Rings indicate local or case-by-case application. 1No emprisonment in the past three years or moratorium on law. 2Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships.
Rights affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people vary greatly by country or jurisdiction – encompassing everything from the legal recognition of same-sex marriage to the death penalty for homosexuality.
Laws concerning gender identity-expression by country or territory
Legal identity change, surgery not required
Legal identity change, surgery required
No legal identity change
Unknown/Ambiguous
Notably, as of January 2021[update], 29 countries recognized same-sex marriage. By contrast, not counting non-state actors and extrajudicial killings, only one country is believed to impose the death penalty on consensual same-sex sexual acts: Iran. The death penalty is officially law but generally not practiced in Afghanistan, Brunei, Mauritania, Nigeria (in the northern third of the country), Saudi Arabia, Somalia (in the autonomous state of Jubaland) and the United Arab Emirates. Sudan rescinded its unenforced death penalty for anal sex (hetero- or homosexual) in 2020. Fifteen countries have stoning on the books as a penalty for adultery, which would include gay sex, but this is only enforced by the legal authorities in Iran.[1][2]
In 2011, the United Nations Human Rights Council passed its first resolution recognizing LGBT rights, following which the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a report documenting violations of the rights of LGBT people, including hate crimes, criminalization of homosexual activity, and discrimination. Following the issuance of the report, the United Nations urged all countries which had not yet done so to enact laws protecting basic LGBT rights.[3][4]
Scope of laws
Laws that affect LGBT people include, but are not limited to, the following:
laws concerning the recognition of same-sex relationships, including same-sex marriage, civil unions, and domestic partnerships
laws concerning LGBT parenting, including adoption by LGBT people
anti-discrimination laws in employment, housing, education, public accommodations
anti-bullying legislation to protect LGBT children at school
hate crime laws imposing enhanced criminal penalties for prejudice-motivated violence against LGBT people
bathroom bills affecting access to sex-segregated facilities by transgender people
laws related to sexual orientation and military service
laws concerning access to assisted reproductive technology
sodomy laws that penalize consensual same-sex sexual activity. These may or may not target homosexuals, males or males and females, or leave some homosexual acts legal.
adultery laws that same-sex couples are subject to
age of consent laws that may impose higher ages for same-sex sexual activity
laws regarding donation of blood by men who have sex with men
laws concerning access to sex reassignment surgery and hormone replacement therapy
legal recognition and accommodation of reassigned gender.
History of LGBT-related laws
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Ancient India
Ayoni or non-vaginal sex of all types are punishable in the Arthashastra. Homosexual acts are, however, treated as a smaller offence punishable by a fine, while unlawful heterosexual sex carries much harsher punishment. The Dharmsastras, especially the later ones, prescribe against non-vaginal sex like the Vashistha Dharmasutra. The Yājñavalkya Smṛti prescribes fines for such acts including those with other men. Manusmriti prescribes light punishments for such acts.[5][6] Vanita states that the verses about punishment for a sex between female and a maiden is due to its strong emphasis on a maiden's sexual purity.[7]
Ancient Israel
The ancient Law of Moses (the Torah) forbids men from lying with men (i.e., from having intercourse) in Leviticus 18 and gives a story of attempted homosexual rape in Genesis 19, in the story of Sodom and Gomorrah, after which the cities were soon destroyed with "brimstone and fire, from the Lord"[8][9] and the death penalty was prescribed to its inhabitants – and to Lot's wife, who was turned into a pillar of salt because she turned back to watch the cities' destruction.[10][11] In Deuteronomy 22:5, cross-dressing is condemned as "abominable".[12][13]
Assyria
In Assyrian society, sex crimes were punished identically whether they were homosexual or heterosexual.[14] An individual faced no punishment for penetrating someone of equal social class, a cult prostitute, or with someone whose gender roles were not considered solidly masculine.[14] Such sexual relations were even seen as good fortune, with an Akkadian tablet, the Šumma ālu, reading, "If a man copulates with his equal from the rear, he becomes the leader among his peers and brothers".[15][16] However, homosexual relationships with fellow soldiers, slaves, royal attendants, or those where a social better was submissive or penetrated, were treated as bad omens.[17][18]
Middle Assyrian Law Codes dating 1075 BC has a particularly harsh law for homosexuality in the military, which reads: "If a man have intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a eunuch."[19][20][21] A similar law code reads, "If a seignior lay with his neighbor, when they have prosecuted him (and) convicted him, they shall lie with him (and) turn him into a eunuch". This law code condemns a situation that involves homosexual rape. Any Assyrian male could visit a prostitute or lie with another male, just as long as false rumors or forced sex were not involved with another male.[22]
Ancient Rome
In ancient Rome, the bodies of citizen youths were strictly off-limits, and the Lex Scantinia imposed penalties on those who committed a sex crime (stuprum) against a freeborn male minor.[23] Acceptable same-sex partners were males excluded from legal protections as citizens: slaves, male prostitutes, and the infames, entertainers or others who might be technically free but whose lifestyles set them outside the law.
