Европейские канадцы ( французский язык : les Canadiens Européens ), также известные как евро-канадцы , являются канадцами с происхождением из Европы . [2] [3] [4] Они составляют самую большую панэтническую группу в Канаде, составляющую примерно 73 процента населения.
Всего населения | |
---|---|
25 111 695 72,9% от общей численности населения Канады ( перепись 2016 г. ) [1] [nb 1] | |
Регионы со значительной численностью населения | |
Все районы Канады менее распространены на севере | |
Языки | |
Канадский английский · Канадский французский Другие европейские языки Исторически: шотландский гэльский · ирландский | |
Религия | |
Преимущественно : христианство : протестантизм · римский католицизм · восточное православие меньшинства : восточное православие · мормонизм · другие святые последних дней · неконфессиональные и другие христиане | |
Родственные этнические группы | |
Европейская диаспора , европейцы , европейские американцы , европейские австралийцы , европейские новозеландцы , британцы ( английский , шотландский , валлийский , северный ирландский ), ирландцы , французские , немецкие , итальянские , голландские , украинские , польские , португальские |
Европейских канадцев можно разделить на региональные и этнокультурные подгруппы. Перепись население в Канаде делит канадец европейского происхождения на четыре основные категории , которые, в алфавитном порядке, являются: восточноевропейскими канадцами, Североевропейские канадцы, Южная Европа канадцев и западноевропейскими канадцы. [1]
Терминология
В канадской переписи все люди с европейским происхождением или происхождением классифицируются как часть европейской расы .
Подгруппы
Есть несколько подгрупп европейских канадцев. [5] Хотя категории определены приблизительно (из-за неточной или этнокультурной регионализации континента), подгруппы широко использовались в этнической и культурной идентификации. [6] Это особенно актуально в диаспоре, как и в случае с европейцами в Канаде. [7] В алфавитном порядке, как указано в переписи в Канаде , [1] некоторые из этих подгрупп: [8]
- Восточноевропейские канадцы , включая белорусских канадцев , болгарских канадцев , чешских канадцев , эстонских канадцев , венгерских канадцев , латвийских канадцев , литовских канадцев , молдавских канадцев , польских канадцев , румынских канадцев , русских канадцев , словацких канадцев и украинских канадцев
- Южная Европа канадцы , в том числе албанских канадцев , кипрские канадцы , греческие канадцы , итальянские канадцы , Мальтийские канадцы , португальские канадцы , испанские канадцы и югославские канадцы ( боснийские канадцы , хорватские канадцы , косовский канадцы , македонские канадцы , черногорские канадцы , сербские канадцы , словенские канадцы )
История
Первоначальный расчет
Французы были первыми европейцами , чтобы установить постоянное присутствие в том, что в настоящее время в Канаде. Элен Деспорт считается первым белым ребенком, родившимся в Новой Франции . Она родилась около 1620 года в семье Пьера Деспорта (урожденного Лизье , Нормандия , Франция) и Франсуазы Ланглуа. [9]
20 век
Сотни тысяч европейских иммигрантов прошли через пирс 21 в Галифаксе, Новая Шотландия, в 1900-х годах. [10]
Демография
Начиная с первой канадской переписи 1871 года , процент европейского населения Канады от общего населения Канады составил 98,5 процента. С тех пор доля всего канадского населения постепенно снижалась с середины 20 века до последней переписи населения в 2016 году, однако канадцы, которые идентифицируют себя с европейским происхождением, остаются самой крупной этнической группой в Канаде, составляя 72,9 процента от общей численности канадского населения. Население. [11] [12] [13] Элементы обычаев, языков и религий аборигенов, французов, британцев и более поздних иммигрантов объединились, чтобы сформировать культуру Канады и, следовательно, канадскую идентичность . Канада также находилась под сильным влиянием своего лингвистического, географического и экономического соседа - Соединенных Штатов .
