430 m)[431][432]
Характеристики
JAS 39C/D
Data from Saab Gripen,[152][433] Saab,[434][435] Aviation Week[436]
General characteristics
- Crew: 1 JAS 39C / 2 JAS 39D
- Length: 14.1 m (46 ft 3 in) JAS 39C
- 14.8 m (49 ft) JAS 39D
- Wingspan: 8.4 m (27 ft 7 in)
- Height: 4.5 m (14 ft 9 in)
- Wing area: 30 m2 (320 sq ft)
- Empty weight: 6,800 kg (14,991 lb)
- Max takeoff weight: 14,000 kg (30,865 lb)
- Fuel capacity: 3,000 L (790 US gal) (internal); 3,500 L (920 US gal) (external)[437][123]
- Payload: 5,300 kg (11,700 lb)[437][123]
- Powerplant: 1 × Volvo RM12 afterburning turbofan engine, 54 kN (12,000 lbf) thrust dry, 80.5 kN (18,100 lbf) with afterburner
Performance
- Maximum speed: 2,460 km/h (1,530 mph, 1,330 kn) +
- Maximum speed: Mach 2
- Combat range: 800 km (500 mi, 430 nmi)
- Ferry range: 3,200 km (2,000 mi, 1,700 nmi)
- Service ceiling: 15,240 m (50,000 ft)
- g limits: +9 −3
- Wing loading: 283 kg/m2 (58 lb/sq ft)
- Thrust/weight: 0.97
- Takeoff distance: 400 m (1,312 ft)[437][123]
- Landing distance: 500 m (1,640 ft)[437][123]
Armament
- Guns: 1 × 27 mm Mauser BK-27 revolver cannon with 120 rounds (single-seat models only)
- Hardpoints: 8 (two hardpoints under fuselage, two under each wing, and one on each wing tip, with one of these for FLIR / ECM / LD / Recon pod) with a capacity of 5,300 kg (11,700 lb),with provisions to carry combinations of:
- Rockets: 4 × rocket pods, 13.5 cm rockets
- Missiles:
- 6 × IRIS-T (Rb.98) or AIM-9 Sidewinder (Rb.74) or A-Darter
- 4 × MBDA Meteor (Rb.101), AIM-120 AMRAAM (Rb.99) or MBDA MICA
- 4 × AGM-65 Maverick (Rb.75)
- 2 × KEPD.350
- 2 × Rbs.15F anti-ship missile
- Bombs:
- 4 × GBU-12 Paveway II laser-guided bomb
- 2 × Bk.90 cluster bomb
- 8 × Mark 82 bombs
- Other:
- 1 × ALQ-TLS electronic countermeasures (ECM) pod
- 1 × Digital Joint Reconnaissance Pod
Avionics
- Radar: PS-05/A Pulse-Doppler
- Cobra helmet mounted display (HMD)[438][439]
JAS 39E/F
Data from Saab Gripen,[152][433] Saab,[440][441][442] and Aviation Week.[436]
General characteristics
- Crew: 1 JAS 39E / 2 JAS 39F
- Length: 15.2 m (49 ft 10 in) JAS 39E
- 15.9 m (52 ft) JAS 39F
- Wingspan: 8.6 m (28 ft 3 in)
- Height: 4.5 m (14 ft 9 in)
- Wing area: 30 m2 (320 sq ft)
- Empty weight: 8,000 kg (17,637 lb)
- Max takeoff weight: 16,500 kg (36,376 lb)
- Fuel capacity: 3,400 kg (7,500 lb) (internal)
- Payload: 5,100 kg (11,200 lb)[citation needed]
- Powerplant: 1 × General Electric RM16 (F414-GE-39E) afterburning turbofan engine, 61.83[443] kN (13,900 lbf) thrust dry, 98 kN (22,000 lbf) with afterburner
Performance
- Maximum speed: 2,460 km/h (1,530 mph, 1,330 kn) +
- Maximum speed: Mach 2
- Combat range: 1,500 km (930 mi, 810 nmi) +
- Ferry range: 4,000 km (2,500 mi, 2,200 nmi) +
- Service ceiling: 16,000 m (52,000 ft)
- g limits: +9 -3
- Wing loading: 283 kg/m2 (58 lb/sq ft)
- Thrust/weight: 1.04
- Takeoff distance: 500 m (1,640 ft)
- Landing distance: 600 m (1,969 ft)
Armament
- Guns: 1 × 27 mm Mauser BK-27 revolver cannon with 120 rounds (single-seat models only)
- Hardpoints: 10 (three hardpoints under fuselage, two under each wing, one on each wing tip, and one dedicated for FLIR / LD / Recon pod) with a capacity of 5,300 kg (11,700 lb),with provisions to carry combinations of:
- Rockets: 4 × rocket pods, 13.5 cm rockets
- Missiles:
- 6 × IRIS-T (Rb.98), AIM-9 Sidewinder (Rb.74) or A-Darter
- 7 × MBDA Meteor (Rb.101), AIM-120 AMRAAM (Rb.99) or MBDA MICA
- 4 × AGM-65 Maverick (Rb.75)
- 2 × KEPD.350
- 6 × Rbs.15F anti-ship missile
