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"Пиццайоло" перенаправляется сюда. Для сети ресторанов см Pizzaiolo (сеть ресторанов) .
Для использования в других целях, см Пицца (значения) .

Пицца
Eq it-na pizza-margherita sep2005 sml.jpg
Пицца Маргарита , архетип неаполитанской пиццы
ТипЛепешки
КурсОбед или ужин
Место происхожденияИталия
Регион или штатКампания ( Неаполь )
Температура сервировкиГорячий или теплый
Основные ингредиентыТесто, соус (обычно томатный соус ), сыр
ВариацииКальцоне , панцеротти , стромболи
Часть серии по
Пицца
Pizza slice.png
Основные статьи
Разновидности пиццы
Варианты приготовления
  • Пицца на угле
  • Пицца во фритюре
  • Пицца на гриле
  • Пицца торт
Инструменты для пиццы
  • нож для пиццы
  • Хранитель пиццы
  • Камень для пиццы
  • Чистить
  • Кладочная печь
  • Mezzaluna
  • Коробка для пиццы
События
  • Фестиваль пиццы и выпечки на Лонг-Айленде
  • Национальный месяц пиццы
  • Чемпионат мира по пицце
Бренды замороженной пиццы
  • Бублик укусы
  • Селеста
  • ДиДжорно
  • Эллио
  • Goodfella's
  • Грандиоза
  • Хоум Ран Инн
  • Д-р Эткер
  • Палермо
  • Пицца Попс
  • Richelieu Foods ( частная торговая марка )
  • Компания Швана ( частная торговая марка )
  • Надгробие
  • Тотино
  • Вагнер
Статьи по Теме
  • Jumbo slice
  • Список сетей пиццерий
  • Список франшиз пиццы
  • Список канадских сетей пиццы
  • Список сетей пиццы США
  • Пицца по кусочкам
  • Пицца сыр
  • Пицца-гетти
  • Пицца в Китае
  • Вечеринка с пиццей
  • Теорема о пицце
Похожие блюда
  • Бублик для пиццы
  • Кальцоне
  • Кока
  • Конг ты бин
  • Фарината
  • Flammkuchen
  • Фокачча
  • Чесночные пальчики
  • Хачапури
  • Lahmacun
  • Манакиш
  • Панцеротти
  • Парата
  • Пастрмайлия
  • Писсаладьер
  • Слоеная пицца
  • Рулетики для пиццы
  • Кесадилья
  • Сарденара
  • Колбасный хлеб
  • Scaccia
  • Сфиха
  • Стромболи
  • Уттапам
  • v
  • т
  • е

Пицца ( итали  [pittsa] , Неаполитанская:  [pittsə] ) является соленым блюдом из итальянского происхождения состоящее из обычно круглых, сплющенной базы дрожжевой пшеницы на основе теста увенчанных помидор, сыр, и часто различными другие ингредиентами (например, анчоусы , грибы, лук, оливки, ананасы, мясо и т. д.), которое затем запекают при высокой температуре, традиционно в дровяной печи. [1] Маленькую пиццу иногда называют пиццеттой . Человек, который готовит пиццу, известен как пиццайоло .

В Италии пицца, подаваемая в формальной обстановке, например в ресторане, подается без нарезки и едят с помощью ножа и вилки. [2] [3] В обычных условиях, однако, его разрезают на клинья, чтобы их можно было съесть , держа в руке .

Термин « пицца» впервые был записан в 10 веке в латинском рукописи из южно-итальянского города Гаэта в Лацио , на границе с Кампанией . [4] Современная пицца была изобретена в Неаполе , и с тех пор это блюдо и его варианты стали популярными во многих странах. [5] Он стал одним из самых популярных блюд в мире и обычным блюдом быстрого питания в Европе и Северной Америке, доступным в пиццериях (ресторанах, специализирующихся на пицце), ресторанах средиземноморской кухни и через службу доставки пиццы.. [5] [6] Многие компании продают готовую замороженную пиццу для разогрева в обычной домашней духовке.