По данным переписи 2016 года , крупнейшие группы европейских предков произошли с Британских островов (11211850, включая 6320 085 англичан , 4799 005 шотландцев и 4627 000 ирландцев ), французского (4680 820), немецкого (3322 405), итальянского (1587 965) и украинского (1359 655). [14] Тем не менее, самая большая этническая принадлежность страны, о которой сообщают сами респонденты, - это «канадцы» (11 135 965 жителей). [nb 2]
Год | Население | % от общей численности населения |
---|---|---|
1871 год [13] [12] [15] | 3 433 315 | 98,5% |
1881 [16] [15] | 4 146 900 | 95,9% |
1901 [16] [15] | 5 170 522 | 96,0% |
1911 [16] [15] | 7 005 583 | 94,4% |
1921 [16] [15] | 8 568 584 | 96,0% |
1931 [13] [15] | 10 134 313 | 97,7% |
1941 [13] [12] | 11 242 868 | 97,8% |
1951 [13] [12] | 13 582 574 | 96,8% |
1961 [13] [12] | 17 653 864 | 96,8% |
1966 [13] [12] | N / A | 96,8% |
1971 [13] [12] | 20 763 915 | 96,3% |
1981 [17] | 22 402 000 | 93,0% |
1986 г. | N / A | N / A |
1991 г. | N / A | N / A |
1996 [18] | 24 531 635 | 86,0% |
2001 [19] [20] [nb 1] | 24 678 880 | 83,3% |
2006 [21] [nb 1] | 25 000 150 | 80,0% |
2011 [22] [nb 1] | 25 186 890 | 76,7% |
2016 [23] [nb 1] | 25 111 695 | 72,9% |
Область / край | Население (2001 год) [19] [20] | % от общей численности этнического населения (2001 г.) | Население (2006 г.) [21] | % от общей численности этнического населения (2006 г.) | Население (2011) [22] | % от общей численности этнического населения (2011 г.) | Население (2016) [23] | % от общей численности этнического населения (2016 г.) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Онтарио | 8 944 190 | 79,3% | 9 041 200 | 75,2% | 9 070 795 | 71,7% | 8 982 180 | 67,8% |
Квебек | 6 548 205 | 91,9% | 6 673 120 | 89,7% | 6 740 370 | 87,2% | 6 750 200 | 84,7% |
британская Колумбия | 2 862 405 | 74,0% | 2 869 450 | 70,4% | 2 911 568 | 67,3% | 2 908 420 | 63,8% |
Альберта | 2,455,005 | 83,5% | 2 613 790 | 80,3% | 2 690 955 | 75,4% | 2 786 340 | 70,0% |
Манитоба | 866 545 | 78,5% | 849 025 | 74,9% | 824 820 | 70,2% | 800 540 | 64,5% |
Новая Шотландия | 846 030 | 94,3% | 841 230 | 93,2% | 825 050 | 91,1% | 798 195 | 87,9% |
Саскачеван | 805 380 | 83,6% | 778 060 | 81,2% | 787 745 | 78,1% | 779 665 | 72,8% |
Нью-Брансуик | 693 295 | 96,3% | 688 650 | 95,7% | 696 085 | 94,6% | 676 785 | 92,6% |
Ньюфаундленд и Лабрадор | 485 450 | 95,6% | 471 430 | 94,2% | 464 540 | 91,6% | 454 710 | 88,8% |
Остров Принца Эдуарда | 130 860 | 98,1% | 130 645 | 97,4% | 130 885 | 95,3% | 130 310 | 93,3% |
Юкон | 20 955 | 73,5% | 21 395 | 70,9% | 23 595 | 70,8% | 23 915 | 68,1% |
Северо-западные территории | 16 925 | 45,4% | 18 150 | 44,2% | 16 915 | 41,6% | 16 320 | 39,7% |
Нунавут | 3735 | 14,0% | 3 990 | 13,6% | 3 820 | 12,1% | 4,115 | 11,6% |
Канада | 24 678 880 | 83,3% | 25 000 150 | 80,0% | 25 186 890 | 76,7% | 25 111 695 | 72,9% |
Этническая принадлежность
Этническая принадлежность | Население ( 1871 г. ) [16] | % населения Канады (1871) | Население (1881 г.) [16] | % населения Канады (1881) | Население (1901 г.) [16] | % населения Канады (1901) | Население (1911 г.) [16] | % населения Канады (1911) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
албанский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Австрийский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | 10 947 | 0,2% | 42 535 | 0,6% |
Баскский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
бельгийский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | 2,994 | 0,1% | 9 593 | 0,1% |
Боснийский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Британские острова (не указано иное) | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
болгарский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
хорватский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Киприот | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Чехословацкий | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Чешский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Датский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
нидерландский язык | 29 662 | 0,9% | 30 412 | 0,7% | 33 845 | 0,6% | 54 986 | 0,8% |
английский | 706 369 | 20,3% | 881 301 | 20,4% | 1,260,899 | 23,5% | 1,823,150 | 25,3% |
эстонский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Финский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | 2 502 | 0,1% | 15 497 | 0,2% |
Французский | 1 082 940 | 31,1% | 1,298,929 | 30,0% | 1 649 371 | 30,7% | 2,054,890 | 28,5% |
Немецкий | 202 991 | 5,8% | 254 319 | 5,9% | 310 501 | 5,8% | 393 320 | 5,5% |
Греческий | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | 291 | 0,0% | 3,594 | 0,0% |
венгерский язык | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | 1,549 | 0,0% | 11 605 | 0,2% |
исландский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Ирландский | 846 414 | 24,3% | 957 403 | 22,1% | 988 721 | 18,4% | 1 050 384 | 14,6% |
Итальянский | 1,035 | 0,0% | 1849 | 0,0% | 10 834 | 0,2% | 45 411 | 0,6% |
Косовар | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
латышский язык | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Литовский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Люксембуржец | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
македонский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Мальтийский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Молдавский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Черногорский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
норвежский язык | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Польский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | 6 285 | 0,1% | 33 365 | 0,5% |
португальский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
румынский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
русский | 607 | 0,0% | 1,227 | 0,1% | 19 825 | 0,4% | 43 142 | 0,6% |