A male citizen who willingly performed oral sex or received anal sex was disparaged, but there is only limited evidence of legal penalties against these men.[24] In courtroom and political rhetoric, charges of effeminacy and passive sexual behaviors were directed particularly at "democratic" politicians (populares) such as Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.[25]
Roman law addressed the rape of a male citizen as early as the 2nd century BC, when it was ruled that even a man who was "disreputable and questionable" had the same right as other citizens not to have his body subjected to forced sex.[26] A law probably dating to the dictatorship of Julius Caesar defined rape as forced sex against "boy, woman, or anyone"; the rapist was subject to execution, a rare penalty in Roman law.[27] A male classified as infamis, such as a prostitute or actor, could not as a matter of law be raped, nor could a slave, who was legally classified as property; the slave's owner, however, could prosecute the rapist for property damage.[28]
In the Roman army of the Republic, sex among fellow soldiers violated the decorum against intercourse with citizens and was subject to harsh penalties, including death,[29] as a violation of military discipline.[30] The Greek historian Polybius (2nd century BC) lists deserters, thieves, perjurers, and "those who in youth have abused their persons" as subject to the fustuarium, clubbing to death.[31] Ancient sources are most concerned with the effects of sexual harassment by officers, but the young soldier who brought an accusation against his superior needed to show that he had not willingly taken the passive role or prostituted himself.[32] Soldiers were free to have relations with their male slaves;[33] the use of a fellow citizen-soldier's body was prohibited, not homosexual behaviors per se.[34] By the late Republic and throughout the Imperial period, there is increasing evidence that men whose lifestyle marked them as "homosexual" in the modern sense served openly.[35]
Although Roman law did not recognize marriage between men, and in general Romans regarded marriage as a heterosexual union with the primary purpose of producing children, in the early Imperial period some male couples were celebrating traditional marriage rites. Juvenal remarks with disapproval that his friends often attended such ceremonies.[36] The emperor Nero had two marriages to men, once as the bride (with a freedman Pythagoras) and once as the groom. His consort Sporus appeared in public as Nero's wife wearing the regalia that was customary for the Roman empress.[37]
Apart from measures to protect the prerogatives of citizens, the prosecution of homosexuality as a general crime began in the 3rd century of the Christian era when male prostitution was banned by Philip the Arab. By the end of the 4th century, after the Roman Empire had come under Christian rule, passive homosexuality was punishable by burning.[38] "Death by sword" was the punishment for a "man coupling like a woman" under the Theodosian Code.[39] Under Justinian, all same-sex acts, passive or active, no matter who the partners, were declared contrary to nature and punishable by death.[40]
British Empire
The United Kingdom introduced anti-homosexuality laws throughout its colonies, particularly in the 19th century when the British Empire was at its peak.[41] As of 2018, more than half of the 71 countries that criminalised homosexuality were former British colonies or protectorates.[42]
Global LGBT rights maps
Laws regarding same-sex sexuality by country or territory
v
t
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Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse, unions and expression
Same-sex intercourse illegal. Penalties:
Death
Prison; death not enforced
Death under militias
Prison, w/ arrests or detention
Prison, not enforced 1
Same-sex intercourse legal. Recognition of unions:
Marriage
Extraterritorial marriage 2
Civil unions
Limited domestic
Limited foreign
Optional certification
None
Restrictions of expression
Rings indicate local or case-by-case application. 1No emprisonment in the past three years or moratorium on law. 2Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships.