Associazione Verace Пицца Napoletana (букв Истинного неаполитанской ассоциации Pizza) является некоммерческой организацией , основанная в 1984 году со штаб - квартирой в Неаполе , который направлен на поощрение традиционной неаполитанской пиццы. [7] В 2009 год по просьбе Италии, неаполитанская пицца была зарегистрирована в Европейском Союзе в качестве гарантированного Традиционной Specialty блюда, [8] [9] и в 2017 году искусство ее изготовление было включено ЮНЕСКО в списке «s в области нематериального культурного наследия . [10]

Этимология

Пицца с сыром и начинкой, нарезанная дольками

Слово «пицца» впервые появилось в латинском тексте из центрального итальянского города Гаэта , тогда еще входившего в состав Византийской империи, в 997 году нашей эры; в тексте говорится, что арендатор определенной собственности должен давать епископу Gaeta duodecim pizze («двенадцать пицц») каждое Рождество и еще двенадцать - каждое пасхальное воскресенье . [4] [11]

Предлагаемые этимологии включают:

  • Византийская греческая и поздняя латинская питта > пицца, ср. Современный греческий пита хлеб и Апулия и Калабрийская (тогда Византийская Италия ) питта, [12] круглый плоский хлеб пекли в печи при высокой температуре , иногда с начинкой. Слово питта, в свою очередь, можно проследить либо до древнегреческого πικτή ( пикте ), «ферментированное тесто», которое на латыни стало «пикта», либо от древнегреческого π pσσα ( писса , аттический πίττα, питта ), «смола», [13] [14] или πήτεα ( pḗtea), «отруби» (πητίτης pētítēs , «хлеб с отрубями»). [15]
  • Этимологический словарь итальянского языка объясняет это как исходящие от диалектного PINZA «зажима», как и в современной итальянской pinze «плоскогубцы, пассатижи, плоскогубцы, пинцет». Их происхождение от латинского pinsere «фунт, штамп». [16]
  • The Lombardic word bizzo or pizzo meaning "mouthful" (related to the English words "bit" and "bite"), which was brought to Italy in the middle of the 6th century AD by the invading Lombards.[4][17] The shift b>p could be explained by the High German consonant shift, and it has been noted in this connection that in German the word Imbiss means "snack".

History

Main article: History of pizza
A pizzaiolo in 1830
Antica Pizzeria Port'Alba in Naples

Foods similar to pizza have been made since the Neolithic Age.[18] Records of people adding other ingredients to bread to make it more flavorful can be found throughout ancient history. In the 6th century BC, the Persian soldiers of the Achaemenid Empire during the rule of Darius the Great baked flatbreads with cheese and dates on top of their battle shields[19][20] and the ancient Greeks supplemented their bread with oils, herbs, and cheese.[21][22] An early reference to a pizza-like food occurs in the Aeneid, when Celaeno, queen of the Harpies, foretells that the Trojans would not find peace until they are forced by hunger to eat their tables (Book III). In Book VII, Aeneas and his men are served a meal that includes round cakes (like pita bread) topped with cooked vegetables. When they eat the bread, they realize that these are the "tables" prophesied by Celaeno.[23]

Modern pizza evolved from similar flatbread dishes in Naples, Italy, in the 18th or early 19th century.[24] Prior to that time, flatbread was often topped with ingredients such as garlic, salt, lard, and cheese. It is uncertain when tomatoes were first added and there are many conflicting claims.[24] Until about 1830, pizza was sold from open-air stands and out of pizza bakeries.

A popular contemporary legend holds that the archetypal pizza, pizza Margherita, was invented in 1889, when the Royal Palace of Capodimonte commissioned the Neapolitan pizzaiolo (pizza maker) Raffaele Esposito to create a pizza in honor of the visiting Queen Margherita. Of the three different pizzas he created, the Queen strongly preferred a pizza swathed in the colors of the Italian flag — red (tomato), green (basil), and white (mozzarella). Supposedly, this kind of pizza was then named after the Queen,[25] although later research cast doubt on this legend.[26] An official letter of recognition from the Queen's "head of service" remains on display in Esposito's shop, now called the Pizzeria Brandi.[27]

Pizza was brought to the United States with Italian immigrants in the late nineteenth century[28] and first appeared in areas where Italian immigrants concentrated. The country's first pizzeria, Lombardi's, opened in 1905.[29] Following World War II, veterans returning from the Italian Campaign, who were introduced to Italy's native cuisine, proved a ready market for pizza in particular.[30]

Preparation

Pizza is sold fresh or frozen, and whole or as portion-size slices or pieces. Methods have been developed to overcome challenges such as preventing the sauce from combining with the dough and producing a crust that can be frozen and reheated without becoming rigid. There are frozen pizzas with raw ingredients and self-rising crusts.