Шотландский | 549 946 | 15,8% | 699 863 | 16,2% | 800 154 | 14,9% | 997 880 | 13,9% |
сербский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
словацкий | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Словенский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
испанский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Шведский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Швейцарский | 2 962 | 0,1% | 4,588 | 0,1% | 3 865 | 0,1% | 6 625 | 0,1% |
украинец | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
валлийский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Югославский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Этническая принадлежность | Население (1921 год) [16] | % населения Канады (1921) | Население (1941) [24] [25] | % населения Канады (1941) | Население ( 1951 г. ) [24] [25] | % населения Канады (1951) | Население (1961 г.) [24] [25] | % населения Канады (1961) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
албанский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Баскский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
бельгийский | 20 234 | 0,2% | 29 711 | 0,3% | 35 148 | 0,3% | 61 382 | 0,3% |
Боснийский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Британские острова (не указано иное) | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
болгарский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
хорватский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Киприот | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Чехословацкий | N / A | N / A | 42 912 | 0,4% | 63 959 | 0,4% | 73 061 | 0,4% |
Чешский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Датский | N / A | N / A | 37 439 | 0,3% | 42 671 | 0,3% | 85 473 | 0,5% |
нидерландский язык | 117 506 | 1,2% | 212 863 | 1,8% | 264 267 | 1,9% | 429 679 | 2,4% |
английский | 2 545 496 | 29,0% | 2 968 402 | 25,1% | 3 630 344 | 25,9% | 4 195 175 | 23,0% |
эстонский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Финский | 21 494 | 0,2% | 41 683 | 0,4% | 43 745 | 0,3% | 59 436 | 0,3% |
Французский | 2,452,751 | 27,9% | 3 483 038 | 29,5% | 4 319 167 | 30,8% | 5 540 346 | 30,4% |
Немецкий | 294 636 | 3,4% | 464 682 | 3,9% | 619 995 | 4,4% | 1 049 599 | 5,8% |
Греческий | 5740 | 0,1% | 11 692 | 0,1% | 13 966 | 0,1% | 56 475 | 0,3% |
венгерский язык | 13 181 | 0,1% | 54 598 | 0,5% | 60 460 | 0,4% | 126 220 | 0,7% |
исландский | N / A | N / A | 21 050 | 0,2% | 23 307 | 0,2% | 30 623 | 0,2% |
Ирландский | 1 107 817 | 12,6% | 1 267 702 | 10,7% | 1,439,635 | 10,3% | 1,753,351 | 9,6% |
Итальянский | 66 769 | 0,8% | 112 625 | 1,0% | 152 245 | 1,1% | 459 351 | 2,5% |
Косовар | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
латышский язык | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Литовский | N / A | N / A | 7 789 | 0,1% | 16 224 | 0,1% | 27 629 | 0,2% |
Люксембуржец | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
македонский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Мальтийский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Молдавский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Черногорский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
норвежский язык | N / A | N / A | 100 718 | 0,9% | 119 266 | 0,9% | 148 681 | 0,8% |
Польский | 53 403 | 0,6% | 167 485 | 1,4% | 219 845 | 1,6% | 323 517 | 1,8% |
португальский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
румынский | N / A | N / A | 24 689 | 0,2% | 23 601 | 0,2% | 43 805 | 0,2% |
русский | 100 064 | 1,1% | 83 708 | 0,7% | 91 279 | 0,6% | 119 168 | 0,7% |
Шотландский | 1,173,637 | 13,4% | 1 403 974 | 11,9% | 1,547,470 | 11,0% | 1 902 302 | 10,4% |
сербский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
словацкий | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Словенский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
испанский | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
Шведский | N / A | N / A | 85 396 | 0,7% | 97 780 | 0,7% | 121 757 | 0,7% |
Швейцарский | 12 837 | 0,2% | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A |
украинец | N / A | N / A | 305 929 | 2,6% | 395 043 | 2,8% | 473,337 | 2.6% |
Welsh | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Yugoslav | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 21,214 | 0.2% |
Ethnicity | Population (1991)[26] | % of Canadian population (1991) | Population (1996)[27][nb 2] | % of Canadian population (1996) | Population (2001)[28] | % of Canadian population (2001) | Population (2006)[29] | % of Canadian population (2006) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albanian | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 14,935 | 0.1% | 22,395 | 0.1% |
Austrian | 107,671 | 1.2% | 37,715 | 0.3% | 32,231 | 0.2% | 106,535 | 0.6% |
Austrian | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 147,585 | 0.5% | 194,255 | 0.6% |
Basque | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,715 | 0.0% | 4,975 | 0.0% |
Belgian | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 129,780 | 0.4% | 168,910 | 0.5% |
Bosnian | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 15,720 | 0.1% | 21,045 | 0.1% |
British Isles (not otherwise specified) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 150,585 | 0.5% | 403,915 | 1.3% |
Bulgarian | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 15,195 | 0.1% | 27,255 | 0.1% |
Croatian | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 97,050 | 0.3% | 110,880 | 0.4% |
Cypriot | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,060 | 0.0% | 3,395 | 0.0% |
Czechoslovakian | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 33,540 | 0.1% | 36,970 | 0.1% |
Czech | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 79,910 | 0.3% | 98,090 | 0.3% |
Danish | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 170,780 | 0.6% | 200,035 | 0.6% |