LGBT rights at the United Nations
Support Countries which have signed a General Assembly declaration of LGBT rights or sponsored the Human Rights Council's 2011 resolution on LGBT rights ( 96 members)
Oppose Countries which signed a 2008 statement opposing LGBT rights (initially 57 members, now 54 members after withdrawal of Fiji, Rwanda and Sierra Leone)
Neither Countries which, as regards the UN, have expressed neither official support nor opposition to LGBT rights ( 44 members)
Homosexual "propaganda" and "morality" laws by country or territory
Homosexual "propaganda" and "morality" laws by country or territory
Countries or territories that don't have homosexual "propaganda" or "morality" laws
Fine [43]
Unknown punishment
Imprisonment
Decriminalization of same-sex sexual intercourse by country or territory
1790–1799
1800–1819
1820–1829
1830–1839
1840–1859
1860–1869
1870–1879
1880–1889
1890–1909
1910–1919
1920–1929
1930–1939
1940–1949
1950–1959
1960–1969
1970–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010–present
Unknown date of legalization of same-sex intercourse
Same-sex sexual intercourse always legal
Male same-sex sexual intercourse illegal
Same-sex sexual intercourse illegal
Equalization of age of consent laws for same-sex couples by country or territory
1790–1829
1830–1839
1840–1859
1860–1869
1870–1879
1880–1889
1890–1929
1930–1939
1940–1949 1
1950–1959
1960–1969
1970–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010–present
Unknown date for equal age of consent laws for opposite and same-sex couples
No consent laws/equal age of consent laws always equal for opposite and same-sex couples
Unequal age of consent laws for same-sex couples
Same-sex sexual intercourse illegal
1During World War II, Nazi Germany annexed territory or established reichskommissariats which extended Germany's laws against same-sex sexual intercourse to those territories and reichskommissariats. Age of consent was previously equalized for same-sex couples in the following countries or territories before German annexation or establishment of reichskommissariats: Belluno ( legal in 1890), Friuli-Venezia Giulia ( legal in 1890), Poland ( always legal, confirmed in 1932), and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol ( legal in 1890). All countries and territories listed that where annexed or established into reichskommissariats by Nazi Germany during World War II where restored as independent countries or reincorporated into their previous countries during or after the war and thus re-legalized equal age of consent laws for same-sex couples in those areas.
Legal status of same-sex marriage
Marriage open to same-sex couples (rings: individual cases)
Mixed jurisdiction: marriage recognized by the state but not by tribal government for residents who are members of the tribe
Legislation or binding domestic court ruling establishing same-sex marriage, but marriage is not yet provided for
Same-sex marriage recognized with full rights when performed in certain other jurisdictions
Judicial order for recognition not yet tested (Armenia)
Limited recognition of marriage performed in certain other jurisdictions (residency rights for spouses)
Country subject to an international court ruling that recognizes same-sex marriage
Other countries where same-sex unions are not legally recognized
Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples by country or territory
Joint adoption allowed
Second-parent adoption allowed
No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples
LGBT service in national militaries by country or territory[citation needed]
All LGBT people can serve
GBT men can serve
LGB people can serve
GB men can serve
Ambiguous/unknown policy
LGBT people are banned from serving
No military
Employment discrimination laws by sexual orientation or gender identity by country or territory
Sexual orientation and gender identity: all employment
Sexual orientation with anti–employment discrimination ordinance and gender identity solely in public employment
Sexual orientation: all employment
Gender identity: all employment
Sexual orientation and gender identity: federal public employment and federal contractors
Sexual orientation and gender identity: public employment
Sexual orientation: public employment
No national-level employment laws covering sexual orientation or gender identity
Anti-discrimination laws covering goods and services by sexual orientation and/or gender identity by country or territory
Countries and territories with LGBT anti-discrimination laws in goods and services
Sexual orientation and gender identity covered
Sexual orientation covered
Gender identity covered
No national or local level anti-discrimination laws covering sexual orientation and/or gender identity in goods and services
Constitutional discrimination laws by sexual orientation and/or gender identity by country or territory
Sexual orientation and gender identity covered
Sexual orientation covered
Gender identity covered
No national or local level constitutional discrimination laws covering sexual orientation and/or gender identity
LGBT hate crime laws by country or territory
Sexual orientation and gender identity hate crime laws
Sexual orientation hate crime laws
No LGBT hate crime laws
Incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited by country or territory
Incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited
Incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation prohibited
No prohibition on incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation and gender identity
Ban on conversion therapy for minors on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity by country or territory
Ban on conversion therapy on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity
De facto ban on conversion therapy
Case-by-case bans
Proposed ban on conversion therapy
No ban on conversion therapy
LGBT immigration equality by country or territory[citation needed]
Recognition of same-sex couples in national immigration laws
Unknown/ambiguous
Bans on same-sex unions by country or territory
No specific prohibition of same-sex marriages or unions
Constitution bans same-sex marriage
Constitution establishes Islamic law or bans violations of "Islamic morality"
Blood donation policies for men who have sex with men by country or territory
Blood donation policies for men who have sex with men
Men who have sex with men may donate blood; No deferral
Men who have sex with men may donate blood; No deferral, except for blood transfusions1
Men who have sex with men may donate blood; Temporary deferral
Men who have sex with men may not donate blood; Permanent deferral
No Data
1No restriction on transfusions in Israel, if last MSM activity was before 1977.
