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В экономике , промышленная организация является полем , которое основывается на теории фирмы , изучив структуру (и, следовательно, границ между ними) фирмой и рынками . Промышленная организация добавляет реальные осложнения на совершенно конкурентную модель, такие осложнения, как трансакционные издержки , [1] с ограниченной информацией , и барьеры для входа на рынок новых фирм , которые могут быть связаны с несовершенной конкуренцией . В нем анализируются детерминанты организации и поведения фирмы и рынка в континууме между конкуренцией [2] имонополия , [3] в том числе от действий правительства.
Есть разные подходы к теме. Один из подходов носит описательный характер и дает обзор промышленной организации, такой как показатели конкуренции и концентрации фирм в отрасли. Второй подход использует микроэкономические модели для объяснения внутренней организации фирмы и рыночной стратегии, которая включает внутренние исследования и разработки, а также вопросы внутренней реорганизации и обновления. [4] Третий аспект ориентирован на государственную политику , связанную с экономическим регулированием , [5] антимонопольное законодательством , [6] и, в более общем плане , экономическое управление правом в определении прав собственности, обеспечение исполнения контрактов, а также предоставлении организационногоинфраструктура . [7] [8]
Широкое использование теории игр в промышленной экономике привело к экспорту этого инструмента в другие отрасли микроэкономики , такие как поведенческая экономика и корпоративные финансы . Промышленные организации также оказали значительное практическое влияние на антимонопольное законодательство и политику в области конкуренции . [9]
Развитие промышленной организации как отдельное поле во многое к Чемберлиной , [10] Джоан Робинсон , Эдвард С. Мейсон , [11] JM Кларк , [12] Джо S. Bain [13] и Паоло Sylos Labini, среди других. [14] [15]
Подрайоны [ править ]
Журнал экономической литературы (JEL) классификационные коды являются одним из способов представления спектра экономических субъектов и подзонах. Там Промышленная организация, одна из 20 первичных категорий, имеет 9 вторичных категорий, каждая из которых имеет несколько третичных категорий. [16] Вторичные категории перечислены ниже с соответствующими доступными ссылками на предварительный просмотр статей в The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online и сносками к их соответствующим категориям JEL-tertiary и связанными с ними ссылками New-Palgrave.
- JEL: L1 - Структура рынка , стратегия фирмы и показатели рынка [17]
- JEL: L2 - Цели, организация и поведение фирмы [18]
- JEL: L3 – Non-profit organizations and Public enterprise[19]
- JEL: L4 – Antitrust Issues and Policies[20]
- JEL: L5 – Regulation and Industrial policy[21]
- JEL: L6 – Industry Studies: Manufacturing[22]
- JEL: L7 – Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction[23]
- JEL: L8 – Industry Studies: Services[24]
- JEL: L9 – Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities[25]
Market structures[edit]
The common market structures studied in this field are the following:
- Perfect competition
- Monopolistic competition
- Duopoly
- Oligopoly
- Oligopsony
- Monopoly
- Monopsony
Areas of study[edit]
Industrial organization investigates the outcomes of these market structures in environments with
- Price discrimination
- Product differentiation
- Durable goods
- Experience goods
- Secondary markets, which can affect the behaviour of firms in primary markets.
- Collusion
- Signalling, such as warranties and advertising.
- Mergers and acquisitions
- Entry and Exit
History of the field[edit]
A 2009 book Pioneers of Industrial Organization traces the development of the field from Adam Smith to recent times and includes dozens of short biographies of major figures in Europe and North America who contributed to the growth and development of the discipline.[26]
Other reviews by publication year and earliest available cited works those in 1970/1937,[14] 1972/1933,[27] 1974,[28] 1987/1937-1956 (3 cites), 1968-9 (7 cites).[29] 2009/c. 1900,[30] and 2010/1951.[31]
See also[edit]
- Bertrand competition
- Bertrand–Edgeworth model
- Competition policy
- Cournot competition
- Input-output model
- Important publications in industrial organization
- Structure-conduct-performance paradigm
Notes[edit]
- ^ • R. H. Coase, 1937. "The Nature of the Firm", Economica, N.S., 4(16), pp. 386–405.
• _____, 1988. "The Nature of the Firm: Influence", Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, 4(1), pp. 33–47. Reprinted in The Nature of the Firm: Origins, Evolution, and Development, 1993, O. E. Williamson and S, G. Winter, ed., pp. 61–74.
• _____, 1991. "The Institutional Structure of Production", Nobel Lecture, reprinted in 1992, American Economic Review, 82(4), pp. 713–719.
• Oliver E. Williamson, 1981. "The Economics of Organization: The Transaction Cost Approach", American Journal of Sociology, 87(3), pp. 548–577.
• _____, 2009. "Transaction Cost Economics: The Natural Progression", Nobel Lecture. Reprinted in 2010, American Economic Review, 100(3), pp. 673–90. - ^ George J. Stigler, [1987] 2008. "competition", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
- ^ • Luigi Zingales, 2008. "corporate governance", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
• Oliver E. Williamson, 2002. "The Theory of the Firm as Governance Structure: From Choice to Contract", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(3), pp. 171–195.