Dutch | 961,600 | 3.4% | 916,215 | 3.1% | 923,310 | 3.1% | 1,035,965 | 3.3% |
English | 8,605,125 | 30.7% | 6,832,095 | 23.1% | 5,978,875 | 20.2% | 6,570,015 | 21.0% |
Estonian | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 22,085 | 0.1% | 23,930 | 0.1% |
Finnish | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 114,690 | 0.4% | 131,040 | 0.4% |
French | 8,369,210 | 29.9% | 5,597,845 | 18.9% | 4,668,410 | 15.8% | 4,941,210 | 15.8% |
German | 2,793,775 | 10.0% | 2,757,140 | 9.3% | 2,742,765 | 9.3% | 3,179,425 | 10.2% |
Greek | 191,475 | 0.7% | 203,345 | 0.7% | 215,105 | 0.7% | 242,685 | 0.8% |
Hungarian | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 267,255 | 0.9% | 315,510 | 1.0% |
Icelandic | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 75,090 | 0.3% | 88,875 | 0.3% |
Irish | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 3,822,660 | 12.9% | 4,354,155 | 13.9% |
Italian | 1,147,780 | 4.1% | 1,207,475 | 4.2% | 1,270,370 | 4.3% | 1,445,335 | 4.6% |
Kosovar | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1,200 | 0.0% | 1,530 | 0.0% |
Latvian | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 22,615 | 0.1% | 27,870 | 0.1% |
Lithuanian | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 36,485 | 0.1% | 46,690 | 0.1% |
Luxembourger | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,390 | 0.0% | 3,225 | 0.0% |
Macedonian | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 31,265 | 0.1% | 37,055 | 0.1% |
Maltese | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 33,000 | 0.1% | 37,120 | 0.1% |
Moldovan | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Montenegrin | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1,055 | 0.0% | 2,370 | 0.0% |
Norwegian | 286,240 | 1.0% | N/A | N/A | 363,760 | 1.2% | 432,515 | 1.4% |
Polish | 740,720 | 2.6% | 786,735 | 2.7% | 817,085 | 2.8% | 984,565 | 3.2% |
Portuguese | 292,185 | 1.0% | 335,110 | 1.1% | 357,690 | 1.2% | 410,850 | 1.3% |
Romanian | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 131,830 | 0.4% | 192,170 | 0.6% |
Russian | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 337,960 | 1.1% | 500,600 | 1.6% |
Scottish | 4,248,365 | 15.2% | 4,260,840 | 14.4% | 4,157,210 | 14.0% | 4,719,850 | 15.1% |
Serbian | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 55,540 | 0.2% | 72,690 | 0.2% |
Slovak | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 50,860 | 0.2% | 64,145 | 0.2% |
Slovene | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 28,910 | 0.1% | 35,935 | 0.1% |
Spanish | 158,915 | 0.6% | 204,360 | 0.7% | 213,105 | 0.7% | 325,730 | 1.0% |
Swedish | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 282,760 | 1.0% | 334,765 | 1.1% |
Swiss | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 110,795 | 0.4% | 137,775 | 0.4% |
Ukrainian | 1,054,295 | 3.8% | 1,026,470 | 3.5% | 1,071,060 | 3.6% | 1,209,085 | 3.9% |
Welsh | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 350,365 | 1.2% | 440,965 | 1.4% |
Yugoslav | 21,404 | 0.2% | 68,587 | 0.4% | 65,505 | 0.2% | 65,305 | 0.2% |
Ethnicity | Population (2011)[30] | % of Canadian population (2011) | Population (2016)[14] | % of Canadian population (2016) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Albanian | 28,270 | 0.1% | 36,185 | 0.1% |
Austrian | 197,990 | 0.6% | 207,050 | 0.6% |
Basque | 5,570 | 0.0% | 6,965 | 0.0% |
Belgian | 176,615 | 0.5% | 186,665 | 0.5% |
Bosnian | 22,920 | 0.1% | 26,740 | 0.1% |
British Isles (not otherwise specified) | 576,030 | 1.8% | 644,695 | 1.9% |
Bulgarian | 30,485 | 0.1% | 34,565 | 0.1% |
Croatian | 114,880 | 0.3% | 133,970 | 0.4% |
Cypriot | 4,815 | 0.0% | 5,650 | 0.0% |
Czechoslovakian | 40,035 | 0.1% | 40,715 | 0.1% |
Czech | 94,805 | 0.3% | 104,580 | 0.3% |
Danish | 203,080 | 0.6% | 207,470 | 0.6% |
Dutch | 1,067,245 | 3.2% | 1,111,655 | 3.2% |
English | 6,509,500 | 19.8% | 6,320,085 | 18.3% |
Estonian | 23,180 | 0.1% | 24,530 | 0.1% |
Finnish | 136,215 | 0.4% | 143,645 | 0.4% |
French | 5,065,690 | 15.4% | 4,670,595 | 13.6% |
German | 3,203,330 | 9.8% | 3,322,405 | 9.6% |
Greek | 252,960 | 0.8% | 271,410 | 0.8% |
Hungarian | 316,765 | 1.0% | 348,085 | 1.0% |
Icelandic | 94,205 | 0.3% | 101,795 | 0.3% |
Irish | 4,544,870 | 13.8% | 4,627,000 | 13.4% |
Italian | 1,488,425 | 4.5% | 1,587,970 | 4.6% |
Kosovar | 2,760 | 0.0% | 2,865 | 0.0% |
Latvian | 27,355 | 0.1% | 30,725 | 0.1% |
Lithuanian | 49,130 | 0.1% | 59,285 | 0.2% |
Luxembourger | 3,790 | 0.0% | 3,915 | 0.0% |
Macedonian | 36,985 | 0.1% | 43,110 | 0.1% |
Maltese | 38,780 | 0.1% | 41,920 | 0.1% |
Moldovan | 8,050 | 0.0% | 14,915 | 0.0% |
Montenegrin | 2,970 | 0.0% | 4,160 | 0.0% |
Norwegian | 452,705 | 1.4% | 463,275 | 1.3% |
Polish | 1,010,705 | 3.1% | 1,106,585 | 3.2% |
Portuguese | 429,850 | 1.3% | 482,605 | 1.4% |
Romanian | 204,625 | 0.6% | 238,050 | 0.7% |
Russian | 550,520 | 1.7% | 622,445 | 1.8% |
Scottish | 4,714,970 | 14.4% | 4,799,005 | 13.9% |
Serbian | 80,320 | 0.2% | 96,530 | 0.3% |
Slovak | 66,545 | 0.2% | 72,285 | 0.2% |
Slovene | 37,170 | 0.1% | 40,470 | 0.1% |
Spanish | 368,305 | 1.1% | 396,460 | 1.2% |
Swedish | 341,845 | 1.0% | 349,645 | 1.0% |
Swiss | 146,830 | 0.4% | 155,120 | 0.5% |
Ukrainian | 1,251,170 | 3.8% | 1,359,655 | 3.9% |
Welsh | 458,705 | 1.4% | 474,805 | 1.4% |
Yugoslav | 48,320 | 0.1% | 38,480 | 0.1% |
Language and immigration
In the 2016 census, the largest non-official European mother tongue languages were Spanish (458,850), German (384,035), Italian (375,635) and Portuguese (221,540) and Russian (188,255).[31][nb 3]