Blood donation policies for female sex partners of men who have sex with men by country or territory
Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may donate blood; No deferral
Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may donate blood; Temporary deferral
Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may not donate blood; Permanent deferral
No Data
Laws concerning gender identity-expression by country or territory
Legal identity change, surgery not required
Legal identity change, surgery required
No legal identity change
Unknown/Ambiguous
Legal recognition of non-binary genders and third gender
Nonbinary / third gender available as voluntary opt-in
Opt-in for intersex people only
Standard for third gender
Standard for intersex
Nonbinary / third gender not legally recognized / no data
Timeline
Decriminalization of homosexuality timeline
Countries/Territories/States
Never been illegal
List
Aruba, Netherlands
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cambodia
Central African Republic
Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Australia
Congo
DR Congo
Christmas Island, Australia
Curaçao, Netherlands
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea
French Polynesia, France
Indonesia[a]
Ivory Coast
Laos
Madagascar
Mali
Mayotte, France
Micronesia
New Caledonia, France
Niger
North Korea
Rwanda
Sint Maarten, Netherlands
South Korea
Philippines
Poland
Taiwan
Vietnam
Wallis and Futuna, France
18th century
List
1791: Andorra
Kingdom of France (includes Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Réunion, San Barthélemy, Saint Martin, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon)
Saint-Domingue (Haiti)
1793: Monaco
1794: Luxembourg
1795: Belgium
1798: Geneva, Switzerland
Ticino, Switzerland
Vaud, Switzerland
Valais, Switzerland
19th century
List
1811: Netherlands
1822: Dominican Republic
El Salvador
1830: Empire of Brazil
1832: Bolivia
1853: Argentina
1858: Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
1864: San Marino
1869: Dutch Guiana (Suriname)
1871: Guatemala
Mexico
1880: Empire of Japan
Paraguay
1890: Kingdom of Italy
Vatican City
1899: Honduras
20th century
List
1924: Peru
1933: Denmark (includes Greenland and the Faroe Islands)
1934: Uruguay
1940: Kingdom of Iceland
1942: Switzerland (nationwide)
1944: Sweden
1951: Greece
Jordan
West Bank, Palestine
1956: Thailand
1961: Hungary
1962: Czechoslovakia
Illinois, United States
1967: England and Wales, United Kingdom
1968: Bulgaria
East Germany
1969: Canada
West Germany
1971: Austria
Connecticut, United States
Costa Rica
Finland
1972: Colorado, United States
Oregon, United States
Norway
1973: Delaware, United States
Hawaii, United States
Malta
North Dakota, United States
1974: Massachusetts, United States
Ohio, United States
1975: East Timor
New Hampshire, United States
New Mexico, United States
South Australia, Australia
1976: Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Bahrain
California, United States
Indiana, United States
Maine, United States
Washington, United States
West Virginia, United States
1977: Socialist Republic of Croatia
Socialist Republic of Montengro
Socialist Republic of Slovenia
South Dakota, United States
Vermont, United States
Wyoming, United States
1978: Guam, United States
Iowa, United States
Nebraska, United States
New Jersey, United States
1979: Cuba
Spain
1980: American Samoa, United States
New York, United States
Pennsylvania, United States
1981: Colombia
Scotland, United Kingdom
Victoria, Australia
1982: Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
1983: Guernsey, United Kingdom
Northern Mariana Islands, United States
Northern Territory, Australia
Portugal
Wisconsin, United States
1984: New South Wales, Australia
1985: United States Virgin Islands, United States
1986: New Zealand
1988: Israel
1989: Falkland Islands, United Kingdom
Liechtenstein
1990: Jersey, United Kingdom
Western Australia, Australia
1991: Bahamas
Abkhazia
British Hong Kong
Queensland, Australia
South Ossetia
Ukraine
1992: Estonia
Isle of Man, United Kingdom
Kentucky, United States
Latvia
1993: District of Columbia, United States
Gibraltar, United Kingdom
Guinea Bissau
Ireland
Lithuania
Mongolia
Nevada, United States
Norfolk Island, Australia
Russia
1994: Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija
Belarus
Bermuda, United Kingdom
Republic of Serbia
1995: Albania
Moldova
1996: Federation of Bosnia and Herzgovina, Bosnia and Herzgovina
Portuguese Macau
North Macedonia
Romania
Tennessee, United States
1997: China
Ecuador
Montana, United States
Tasmania, Australia
Venezuela
1998: Cyprus
Georgia, United States