Another form of uncooked pizza is available from take and bake pizzerias. This pizza is assembled in the store, then sold to customers to bake in their own ovens. Some grocery stores sell fresh dough along with sauce and basic ingredients, to complete at home before baking in an oven.

  • Pizza preparation

  • A wrapped, mass-produced frozen pizza to be cooked at home

  • Pizza dough being kneaded. After this, it is typically left undisturbed and allowed time to proof.

  • Traditional pizza dough being tossed

  • Various toppings being placed on pan pizzas

  • An uncooked Neapolitan pizza on a metal peel, ready for the oven

Cooking

In restaurants, pizza can be baked in an oven with stone bricks above the heat source, an electric deck oven, a conveyor belt oven, or, in the case of more expensive restaurants, a wood or coal-fired brick oven. On deck ovens, pizza can be slid into the oven on a long paddle, called a peel, and baked directly on the hot bricks or baked on a screen (a round metal grate, typically aluminum). Prior to use, a peel may be sprinkled with cornmeal to allow pizza to easily slide onto and off of it.[31] When made at home, it can be baked on a pizza stone in a regular oven to reproduce the effect of a brick oven. Cooking directly in a metal oven results in too rapid heat transfer to the crust, burning it.[32] Aficionado home-chefs sometimes use a specialty wood-fired pizza oven, usually installed outdoors. Dome-shaped pizza ovens have been used for centuries,[33] which is one way to achieve true heat distribution in a wood-fired pizza oven. Another option is grilled pizza, in which the crust is baked directly on a barbecue grill. Greek pizza, like Chicago-style pizza, is baked in a pan rather than directly on the bricks of the pizza oven.

When it comes to preparation, the dough and ingredients can be combined on any kind of table. With mass production of pizza, the process can be completely automated. Most restaurants still use standard and purpose-built pizza preparation tables. Pizzerias nowadays can even opt for high tech pizza preparation tables that combine mass production elements with traditional techniques.[34]

  • Pizza cooking

  • Pizzas baking in a traditional wood-fired brick oven

  • A pizza baked in a wood-fired oven, being removed with a wooden peel

  • A cooked pizza served at a New York pizzeria

Crust

A pizza just removed from an oven, with a close-up view of the cornicione (the outer edge)

The bottom of the pizza, called the "crust", may vary widely according to style, thin as in a typical hand-tossed Neapolitan pizza or thick as in a deep-dish Chicago-style. It is traditionally plain, but may also be seasoned with garlic or herbs, or stuffed with cheese. The outer edge of the pizza is sometimes referred to as the cornicione.[35] Pizza dough often contains sugar, both to help its yeast rise and enhance browning of the crust.[36]

Dipping sauce specifically for pizza was invented by American pizza chain Papa John's Pizza in 1984 and has since become popular when eating pizza, especially the crust.[37]

Cheese

Main article: Pizza cheese
A pizza quattro formaggi (Italian: [ˈkwattro forˈmaddʒi], "four cheeses") in London

Mozzarella is commonly used on pizza, with the highest quality buffalo mozzarella produced in the surroundings of Naples.[38] Eventually, other cheeses were used well as pizza ingredients, particularly Italian cheeses including provolone, pecorino romano, ricotta, and scamorza. Less expensive processed cheeses or cheese analogues have been developed for mass-market pizzas to produce desirable qualities like browning, melting, stretchiness, consistent fat and moisture content, and stable shelf life. This quest to create the ideal and economical pizza cheese has involved many studies and experiments analyzing the impact of vegetable oil, manufacturing and culture processes, denatured whey proteins, and other changes in manufacture. In 1997, it was estimated that annual production of pizza cheese was 1 million metric tons (1,100,000 short tons) in the U.S. and 100,000 metric tons (110,000 short tons) in Europe.[39]