Language | Population (1991)[32] | % of non-official language mother tongue speakers in Canada (1991) | % of all language mother tongue speakers in Canada (1991) | Population (1996)[33] | % of non-official language mother tongue speakers in Canada (1996) | % of all language mother tongue speakers in Canada (1996) | Population (2001)[34] | % of non-official language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2001) | % of all language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2001) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albanian | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Belarusan | N/A | N/A | N/A | 420 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 530 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Bosnian | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Bulgarian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 6,330 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 9,130 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Catalan | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Croatian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 50,105 | 1.1% | 0.2% | 54,880 | 1.1% | 0.2% |
Czech | N/A | N/A | N/A | 24,985 | 0.5% | 0.1% | 24,795 | 0.5% | 0.1% |
Danish | N/A | N/A | N/A | 20,280 | 0.4% | 0.1% | 18,230 | 0.4% | 0.1% |
Dutch | 124,535 | 3.5% | 0.5% | 133,805 | 2.9% | 0.5% | 128,670 | 2.5% | 0.4% |
Estonian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 10,690 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 8,720 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Finnish | N/A | N/A | N/A | 24,735 | 0.5% | 0.1% | 22,400 | 0.4% | 0.1% |
Flemish | N/A | N/A | N/A | 6,980 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 6,010 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Frisian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,915 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 3,185 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
German | 424,645 | 12.0% | 1.6% | 450,140 | 9.8% | 1.6% | 438,080 | 8.4% | 1.5% |
Greek | 114,370 | 3.2% | 0.4% | 121,180 | 2.6% | 0.4% | 120,365 | 2.3% | 0.4% |
Hungarian | 72,900 | 2.1% | 0.3% | 77,235 | 1.7% | 0.3% | 75,550 | 1.5% | 0.3% |
Icelandic | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,675 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 2,075 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Italian | 449,660 | 12.7% | 1.7% | 484,500 | 10.5% | 1.7% | 469,485 | 9.0% | 1.6% |
Latvian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 9,635 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 8,230 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Lithuanian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 9,385 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 8,770 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Macedonian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 19,300 | 0.4% | 0.1% | 16,905 | 0.3% | 0.1% |
Maltese | N/A | N/A | N/A | 7,120 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 7,375 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Norwegian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 10,235 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 8,725 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Polish | 171,975 | 4.9% | 0.6% | 213,410 | 4.6% | 0.7% | 208,370 | 4.0% | 0.7% |
Portuguese | 186,995 | 5.3% | 0.7% | 211,290 | 4.6% | 0.7% | 213,815 | 4.1% | 0.7% |
Romanian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 35,710 | 0.8% | 0.1% | 50,900 | 1.0% | 0.2% |
Russian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 57,495 | 1.3% | 0.2% | 94,555 | 1.8% | 0.3% |
Scottish Gaelic | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,175 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 2,155 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Serbian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 28,620 | 0.6% | 0.1% | 41,175 | 0.8% | 0.1% |
Serbo-Croatian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 17,940 | 0.4% | 0.1% | 26,685 | 0.5% | 0.1% |
Slovak | N/A | N/A | N/A | 18,285 | 0.4% | 0.1% | 17,540 | 0.3% | 0.1% |
Slovene | N/A | N/A | N/A | 14,085 | 0.3% | 0.0% | 12,800 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Spanish[nb 4] | 158,655 | 4.5% | 0.6% | 212,890 | 4.6% | 0.8% | 245,495 | 4.7% | 0.8% |
Swedish | N/A | N/A | N/A | 9,760 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 9,070 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Ukrainian | 166,830 | 4.7% | 0.6% | 162,695 | 3.5% | 0.6% | 148,085 | 2.8% | 0.5% |
Welsh | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1,670 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 1,615 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Yiddish | N/A | N/A | N/A | 21,415 | 0.1% | 0.5% | 19,290 | 0.4% | 0.1% |
Language | Population (2006)[35] | % of non-official language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2006) | % of all language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2006) | Population (2011)[36] | % of non-official language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2011) | % of all language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2011) | Population (2016)[31] | % of non-official language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2016) | % of all language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2016) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albanian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 23,820 | 0.4% | 0.1% | 26,890 | 0.4% | 0.1% |
Belarusan | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 810 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Bosnian | 12,790 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 11,685 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 12,210 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Bulgarian | 16,790 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 19,050 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 20,025 | 0.3% | 0.1% |
Catalan | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 865 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Croatian | 55,335 | 0.9% | 0.2% | 49,730 | 0.8% | 0.2% | 48,200 | 0.7% | 0.1% |