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Rhode Island, United States
South Africa
Tajikistan
1999: Chile
Maryland, United States
2000: Akrotiri and Dhekelia, United Kingdom
Republic of Artsakh
Azerbaijan
Georgia
21st century
List
2001: Anguilla, United Kingdom
Arizona, United States
Brčko District, Bosnia and Herzegovina
British Virgin Islands, United Kingdom
Cayman Islands, United Kingdom
Minnesota, United States
Montserrat, United Kingdom
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, United Kingdom
Pitcairn Islands, United Kingdom
Turks and Caicos Islands, United Kingdom
2002: Arkansas, United States
Transnistria
2003: Armenia
Iraq
United States (nationwide)
2004: Cape Verde
2005: Marshall Islands
2007: Nepal
Niue, New Zealand
Tokelau, New Zealand
Vanuatu
2008: Nicaragua
Panama
2010: Fiji
2012: Lesotho
São Tomé and Príncipe
2014: Northern Cyprus
Palau
2015: Mozambique
2016: Belize
Nauru
Seychelles
2018: India
Trinidad and Tobago
2019: Botswana
2020: Gabon
2021: Angola
Bhutan
Notes
Note that while this template lists several historical countries, such as the Kingdom of France, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, etc., for the sake of clarity, the flags shown are contemporary flags.
LGBT-related laws by country or territory
Africa
List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Africa
This table:
view
talk
edit
Northern Africa
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Algeria
Illegal since 1966 Up to 3 years imprisonment with fines up to 10,000 dinars,[44] torture,[45] beatings,[46] or vigilante execution
Canary Islands (Autonomous community of Spain)
Legal since 1979 + UN decl. sign.[47]
De facto unions legal since 2003[48]
Legal since 2005[49]
Legal since 2005[50][51]
Spain responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[52]
Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender[53]
Ceuta (Autonomous city of Spain)
Legal since 1979 + UN decl. sign.[47]
De facto union since 1998[54]
Legal since 2005[49]
Legal since 2005[50]
Spain responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender[53]
Egypt
Male de jure legal, but de facto illegal since 2000 Penalty: Up to 17 years imprisonment with or without hard labour and with or without fines under broadly-written morality laws.[47][55]
Libya
De facto: illegal: Islamic Sharia Law is applied
De jure: Not specifically outlawed Penalty: Up to 4 years in jail or death[56][57]
Madeira (Autonomous region of Portugal)
Legal since 1983 + UN decl. sign.[47]
De facto union since 2001[58][59]
Legal since 2010[60]
Legal since 2016[61][62][63]
Portugal responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[52]
Since 2011, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender[64]
Melilla (Autonomous city of Spain)
Legal since 1979 + UN decl. sign.[47]
De facto union since 2008[65]
Legal since 2005[49]
Legal since 2005[50]
Spain responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[66]
Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender[53]
Morocco (including Southern Provinces)
Illegal since 1962 Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment and fines.[47][67]Legalization proposed
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (Disputed territory; excluding Southern Provinces)
Illegal since 1944 (as part of the Overseas Province of Spanish Sahara) Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment.[47][68][69]
South Sudan
Illegal since 1899 (as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment.[47][70]
Constitutional ban since 2011[citation needed]
Forms of gender expression are criminalized.
Sudan
Illegal since 1899 (as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) Penalty: Life imprisonment for a third offense of anal sex.[71][72]
Tunisia
Illegal since 1913 (as the French protectorate of Tunisia) Penalty: 3 years imprisonment.[47][73] Legalization proposed[74]
Western Africa
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Benin
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country);[47][75] Age of consent discrepancy[47]
Burkina Faso
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[47]
Constitutional ban since 1991
Cape Verde
Legal since 2004 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[47]
Gambia
Illegal since 1888 (as the Gambia Colony and Protectorate) Penalty: Up to Iife imprisonment.[47][76][70]
Forms of gender expression criminalized since 2013[77]
Ghana
Male illegal since 1860s (as the Gold Coast) Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment. Female always legal[47][78][70]
Guinea
Illegal since 1988 Penalty: 6 months to 10 years imprisonment.[79]
Guinea-Bissau
Legal since 1993[47] + UN decl. sign.