• Frederic M. Scherer and David Ross, 1990. Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, 3rd ed. Description and 1st ed. review extract.
• Dennis W. Carlton and Jeffrey M. Perloff, 2004. Modern Industrial Organization, 4th edition, pp. 2–3. Description. - ^ • Frederic M. Scherer and David Ross, 1990. Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, 3rd ed. Description and 1st ed. review extract.
• Dennis W. Carlton and Jeffery M. Perloff, 2004. "Modern Industrial Organization, Overview", ch. 5, Handbook of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, v. 1, pp. 259–327. Fudenberg, Drew; Tirole, Jean (1989). "Chapter 5 Noncooperative game theory for industrial organization: An introduction and overview". Handbook of Industrial Organization Volume 1. Handbook of Industrial Organization. 1. pp. 259–327. doi:10.1016/S1573-448X(89)01008-3. ISBN 9780444704344.
• Carl Shapiro, 1989. "The Theory of Business Strategy", RAND Journal of Economics, 20(1), pp. 125–137.
• Kyle Bagwell and Asher Wolinsky (2002). "Game theory and Industrial Organization", ch. 49, Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications, v. 3, pp. 1851–1895 Bagwell, Kyle; Wolinsky, Asher (2002). "Chapter 49 Game theory and industrial organization". Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications Volume 3. Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications. 3. pp. 1851–1895. doi:10.1016/S1574-0005(02)03012-6. ISBN 9780444894281.
• Martin Shubik, 1987. A Game-Theoretic Approach to Political Economy, Part II. MIT Press. Description. Archived May 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine - ^ Richard Schmalensee and Robert Willig, eds., 1989. Handbook of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, v. 2, Part 5, Government Intervention in the Marketplace, ch. 22–26, abstract links.
- ^ • Richard A. Posner, 2001. Antitrust Law, 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press. Preview.
• D. L. Rubinfeld, 2001. "Antitrust Policy", International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, pp. 553–560. Posner, Richard A. (2009-04-22). Antitrust Law, Second Edition. ISBN 9780226675787. Archived from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2017.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ • Avinash K. Dixit, 2008. "economic governance", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
• Oliver E. Williamson, 1996. The Mechanisms of Governance, "Prologue", pp. 3–20. - ^ • George J. Stigler, 1983. The Organization of Industry, University of Chicago Press. Description and contents links and preview.
• Richard Schmalensee, 1988. "Industrial Economics: An Overview", Economic Journal, 98(392), pp. 643–681. Working paper link.
• Handbook of Industrial Organization, Elsevier:- Richard Schmalensee and Robert Willig, ed., 1989. v. 1. Links to description & contents Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine & (partial) chapter outlines.
- _____, ed., 1989. v. 2. Links to description & contents Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine and chapter outlines.
- Mark Armstrong and Robert Porter, ed., 2007. v. 3. Links to description, chapter-content descriptions Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Exemplified in such advanced textbooks as Jean Tirole, 1988, The Theory of Industrial Organization, MIT Press, description and chapter-preview links.
- ^ • Edward Hastings Chamberlin, 1933. The Theory of Monopolistic Competition: A Re-orientation of the Theory of Value, 1965, 8th ed. Harvard University Press.
• R. Rothschild, 1987. "The Theory of Monopolistic Competition: E.H. Chamberlin's Influence on Industrial Organisation Theory over Sixty Years", Journal of Economic Studies, 14(1), pp. 34–54. Abstract.
• William L. Baldwin, 2007. "Edward Hastings Chamberlin", in Pioneers of Industrial Organization, H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed., pp. 199–. - ^ Edward S. Mason, 1939. "Price and Production Policies of Large-Scale Enterprise", American Economic Review, 29(1, Supplement), pp. 61–74.
• _____, 1949. "The Current Status of the Monopoly Problem in the United States", 'Harvard Law Review, 62(8), pp. 1265–1285.
• _____, 1957. Economic Concentration and the Monopoly Problem, Harvard University Press. Review extract.
• William G. Shepherd, 2007. "Edward S. Mason", in Pioneers of Industrial Organization, H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed. - ^ J.M. Clark, 1940. Toward a Concept of Workable Competition. American Economic Review, Vol. 30, No. 2, Part 1, Jun., pp. 241–256
• William L. Baldwin, 2007. "John Maurice Clark" in Pioneers of Industrial Organization, H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed., pp. 183–186. - ^ • Joe S. Bain, 1956. Barriers to New Competition: Their Character and Consequences in Manufacturing, Harvard University Press. Review extracts [1][2].
• _____, 1959, 2nd ed., 1968. Industrial Organization: A Treatise, John Wiley.
• Richard E. Caves, 2007. "Joe S. Bain", in Pioneers of Industrial Organization, H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed., pp. 224–231. - ^ a b E. T. Grether, 1970. "Industrial Organization: Past History and Future Problems", American Economic Review, 60(2), pp. 83–89.