Czech | 24,450 | 0.4% | 0.1% | 23,585 | 0.4% | 0.1% | 22,290 | 0.3% | 0.1% |
Danish | 18,735 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 14,145 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 12,630 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Dutch | 128,905 | 2.1% | 0.4% | 110,490 | 1.7% | 0.3% | 99,020 | 1.4% | 0.3% |
Estonian | 8,245 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 6,385 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 975 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Finnish | 21,030 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 17,415 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 2,790 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Flemish | 5,665 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 4,690 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 3,895 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Frisian | 2,890 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 14,935 | 0.1% | N/A | 2,100 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
German | 450,570 | 7.3% | 1.4% | 409,200 | 6.2% | 1.2% | 384,035 | 5.2% | 1.1% |
Greek | 108,925 | 1.7% | 0.3% | 106,525 | 1.5% | 0.3% | 117,285 | 1.9% | 0.4% |
Hungarian | 73,335 | 1.2% | 0.2% | 67,920 | 1.0% | 0.2% | 61,235 | 0.8% | 0.2% |
Icelandic | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1,285 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Italian | 455,040 | 7.4% | 1.5% | 407,485 | 6.2% | 1.2% | 375,635 | 5.1% | 1.1% |
Latvian | 6,995 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 6,200 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 5,455 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Lithuanian | 8,335 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 7,245 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 7,075 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Macedonian | 18,440 | 0.3% | 0.0% | 17,245 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 16,775 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Maltese | 6,405 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 6,220 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 5,565 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Norwegian | 7,225 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 5,800 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 4,615 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Polish | 211,175 | 3.4% | 0.7% | 191,645 | 2.9% | 0.6% | 181,710 | 2.5% | 0.5% |
Portuguese | 219,270 | 3.6% | 0.7% | 211,335 | 3.2% | 0.6% | 221,540 | 3.0% | 0.6% |
Romanian | 78,500 | 1.3% | 0.3% | 90,300 | 1.4% | 0.3% | 96,665 | 1.3% | 0.3% |
Russian | 133,575 | 2.2% | 0.4% | 164,330 | 2.5% | 0.5% | 188,255 | 2.6% | 0.5% |
Scottish Gaelic | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1,090 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Serbian | 51,665 | 0.8% | 0.2% | 56,420 | 0.9% | 0.2% | 57,350 | 0.8% | 0.2% |
Serbo-Croatian | 12,510 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 10,155 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 9,555 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Slovak | 18,825 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 17,580 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 17,580 | 0.2% | 0.1% |
Slovene | 13,135 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 10,775 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 9,790 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Spanish[nb 4] | 345,345 | 5.6% | 1.1% | 410,670 | 6.3% | 1.2% | 458,850 | 6.3% | 1.3% |
Swedish | 8,220 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 7,350 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 6,840 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Ukrainian | 134,500 | 2.2% | 0.4% | 111,540 | 1.7% | 0.3% | 102,485 | 1.4% | 0.3% |
Welsh | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1,075 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Yiddish | 16,295 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 15,205 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 13,555 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Year | Population | % of immigrants in Canada | % of Canadian population |
---|---|---|---|
1986[37] | 2,430,470 | 62.2% | 9.3% |
1991[37] | 2,364,695 | 54.5% | 8.4% |
1996[37] | 2,334,005 | 47.0% | 7.9% |
2001[38] | 2,287,535 | 42.0% | 7.4% |
2006[39] | 2,269,705 | 36.7% | 7.0% |
2011[40] | 2,226,100 | 30.8% | 6.5% |
2016[41] | 2,082,765 | 27.6% | 5.7% |
Культура
The culture of the Canadians of European descent, European-Canadian culture, is the main culture of Canada. From their earliest presence in North America, European Canadians have contributed literature, art, architecture, cinema and theater, religion and philosophy, ethics, agricultural skills, foods, medicine, science and technology, fashion and clothing styles, music, language, business, economics, legal system, political system, and social and technological innovation to Canadian culture. European-Canadian culture derived its earliest influences from English, French, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish settlers and is quantitatively the largest proportion of Canadian culture. The overall Canadian culture reflects European-Canadian culture, also known as White Canadian culture. The culture has been developing since long before Canada formed a separate country. Much of Canadian culture shows influences from English culture, with later periphery influence, due to 19th-century immigration, from different regions of Europe, such as the customs of Eastern European Canadians. Colonial ties to Great Britain spread the English language, legal system and other cultural attributes.