Spinach pizza, Turin

Varieties

Main article: List of pizza varieties by country

Italy

Authentic Neapolitan pizza (pizza napoletana) is made with San Marzano tomatoes, grown on the volcanic plains south of Mount Vesuvius, and mozzarella di bufala Campana, made with milk from water buffalo raised in the marshlands of Campania and Lazio.[40] This mozzarella is protected with its own European protected designation of origin.[40] Other traditional pizzas include pizza alla marinara, which is topped with marinara sauce and is supposedly the most ancient tomato-topped pizza,[41] pizza capricciosa, which is prepared with mozzarella cheese, baked ham, mushroom, artichoke, and tomato,[42] and pizza pugliese, prepared with tomato, mozzarella, and onions.[43]

A popular variant of pizza in Italy is Sicilian pizza (locally called sfincione or sfinciuni),[44][45] a thick-crust or deep-dish pizza originating during the 17th century in Sicily: it is essentially a focaccia that is typically topped with tomato sauce and other ingredients. Until the 1860s, sfincione was the type of pizza usually consumed in Sicily, especially in the Western portion of the island.[46] Other variations of pizzas are also found in other regions of Italy, for example pizza al padellino or pizza al tegamino, a small-sized, thick-crust, deep-dish pizza typically served in Turin, Piedmont.[47][48][49]

United States

Main article: Pizza in the United States
Pizza banquet in the White House (2009)

The first pizzeria in the U.S. was opened in New York City's Little Italy in 1905.[50] Common toppings for pizza in the United States include anchovies, ground beef, chicken, ham, mushrooms, olives, onions, peppers, pepperoni, pineapple, salami, sausage, spinach, steak, and tomatoes. Distinct regional types developed in the 20th century, including Buffalo,[51] California, Chicago, Detroit, Greek, New Haven, New York, and St. Louis styles.[52] These regional variations include deep-dish, stuffed, pockets, turnovers, rolled, and pizza-on-a-stick, each with seemingly limitless combinations of sauce and toppings.

Thirteen percent of the United States population consumes pizza on any given day.[53] Pizza chains such as Domino's Pizza, Pizza Hut, and Papa John's, pizzas from take and bake pizzerias, and chilled or frozen pizzas from supermarkets make pizza readily available nationwide.

Argentina

Argentina, and more specifically Buenos Aires, received a massive Italian immigration at the turn of the 19th century. Immigrants from Naples and Genoa opened the first pizza bars, though over time Spanish residents came to own the majority of the pizza businesses.

Standard Argentine pizza has a thicker crust, called "media masa" (half dough) than traditional Italian style pizza and includes more cheese. Argentine gastronomy tradition, served pizza with fainá, which is a Genovese chick pea-flour dough placed over the piece of pizza, and moscato wine. The most popular variety of pizza is called "muzzarella" (mozzarella), similar to Neapolitan pizza (bread, tomato sauce and cheese) but made with a thicker "media masa" crust, triple cheese and tomato sauce, usually also with olives. It can be found in nearly every corner of the country; Buenos Aires is considered the city with the most pizza bars by person of the world.[54] Other popular varieties include jam, tomato slices, red pepper and longaniza. Two Argentine-born varieties of pizza with onion, are also very popular: fugazza with cheese and fugazzetta. The former one consists in a regular pizza crust topped with cheese and onions; the later has the cheese between two pizza crusts, with onions on top.[55][56]

Records

Pizza-eating contest

The world's largest pizza was prepared in Rome in December 2012, and measured 1,261 square meters (13,570 square feet). The pizza was named "Ottavia" in homage to the first Roman emperor Octavian Augustus, and was made with a gluten-free base.[57] The world's longest pizza was made in Fontana, California in 2017 and measured 1,930.39 meters (6,333 feet 3+1⁄2 inches).[58]

The world's most expensive pizza listed by Guinness World Records is a commercially available thin-crust pizza at Maze restaurant in London, United Kingdom, which costs GB£100. The pizza is wood fire-baked, and is topped with onion puree, white truffle paste, fontina cheese, baby mozzarella, pancetta, cep mushrooms, freshly picked wild mizuna lettuce, and fresh shavings of a rare Italian white truffle.[59]