Ivory Coast
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country); Age of consent discrepancy[47]
Liberia
Illegal since 1976 Penalty: 1 year imprisonment.[47][80]
Mali
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[47]
Mauritania
Illegal: Islamic Sharia Law is applied Penalty: Capital punishment for men, (not enforced); prison and a fine for women.[47][81]
Niger
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country); Age of consent discrepancy[47]
Nigeria
Illegal under federal law since 1901 (as the Northern Nigeria Protectorate and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate) Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment. Death in the states of Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Niger, Sokoto, Yobe, and Zamfara.[47][82][70]
Forms of gender expression criminalized in Sharia provinces.
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Legal since 2001 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Legal since 2017
Legal since 2017[83][84]
Legal since 2017
UK responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Senegal
Illegal since 1966 Penalty: 1 to 5 years imprisonment.[47][85]
Sierra Leone
Male illegal since 1861 (as the Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate) Penalty: Up to life imprisonment (Not enforced). Female always legal + UN decl. sign.[47]
Togo
Illegal since 1884 (as Togoland) Penalty: Fine and 3 years imprisonment.[47][70]
Central Africa
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Cameroon
Illegal since 1972 Penalty: Fines to 5 years imprisonment.[47][70] or vigilante execution and torture[86]
Central African Republic
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[47]
Constitutional ban since 2016[87]
Chad
Illegal since 2017 Penalty: Between 3 months and 2 years in prison, with fines of 50,000 to 500,000 FCFA. (Penal Code, Chapter 2, Article 354) [88]
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[47]
Constitutional ban since 2005
Republic of the Congo
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country); Age of consent discrepancy[47]
Equatorial Guinea
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[47]
Gabon
Legal since 2020[89] + UN decl. sign.
São Tomé and Príncipe
Legal since 2012 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Southeast Africa
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Burundi
Illegal since 2009 Penalty: fine, and 3 months to 2 years imprisonment.[47][90]
Constitutional ban since 2005
Kenya
Illegal since 1897 (as the East Africa Protectorate) Penalty: up to 14 years imprisonment.[47][70]
Constitutional ban since 2010[91]
Rwanda
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[47] + UN decl. sign.
Constitutional ban since 2003
Tanzania
Illegal since 1864 (only Zanzibar) Illegal since 1899 Penalty: Up to life imprisonment.[47][70] Vigilante executions, beatings and torture[92][93] are also tolerated.
Uganda
Male illegal since 1894 Female illegal since 2000 Penalty: Life imprisonment. Beatings, torture, or vigilante execution are also common.[94]
Constitutional ban since 2005
Horn of Africa
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Djibouti
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[47]
Eritrea
Illegal Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment.[47][95] or death[96] Beatings and torture are also tolerated.[97]
Ethiopia
Illegal Penalty: Up to 15 years.[47]
Somalia
Illegal. Penalty: Up to 3 years prison. Illegal. Penalty: Up to death in Jubaland.[citation needed]
Somaliland (Disputed territory)
Illegal since 1941 (as British Somaliland) Penalty: Up to 3 years prison, sometimes death sentences.[98]
Indian Ocean states
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Comoros
Illegal Penalty: 5 years imprisonment and fines.[47][99]
French Southern and Antarctic Lands (Overseas territory of France)
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the territory)[47]
Civil solidarity pact since 1999
Legal since 2013
Legal since 2013
France responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Under French law
Madagascar
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country); Age of consent discrepancy[47]
Mauritius
Male illegal Penalty: Up to 5 years imprisonment. Female always legal[100] + UN decl. sign.[47][101]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[102][103]
Mayotte (Overseas region of France)
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the region)[47]
Civil solidarity pact since 1999
Legal since 2013
Legal since 2013
France responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Under French law
Réunion (Overseas region of France)
Legal since 1791[47]
Civil solidarity pact since 1999
Legal since 2013
Legal since 2013
France responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Under French law
Seychelles
Legal since 2016[104] + UN decl. sign.
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[47]
Southern Africa
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Angola
Legal since 2021 [105]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[106]
May possibly change gender under the Código do Registro Civil 2015[107]
Botswana
Legal since 2019 [108]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Legal gender change recognized as a constitutional right since 2017[109]
Eswatini
Male illegal since the 1880s Female always legal[47][70]
Lesotho
Male legal since 2012 Female always legal[47]
May possibly change gender under the National Identity Cards Act 9 of 2011[110]
Malawi
Illegal since 1891 (as British Central Africa Protectorate)[111] Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment, with or without corporal punishment for men up to 5 years imprisonment for women (rarely enforced; suspending moratorium legality disputed)[47][112][70]
Men can't have long hair.