- Bombs:
- 7 × GBU-12 Paveway II laser-guided bomb
- 2 × Bk.90 cluster bomb
- 8 × Mark 82 bombs
- 16 × GBU-39 SDB
- 12 × Alternative small-diameter glide bomb
- Other:
- 1 × ALQ-TLS electronic countermeasures (ECM) pod
- 1 × Digital Joint Reconnaissance Pod
- 1 × Rafael Reccelite Reconnaissance Pod
- 1 × Litening III Targeting pod
Avionics
- Selex ES-05 Raven AESA radar[444][445][446]
- Skyward-G IRST system[447][448][449][450]
- Air-to-air and air-to-surface tactical data link system[citation needed]
- Wide Area Display (WAD) (single screen display)[451]
- Targo helmet mounted display (HMD)[438]
- ANVIS advanced night vision system/head up display (HUD)[citation needed]
Смотрите также
- Flygsystem 2020
- Fourth-generation jet fighter
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
- CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder
- Chengdu J-10
- Dassault Rafale
- Eurofighter Typhoon
- General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon
- HAL Tejas
- HAL Tejas Mk2
- Mikoyan MiG-29
Related lists
- List of fighter aircraft
- List of military aircraft of Sweden
Заметки
- ^ a b Comprising 204 (30 Batch I, 110 Batch II, 64 Batch III) Gripens delivered to Sweden, 1 to Brazil, 14 to Czech Republic, 14 to Hungary, 26 to South Africa, and 12 to Thailand. This figure does not include those of the Empire Test Pilots School.[5]
- ^ Literally "the Griffin", as the names of Swedish combat aircraft, like Viggen or Draken, are in the definite form while non-combat aircraft like Saab Safir are in infinite form.
- ^ Griffin is the animal[23] on the coat of arms of Östergötland, the province where Saab AB is headquartered (Linköping).[24]
Рекомендации
Citations
- ^ a b c "Försvarets materielverk – Gripen – milstolpar" [The Swedish Defence Materiel Administration – Gripen – milestones] (in Swedish). 14 May 2009. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
- ^ Nilsson 2012.
- ^ "Jas Gripen-utredning läggs ned" [Jas Gripen investigation closed down] (in Swedish). The Swedish Prosecution Authority. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 22 June 2009.
- ^ "'Super-Jas' costlier than expected: report". The Local. SE. 27 July 2012. Archived from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
- ^ "In Use". Gripen Multirole Fighter. Saab. 2020. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
- ^ Frawley 2002, p. 147.
- ^ Törnell, Bernt (5 February 2007). "Svenska militära flygbaser" [Swedish military flight bases] (PDF). Försvarsmakten (in Swedish).
- ^ Rystedt, Jörgen (25 April 2009). "Flygbassystem 90" [Air base system 90] (PDF). FHT (in Swedish).
- ^ Altaya 2011, Características especiais: 'O Gripen foi concebido conforme as diretivas da força aérea sueca – a Base 90 – que previa a utilização de pistas rudimentares de 800 m de comprimento e 9 m de largura… [The Gripen was conceived according to the Base 90 Swedish Air Force directives that foresaw the use of rudimentary runways 800 m long and 9 m wide…]'
- ^ Spick 2000, pp. 426–27.
- ^ Björeman 2009, pp. 139–49.
- ^ "Om anslaget Flygvapenförband: Forskning och utveckling" [On the appropriation of Air Force Regiments: Research and development] (government bill) (in Swedish). Sweden: Riksdagen. 1977–78. 95.
- ^ a b c d Williams 2003, p. 72.
- ^ Green & Swanborough 1987, p. 225.
- ^ JAS 39A, B 1992– (in Norwegian), NU: Svenskt militärhistoriskt bibliotek, archived from the original on 19 December 2013, retrieved 30 June 2013
- ^ a b c d e Williams 2003, p. 73.