There are several instances of more expensive pizzas, such as the GB£4,200 "Pizza Royale 007" at Haggis restaurant in Glasgow, Scotland, which is topped with caviar, lobster, and 24-carat gold dust, and the US$1,000 caviar pizza made by Nino's Bellissima pizzeria in New York City, New York.[60] However, these are not officially recognized by Guinness World Records. Additionally, a pizza was made by the restaurateur Domenico Crolla that included toppings such as sunblush-tomato sauce, Scottish smoked salmon, medallions of venison, edible gold, lobster marinated in cognac, and champagne-soaked caviar. The pizza was auctioned for charity in 2007, raising GB£2,150.[61]

In 2017, the world pizza market was $128 billion, and in the US it was $44 billion spread over 76,000 pizzerias.[62] Overall, 13% of the U.S. population aged 2 years and over consumed pizza on any given day.[63] A Technomic study concluded that 83% of consumers eat pizza at least once per month. According to PMQ in 2018 60.47% of respondents reported an increase in sales over the previous year. [64]

Health concerns

Some mass-produced pizzas by fast food chains have been criticized as having an unhealthy balance of ingredients. Pizza can be high in salt, fat, and food energy. The USDA reports an average sodium content of 5,101 mg per 36 cm (14 in) pizza in fast food chains.[65] There are concerns about negative health effects.[66] Food chains have come under criticism at various times for the high salt content of some of their meals.[67]

Frequent pizza eaters in Italy have been found to have a relatively low incidence of cardiovascular disease[68] and digestive tract cancers[69] relative to infrequent pizza eaters, although the nature of the association between pizza and such perceived benefits is unclear. Pizza consumption in Italy might only indicate adherence to traditional Mediterranean dietary patterns, which have been shown to have various health benefits.[69]

Some attribute the apparent health benefits of pizza to the lycopene content in pizza sauce,[70] which research indicates likely plays a role in protecting against cardiovascular disease and various cancers.[71]

National Pizza Month

See also: National Pizza Month

National Pizza Month is an annual observance that occurs for the month of October in the United States and some areas of Canada.[72][73][74][75] This observance began in October 1984, and was created by Gerry Durnell, the publisher of Pizza Today magazine.[75] During this time, some people observe National Pizza Month by consuming various types of pizzas or pizza slices, or going to various pizzerias.[72]

Similar dishes

  • Calzone and stromboli are similar dishes that are often made of pizza dough folded (calzone) or rolled (stromboli) around a filling.
  • Panzerotti are similar to calzones, but fried rather than baked.
  • "Farinata" or "cecina".[76] A Ligurian (farinata) and Tuscan (cecina) regional dish made from chickpea flour, water, salt, and olive oil. Also called socca in the Provence region of France. Often baked in a brick oven, and typically weighed and sold by the slice.
  • The Alsatian Flammekueche[77] (Standard German: Flammkuchen, French: Tarte flambée) is a thin disc of dough covered in crème fraîche, onions, and bacon.
  • Garlic fingers is an Atlantic Canadian dish, similar to a pizza in shape and size, and made with similar dough. It is garnished with melted butter, garlic, cheese, and sometimes bacon.
  • The Anatolian Lahmajoun (Arabic: laḥm bi'ajīn; Armenian: lahmajoun; also Armenian pizza or Turkish pizza) is a meat-topped dough round. The base is very thin, and the layer of meat often includes chopped vegetables.[78]
  • The Levantine Manakish (Arabic: ma'ujnāt) and Sfiha (Arabic: laḥm bi'ajīn; also Arab pizza) are dishes similar to pizza.
  • The Macedonian Pastrmajlija is a bread pie made from dough and meat. It is usually oval-shaped with chopped meat on top of it.
  • The Provençal Pissaladière is similar to an Italian pizza, with a slightly thicker crust and a topping of cooked onions, anchovies, and olives.
  • Pizza bagel is a bagel with toppings similar to that of traditional pizzas.
  • Pizza bread is a type of sandwich that is often served open-faced which consists of bread, tomato sauce, cheese,[79] and various toppings. Homemade versions may be prepared.
  • Pizza sticks may be prepared with pizza dough and pizza ingredients, in which the dough is shaped into stick forms, sauce and toppings are added, and it is then baked.[80] Bread dough may also be used in their preparation,[81] and some versions are fried.[82]
  • Pizza Rolls are a trade-marked commercial product.
  • Okonomiyaki, a Japanese dish cooked on a hotplate, is often referred to as "Japanese pizza".[83]
  • "Zanzibar pizza" is a street food served in Stone Town, Zanzibar, Tanzania. It uses a dough much thinner than pizza dough, almost like filo dough, filled with minced beef, onions, and an egg, similar to Moroccan bestila.[84]
  • Panizza is half a stick of bread (often baguette), topped with the usual pizza ingredients, baked in an oven.