Mozambique
Legal since 2015[113][114]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[47][102]
Namibia
Male illegal since 1920 (not enforced; repeal proposed)[70][115] Female always legal[47][116][117]
Under the Births, Marriages and Deaths Registration Act 81 of 1963[118]
South Africa
Male legal since 1998 Female always legal + UN decl. sign.[47]
Limited recognition of unregistered partnerships since 1998; same-sex marriage since 2006
Legal since 2006
Legal since 2002
Since 1998
Constitution bans all anti-gay discrimination
Anti-discrimination laws are interpreted to include gender identity; legal gender may be changed after surgical or medical treatment
Zambia
Illegal since 1911 (as part of the British South Africa Company rule of Rhodesia) Penalty: up to 14 years imprisonment.[47][70]
Zimbabwe
Male illegal since 1891 (as part of the British South Africa Company rule of Rhodesia) Female legal[47][70]
Constitutional ban since 2013[119]
Americas
List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in the Americas
Tables:
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edit
North America
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Bermuda (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Legal since 1994 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Domestic partnerships since 2018[120]
Legal since November 2018 and between May 2017 and June 2018
Legal since 2015[121]
UK responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[122]
Canada
Legal since 1969 + UN decl. sign.[47][123]
Domestic partnerships in Nova Scotia (2001);[124] Civil unions in Quebec (2002);[125] Adult interdependent relationships in Alberta (2003);[126] Common-law relationships in Manitoba (2004)[127]
Legal in some provinces and territories since 2003, nationwide since 2005[128]
Legal in some provinces and territories since 1996, nationwide since 2011[129]
Since 1992[130]; Includes transgender people[131]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination. Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal in Manitoba and Ontario since 2015, and Vancouver and Nova Scotia since 2018
Transgender people can change their gender and name without completion of medical intervention and human rights protections explicitly include gender identity or expression within all of Canada since 2017[132][133][134][135]
Greenland (Autonomous Territory within the Kingdom of Denmark)
Legal since 1933 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Registered partnerships between 1996 and 2016 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[136]
Legal since 2016
Stepchild adoption since 2009;[137] joint adoption since 2016[138]
The Kingdom of Denmark responsible for defence
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[47]
Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy[139][140]
Mexico
Legal since 1871 + UN decl. sign.[47]
/ Civil unions in Mexico City (2007), Coahuila (2007),[141] Colima (between 2013 and 2016),[142] Campeche (2013),[143] Jalisco (between 2014 and 2018),[144] Michoacán (2015) and Tlaxcala (2017)
/ Legal in Mexico City (2010),[145] Quintana Roo (2012),[146] Coahuila (2014), Chihuahua (2015), Nayarit (2015), Jalisco (2016), Campeche (2016), Michoacán (2016), Colima (2016), Morelos (2016), Chiapas (2017), Puebla (2017), Baja California (2017), Nuevo León (2019), Aguascalientes (2019), San Luis Potosí (2019), Hidalgo (2019), Baja California Sur (2019), Oaxaca (2019), and Tlaxcala (2020) All states are obliged to recognise same-sex marriages performed in states where it is legal.[145][147][148] The Supreme Court has declared that it is unconstitutional to deny marriage licenses to same-sex couples in all states,[149] but as state laws were not invalidated, individual injunctions must still be obtained from the courts[150][151]
/ Legal in Mexico City (2010),[152] Coahuila (2014), Chihuahua (2015), Michoacán (2016), Colima (2016), Morelos (2016), Campeche (2016), Veracruz (2016), Baja California (2017), Querétaro (2017), Chiapas (2017), Puebla (2017),[153][154] San Luis Potosí (2019)[155] and Hidalgo (2019)[156]
(ambiguous)
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[157]
/ Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name in Mexico City (2008),[158] Michoacán (2017), Nayarit (2017), Coahuila (2018), Hidalgo (2019), San Luis Potosí (2019), Colima (2019), Baja California (2019), Oaxaca (2019), Tlaxcala (2019), Chihuahua (2019), Sonora (2020), Jalisco (2020), Quintana Roo (2020), and the city of Guadalajara
Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Overseas collectivity of France)
Legal since 1791 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Civil solidarity pact since 1999[159]
Legal since 2013[160]
Legal since 2013[161]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[66]
Under French law[162]
United States
Legal in some states since 1962, nationwide since 2003 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Domestic partnerships in California (1999), the District of Columbia (2002), Maine (2004), Washington (2007), Maryland (2008), Oregon (2008), Nevada (2009) and Wisconsin (2009). Civil unions in Vermont (2000), Connecticut (2005), New Jersey (2007), New Hampshire (2008), Illinois (2011), Rhode Island (2011), Delaware (2012), Hawaii (2012) and Colorado (2013).