- ^ Oliver E. Williamson, ed., 1990. Industrial Organization, Edward Elgar. Description Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine and article list. Archived 2014-10-24 at the Wayback Machine23 articles, dating from 1937 to 1987.
- ^ A complete list of the JEL Industrial Organization codes is at JEL classification codes#Industrial organization JEL: L Subcategories.
- ^ JEL: L10 – General
JEL: L11 – Production, Pricing, and Market structure; Size Distribution of Firms
JEL: L12 – Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies
JEL: L13 – Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
JEL: L14 – Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks
JEL: L15 – Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility
JEL: L16 – Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change; Industrial Price Indices
JEL: L17 – Open Source Products and Markets - ^ JEL: L20 – General
JEL: L21 – Business Objectives of the Firm
JEL: L22 – Firm Organization and Market Structure
JEL: L23 – Organization of Production
JEL: L24 – Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology licensing
JEL: L25 – Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope
JEL: L26 – Entrepreneurship - ^ JEL: L31 – Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs
JEL: L32 – Public enterprises; Public-Private Enterprises
JEL: L33 – Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization; Contracting out - ^ JEL: L40 – General
JEL: L41 – Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
JEL: L42 – Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts
JEL: L43 – Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation
JEL: L44 – Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations - ^ JEL: L51 – Economics of Regulation
JEL: L52 – Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods
JEL: L53] – Enterprise Policy - ^ JEL: L61 – Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics
JEL: L62 – Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment
JEL: L63 – Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment
JEL: L64 – Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments
JEL: L65 – Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology
JEL: L66 – Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits
JEL: L67 – Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather
JEL: L68 – Appliances; Other Consumer Durables - ^ JEL: L71 – Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels
JEL: L72 – Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources
JEL: L73 – Forest Products
JEL: L74 – Construction
JEL: L78 – Government Policy - ^ JEL: L80 – General
JEL: L81 – Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce
JEL: L82 – Entertainment; Media (Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Broadcasting, Publishing, etc.)
JEL: L83 – Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism
JEL: L84 – Personal, Professional, and Business Services
JEL: L85 – Real Estate Services
JEL: L86 – Information and Internet Services; Computer Software
JEL: L87 – Postal and Delivery Services
JEL: L88 – Government Policy - ^ JEL: L91 – Transportation: General
JEL: L92 – Railroads and Other Surface Transportation
JEL: L93 – Air transportation
JEL: L94 – Electric utilities
JEL: L95 – Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities
|JEL: L96 – Telecommunications
JEL: L97 – Utilities: General
JEL: L98 – Government Policy - ^ Henry W. de Jong and William G. Shepherd, ed., 2007. Pioneers of Industrial Organization. Cheltenham, UK: Elgar. Description and content links and preview. Archived August 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ James W. McKie, 1972. "Industrial Organization: Boxing the Compass", ch. 1 in V. R. Fuchs, ed., Policy Issues and Research Opportunities in Industrial Organization, NBER, pp. 1-15.
- ^ Almarin Phillips and Rodney E. Stevenson, 1974. "The Historical Development of Industrial Organization", History of Political Economy, 6(3), pp. 324–342. In Papers from the First Conference of the History of Economics Society. Citation.
- ^ Timothy F. Bresnahan and Richard Schmalensee, 1987. "The Empirical Renaissance in Industrial Economics: An Overview", Journal of Industrial Economics, 35(4), pp. 371–378.
- ^ Lefteris Tsoulfidis, 2009. "Between Competition and Monopoly", Competing Schools of Economic Thought, ch. 9, pp. 213–42. Springer
- ^ Liran Einav and Jonathan Levin, 2010. "Empirical Industrial Organization: A Progress Report", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(2), pp. 145–162.
References[edit]
- Belleflamme, Paul & Martin Peitz, 2010. Industrial Organization: Markets and Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Summary and Resources
- Cabral, Luís M. B., 2000. Introduction to Industrial Organization. MIT Press. Links to Description and chapter-preview links.
- Shepherd, William, 1985. The Economics of Industrial Organization, Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-231481-9
- Shy, Oz, 1995. Industrial Organization: Theory and Applications. Description and chapter-preview links. MIT Press.
- Vives, Xavier, 2001. Oligopoly Pricing: Old Ideas and New Tools. MIT Press. Description and scroll to chapter-preview links.
- Jeffrey Church & Roger Ware, 2005. "Industrial Organization: A Strategic Approach", (aka IOSA)”, Free Textbook
- Nicolas Boccard, 2010. "Industrial Organization, a Contract Based approach (aka IOCB)”, Open Source Textbook
Journals[edit]
- International Journal of the Economics of Business and issue preview links
- International Journal of Industrial Organization and issue-preview links
- Journal of Industrial Economics, Aims and Scope, and issue-preview links.
- Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization and issue-preview links.
- Review of Industrial Organization
External links[edit]
Quotations related to Industrial organization at Wikiquote