- ^ a b Cross 1986, p. 27.
- ^ a b "Gripen: The Story So Far". Gripen International. Saab. Archived from the original on 27 January 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
Swedish Parliament approves the program for the development of a new fighter aircraft
- ^ Williams 2003, pp. 73, 88.
- ^ Keijsper 2003, p. 12.
- ^ "Viggens test Gripen avionics". Flight International. Vol. 123 no. 3844. Surrey, UK: IPC Transport Press. 2–8 January 1983. pp. 64–65. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2014 – via Flightglobal/Archive.
- ^ "Milestones JAS 39 Gripen". Projects. Swedish Defence Materiel Administration. 13 January 2012. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
The new aircraft is named Gripen after a prize competition
- ^ "Griffin". Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 25 January 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
- ^ "Blazon", Dictionary (definition) (online ed.), Webster's, 2010, archived from the original on 15 December 2010, retrieved 20 July 2011
- ^ Winchester 2004, p. 216.
- ^ "Gripen flies unstable". Flight International. London, UK: Reed Business Information. 11–17 December 1988. p. 3. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2013 – via Flightglobal/Archive.
- ^ Gaines, Michael 'Mike' (19–25 March 1989). "Software fault caused Gripen crash". Flight International. London, UK: Reed Business Information. p. 4. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2013 – via Flightglobal/Archive.
- ^ "Saab/Gripen prototype crashes". Flight International. London, UK: Reed Business Information. 11 February 1989. pp. 2–3. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2013 – via Flightglobal/Archive.
- ^ Keijsper 2003, pp. 12, 21.
- ^ a b Matláry & Ø̈sterud 2007, p. 150.
- ^ a b c d e f g Williams 2003, p. 88.
- ^ Forsberg 1994, p. 223.
- ^ Altaya 2011, Diversas versões ¶1a: "A necessidade de adaptar o Gripen às especificidades da Otan, para estimular as vendas no estrangeiro, levou ao desenvolvimento de uma nova versão chamada 'Turbo Gripen'. [The need to adapt the Gripen to the Nato specificities, to stimulate foreign sales, led to the development of a new version called 'Turbo Gripen'.]"
- ^ a b c Bjarke, Louise Wileen (27 November 2008). "Stark milstolpe av Gripenprojektet" [Strong milestone by the Gripen project] (Press release) (in Swedish). Swedish Defence Materiel Administration. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
Kostnaden för hela delserien om 64 flygplan blev hela 1500 miljoner lägre än vad som avtalats [The cost of whole series of 64 aircraft became 1.5 billion lower than what has been agreed].
- ^ Lorell 2002, p. 147.
- ^ a b Eliasson 2010, p. 256.
- ^ Lorell 2002, pp. 147–48.
- ^ Reece, Damian (8 December 2004). "BAE cuts Saab stake after Gripen revamp". The Independent. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
- ^ Page, Lewis (20 June 2011). "Saab fingers BAE over South African fighter deal". The Register. United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
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Being a passive sensor, IRST systems can only provide reliable azimuth and elevation data but the Skyward-G is also able to provide rudimentary range information via ‘kinetic ranging,’ wherein the aircraft performs a weaving manoeuvre and range to target is determined by the change in azimuth or elevation angles. Additionally, the IRSTs on two (or more) aircraft can triangulate range to target by sharing tracking information over their datalinks.
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дальнейшее чтение
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- Jenkins, Dennis R (2000). F/A-18 Hornet: A Navy Success Story. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-134696-1.
- Linner, Anders; Wigert, Lars; Ahlgren, Jan (2002), Gripen, The First Fourth Generation Fighter (hardcover fact book), Jonsson, Jan foreword (transl. from 5th Swedish ed.), Swedish Air Force, FMV and Saab Aerospace, ISBN 978-91-972803-8-9.
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- Städje, Jörgen (April 2000). "JAS 39 Gripen – ett datoriserat under" [JAS 39 Gripen - a computerized wonder] (PDF) (in Swedish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 January 2016.
Внешние ссылки
- "Gripen fighter system". Air (official site). Saab.
- "Gripen". Army.cz. Czech Armed Forces.
- Fighter Jet: War Machine Heavy Maintenance on YouTube Mega Pit Stops
- Saab Gripen E Walkaround at the Saab factory at Linköping - Guided by test pilot André Brännström on YouTube Siivet - Wings