Gallery

  • Chicago-style pizza — deep dish

  • A halved calzone

  • A tarte flambée

  • A vegetarian pizza

  • Pizza Margherita

  • Garlic fingers, the archetype of Canadian pizza

  • A hamburger pizza served at a Kotipizza restaurant in Finland

  • Slices of New York-style pizza

  • Argentine fugazzetta.

  • Detroit-style pizza

See also

  • Antica Pizzeria Port'Alba
  • List of baked goods
  • List of Italian dishes
  • List of pizza chains
  • List of pizza varieties by country
  • Matzah pizza
  • Italian cuisine – Cuisine originating from Italy
  • Pizza cake
  • Pizza cheese – Cheese for use specifically on pizza
  • Pizza in China
  • Pizza delivery – Pizzeria service
  • Pizza farm – Farm split into sections like a pizza split into slices
  • Pizza saver
  • Pizza strips
  • Pizza theorem – Equality of areas of alternating sectors of a disk with equal angles through any interior point
  • Sicilian pizza – Style of pizza originating from Sicily, Italy

References

  1. ^ "144843". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  2. ^ Naylor, Tony (6 September 2019). "How to eat: Neapolitan-style pizza". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 14 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  3. ^ Godoy, Maria (13 January 2014). "Italians To New Yorkers: 'Forkgate' Scandal? Fuhggedaboutit". The Salt (blog). National Public Radio. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  4. ^ a b c Maiden, Martin. "Linguistic Wonders Series: Pizza is a German(ic) Word". yourDictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2003-01-15.
  5. ^ a b Miller, Hanna (April–May 2006). "American Pie". American Heritage. Archived from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  6. ^ Baofu, P. (2013). The Future of Post-Human Culinary Art: Towards a New Theory of Ingredients and Techniques. Cambridge Scholars Publisher. p. 281. ISBN 978-1-4438-4484-0. Archived from the original on 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2016-01-08.
  7. ^ "Associazione Verace Pizza Napoletana (AVPN)". Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  8. ^ Official Journal of the European Union, Commission regulation (EU) No 97/2010 Archived 2013-06-03 at the Wayback Machine, 5 February 2010
  9. ^ International Trademark Association, European Union: Pizza napoletana obtains "Traditional Speciality Guaranteed" status Archived 2014-08-19 at the Wayback Machine, 1 April 2010
  10. ^ "Naples' pizza twirling wins Unesco 'intangible' status". The Guardian. London. Agence France-Presse. 2017-12-07. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2017-12-07. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
  11. ^ Salvatore Riciniello (1987) Codice Diplomatico Gaetano, Vol. I, La Poligrafica
  12. ^ Babiniotis, Georgios (2005). Λεξικό της Νέας Ελληνικής Γλώσσας [Dictionary of Modern Greek] (in Greek). Lexicology Centre. p. 1413. ISBN 978-960-86190-1-2.
  13. ^ "Pizza, at Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2007-10-24. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  14. ^ "Pissa, Liddell and Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  15. ^ "Pizza, at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
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Further reading

  • "The Saveur Ultimate Guide to Pizza". Saveur. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  • Kliman, Todd (September 5, 2012). "Easy as pie: A Guide to Regional Pizza". The Washingtonian. Explanation of eight pizza styles: Maryland, Roman, "Gourmet" Wood-fired, Generic boxed, New York, Neapolitan, Chicago, and New Haven.
  • Helstosky, Carol (2008). Pizza: A Global History. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-391-8. OCLC 225876066.
  • Chudgar, Sonya (March 22, 2012). "An Expert Guide to World-Class Pizza". QSR Magazine. Retrieved October 16, 2012.* Raichlen, Steven (2008). The Barbecue! Bible. Workman Publishing. pp. 381–384. ISBN 978-0761149446.
  • Delpha, J.; Oringer, K. (2015). Grilled Pizza the Right Way. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-62414-106-5. 208 pages.