Canadian flag
- Canadian flag - In 1964, Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson formed a committee to resolve the issue, sparking a serious debate about a flag change to replace the Union Flag. Out of three choices, the maple leaf design by George Stanley,[42] based on the flag of the Royal Military College of Canada, was selected. The flag made its first official appearance on February 15, 1965.
Music
Another area of cultural influence are Canadian Patriotic songs:
- Canadian National Anthem - Two Canadians of French descent Adolphe-Basile Routhier wrote the lyrics and Calixa Lavallée composed the music in 1880.[43][44] The English lyrics which is the official and most popular version were written in 1908 by Scottish-Canadian Robert Stanley Weir.[45]
- The Maple Leaf Forever - is an older but unofficial national anthem written by Scotsman Alexander Muir in 1867.[46] It was in consideration for official national anthem, however, as no French version was ever written, it was never popular with Francophones.[47]
Sport
- Ice Hockey - British soldiers and immigrants to Canada and the United States brought their stick-and-ball games with them and played them on the ice and snow of winter. Ice hockey was first played in Canada during the early nineteenth century, based on similar sports such as field hockey that were played in Europe.[48] The sport was originally played with a stick and ball, but in 1860 a group of English veterans from the Royal Canadian Rifle Regiment played a game in Kingston, Ontario, utilising a puck for what is believed to be the first time. This match, played on the frozen harbour by the city, is sometimes considered to be the birth of modern ice hockey.[49]
Премьер-министры
Most of the heritage that all twenty-three Canadian Prime Ministers come from (or in some combination thereof): is British (English, Scottish, Ulster Scot or Welsh) ancestry. Later Canadian Prime Ministers' ancestry can often be traced to ancestors from multiple nations in Europe.
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Смотрите также
- European diaspora
- Métis people (Canada)
- Ethnic origins of people in Canada
- European Americans
- Demographics of Canada
Заметки
- ^ a b c d e Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an aboriginal identity.
- ^ a b All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws. However, "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestry. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire. "The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones), however no-longer self identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude or generational distance from ancestral lineage.
Source 1: Jack Jedwab (April 2008). "Our 'Cense' of Self: the 2006 Census saw 1.6 million 'Canadian'" (PDF). Association for Canadian Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2011. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
Source 2:Don Kerr (2007). The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population. Canadian Scholars' Press. pp. 313–317. ISBN 978-1-55130-322-2. - ^ English and French are not included here because although they are European originating languages, they are the two official languages of Canada and therefore may also be the mother tongue of non-European Canadians.
- ^ a b Not all speakers are European (ie. Mexicans and South Americans).
Рекомендации
- ^ a b c Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 8, 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
- ^ www.oxforddictionaries.com Euro-Canadian definition
- ^ Kappler, Maija. "Eye-Opening Show, 'First Contact,' Tackles White Canadians' Racism Toward Indigenous People". Huffington Post.
Example of White Canadian being used
- ^ Menzies, Charles (1994). "Stories from Home: First Nations, Land Claims, and Euro-Canadians". American Ethnologist. American Anthropological Association. 21 (4): 776–791. doi:10.1525/ae.1994.21.4.02a00060. JSTOR 646839.
Example of Euro-Canadian being used
- ^ A. S. Whiteley (1932). "The Peopling of the Prairie Provinces of Canada". American Journal of Sociology (Volume 38 ed.). University of Chicago Press . pp. 240–252.
The Prairie born constituted the largest single element in the population in 1926 and with those from other provinces comprised 62.75 per cent of the total. With respect to "origin," about one-half of those from Central, South, and East Europe and less than one-fourth of those from Northwest European stocks were foreign born.
- ^ James Muir (2016). "Keeping Canada British: The Ku Klux Klan in 1920s Saskatchewan by James M. Pitsula (review)". University of Toronto Quarterly (Volume 85 ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 541-542.
Similarly, a broad spectrum of people, from J.S. Woodsworth to John Diefenbaker, accepted as truth the imagined superiority of British people and northwestern Europeans over central and southern Europeans, let alone Africans, Asians, and North American indigenous people.
- ^ David Goutor (2008). Guarding the Gates: The Canadian Labour Movement and Immigration, 1872-1934. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0774813655.
From 1903 to 1914, more than one-quarter of all immigrants came from continental Europe, with a pronounced increase in the migration of Ukrainians, Poles, Italians and other eastern and southern Europeans ... a growing proportion of eastern and southern Europeans were brought in to do the rough, unskilled work in Canada's flourishing railway, mining, lumbering, and manufacturing sectors.
- ^ Kevin Woodger (2017), "Whiteness and Ambiguous Canadianization: The Boy Scouts Association and the Canadian Cadet Organization", Journal of the Canadian Historical Association (Volume 28 ed.), Canadian Historical Association, p. 95–126,
Indeed, the 1969 Canadian Scout Handbook section on “Canada’s National Origins,” which purported to outline Canada’s contemporary ethnic and racial composition, continued to emphasize the British and French as the two founding nations, while detailing the myriad different national origins of northwestern, Eastern and Southern European Canadians.
- ^ Bennett, Ethel M. G. (1979) [1966]. "Desportes, Hélène". In Brown, George Williams (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- ^ "The Pier 21 Story" (PDF). pier21.ca. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 7, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 8, 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Table 1: Population by Ethnic Origin, Canada 1921-1971 (P.2)" (PDF). justice.gc.ca. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Ethnic origins: Census of Canada (Page: 17)" (PDF). Retrieved March 5, 2020.
- ^ a b Census Profile, 2016 Census - Ethnic origin population
- ^ a b c d e f "Canada Year Book 1922-23: Racial Origin" (PDF). Census and Statistics Office of Canada. 1921. pp. 158–59.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Canada - Origins according to the censuses. 1871, 1881, 1901, 1911 AND 1921. (Page: 134-135)
- ^ Nationalism and National Integration By Anthony H. Birch (Page: 169)
- ^ "Census of Canada, A population and dwelling counts" (PDF). Statistics Canada. 1997. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
- ^ a b "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
- ^ a b "2001 Census Aboriginal Population Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
- ^ a b "2006 Census Area Profiles". Statistics Canada. 2006. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
- ^ a b "National Household Survey Profile". Statistics Canada. 2011.
- ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 8, 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
- ^ a b c Multiculturalism and Immigration in Canada: An Introductory Reader By Elspeth Cameron (Page: 73-73)
- ^ a b c Statistics Canada Distribution of the population, by ethnic group, census years 1941, 1951 and 1961
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (June 1, 1993). "1991 Census of Canada: Data tables – Population by Ethnic Origin (188) and Sex (3), Showing Single and Multiple Responses (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1991 Census (20% Sample Data)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 17, 1998). "1996 Census of Canada: Data tables – Population by Ethnic Origin (188) and Sex (3), Showing Single and Multiple Responses (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on August 12, 2019. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
- ^ contenu, English name of the content author / Nom en anglais de l'auteur du. "English title / Titre en anglais". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (April 2, 2008). "Statistics Canada: Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlight Tables, 2006 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on August 12, 2019. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (May 8, 2013). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables – Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on January 10, 2019. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
- ^ a b "Census Profile, 2016 Census – Canada". Statistics Canada. August 2, 2017. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2020.
- ^ Population by Mother Tongue (27), Showing Age Groups (13), 1991 Census of Canada
- ^ Population by Mother Tongue (27), Showing Age Groups (13), 1996 Census of Canada
- ^ Population by Mother Tongue (27), Showing Age Groups (13), 2001 Census of Canada
- ^ Population by Mother Tongue (27), Showing Age Groups (13), 2006 Census of Canada Archived July 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Census Profile – Province/Territory, Note 20". Archived from the original on May 16, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2020.
- ^ a b c Immigrant Population by Selected Places of Birth (84) and Sex (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1986-1996 Censuses (20% Sample Data), 1996 Census of Canada
- ^ Place of birth for the immigrant population by period of immigration, 2006 counts and percentage distribution, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data, 2001 Census of Canada
- ^ Topic-based tabulations|Place of birth for the immigrant population by period of immigration, 2006 counts and percentage distribution, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data, 2006 Census of Canada Archived July 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Citizenship (5), Place of Birth (236), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". Archived from the original on June 15, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
- ^ "Data tables, 2016 Census". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on February 18, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2020.
- ^ Foot, Richard (February 13, 2014). "The Stanley Flag". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada.
- ^ McIntosh, Andrew (March 26, 2012). "O Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
- ^ "Hymne national du Canada". Canadian Heritage. Government of Canada. June 23, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2008.
- ^ Department of Canadian Heritage. "Canadian Heritage – National Anthem: O Canada". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
- ^ "Marches". L'Association Canadienne De L'Infanterie/Canadian Infantry Association. Archived from the original on April 22, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
- ^ "Canadian Heritage – Patriotic Songs". Pch.gc.ca. March 3, 2010. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ^ "Ice Hockey Equipment and History". The Olympic Movement. Retrieved January 3, 2012.
- ^ "About Ice Hockey". Ice Hockey UK. Archived from the original on February 14, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
дальнейшее чтение
- Bramadat, Paul; David Seljak (2009). Religion and Ethnicity in Canada. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442610187.
- Bramadat, Paul; David Seljak (2008). Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada. U of Toronto Press. p. 247. ISBN 9780802095848.
- Haig-Brown, C.; Nock, D.A. (2006). With Good Intentions: Euro-Canadian and Aboriginal Relations in Colonial Canada. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-1138-5.
- Kallen, Evelyn (2003). Ethnicity and Human Rights in Canada: A Human Rights Perspective on Ethnicity, Racism, and Systemic Inequality. Oxford UP. ISBN 9780195417425.
- Kralt, John. "Country of Birth of Parents And Ethnic Origins - A Comparison of Reporting Patterns in the 2001 Census,"
- Magocsi, Paul R (1999). Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples. Society of Ontario, University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-2938-6.; 1300pp; comprehensive scholarly coverage of every group
- McLean, Lorna R. "Education, identity, and citizenship in early modern Canada." Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes 41.1 (2007): 5-30.
- Resnick, Philip (2005). The European Roots Of Canadian Identity. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1-55111-705-8.
- Yedlin, Tova (1985). Central and East European Ethnicity in Canada: Adaptation and Preservation. Central and East European Studies Society of Alberta. ISBN 9780888649539.
Statistical
- Statistics Canada (2008). Canada Year Book (CYB) annual 1867-1967. Ottawa: Federal Publications (Queen of Canada).
- Statistics Canada (October 27, 2010). Canada Year Book. Ottawa: Federal Publications (Queen of Canada). Catalogue no 11-402-XPE.