Legal in some states since 2004, nationwide since 2015
Legal in some states since 1993, nationwide since 2016
/ Lesbians, gays, and bisexuals have been allowed to serve openly in the U.S. military since 2011, following the repeal of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy. Transgender people have been allowed to serve openly since 2021.[163] Transvestites are currently banned from the military since 2012.[164] Most openly Intersex people may be banned from the military under the Armed Forces ban of "hermaphrodites".[165]
/ Employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is prohibited nationwide since 2020. More extensive protections exist in 23 states, DC, and some municipalities. Conversion therapy for minors is banned in 20 states, DC, and some municipalities. Sexual orientation is covered by the federal hate crime law since 2009.
/ Gender change is legal, under varying conditions, in 48 states + DC. Nonbinary gender markers are available, under varying circumstances, in 25 states + DC. Employment discrimination on the basis of gender identity is prohibited nationwide since 2020. More extensive protections exist in 22 states, DC, and some municipalities. Gender identity is covered by the federal hate crime law since 2009.
Central America
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belize
Legal since 2016[166]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[167][168][169]
[170]
Costa Rica
Legal since 1971 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Unregistered cohabitation since 2014[171][172]
Legal since May 2020
Legal since May 2020[173]
Has no military
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[47]
Transgender persons can change their legal gender without surgeries or judicial permission since 2018[174]
El Salvador
Legal since 1822 + UN decl. sign.[47]
[175][176]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[175]
[177] Bans discrimination based on gender identity.
Guatemala
Legal since 1871 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Pending
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
[178]
Honduras
Legal since 1899 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Constitutional ban on de facto unions since 2005
Constitutional ban since 2005;[179][180] court decision pending
Constitutional ban since 2005
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[181]
Nicaragua
Legal since 2008 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[47]
Panama
Legal since 2008 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Court decision pending
Court decision pending
Court decision pending
Has no military
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[182][183]
Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2006[184][185]
Caribbean
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Anguilla (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Sint Eustatius (a special municipality of the Netherlands)
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the municipalities) + UN decl. sign.[47]
[191]
Legal since 2012[192]
[193]
The Netherlands responsible for defence
Sint Maarten (Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country) + UN decl. sign.[47]
/ Same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognized[187]
The Netherlands responsible for defence
Trinidad and Tobago
Legal since 2018[209]
Turks and Caicos Islands (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Legal since 2001 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Constitutional ban since 2011[210]
UK responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[47]
United States Virgin Islands (Territory of the United States)
Legal since 1985
Legal since 2015[211]
Legal since 2015[211]
Legal since 2015[211]
United States responsible for defense[207][208]
South America
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Argentina
Legal since 1887 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Civil unions in Buenos Aires (2003),[212] Río Negro Province (2003),[213] Villa Carlos Paz (2007) and Río Cuarto (2009) Cohabitation unions nationwide since 2015[214]
Legal since 2010[215]
Legal since 2010
Since 2009[216]
/ Legal protection in some cities;[217] pending nationwide. Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2010
Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial order since 2012[218]
Bolivia
Legal since 1832 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Since 2020;[219] Family life agreement pending[220][221]
Constitutional ban since 2009[222]
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[223]
Since 2015[224][225][226]; Includes transgender people[227]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[47]
Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial order since 2016[228][229][230][231]
Brazil
Legal since 1831 + UN decl. sign.[47]
"Stable unions" legal in some states since 2004; all rights as recognized family entities available nationwide since 2011[232][233]
Legal in some states since 2012, nationwide since 2013[234][235]
Legal since 2010[236]
Since 1969[237]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[238] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 1999[239][240]
Transgender people can change their legal gender and name before a notary without the need of surgeries or judicial order since 2018[241][242][243]
Chile
Legal since 1999; Age of consent discrepancy + UN decl. sign.[47]
Civil unions since 2015[244]
Pending[245]
Pending[246]
Since 2012[247]; Includes transgender people[248]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[249] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2021
Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name since 1974. No surgeries or judicial order since 2019.[250]
Colombia
Legal since 1981 + UN decl. sign.[47]
De facto marital union since 2007[251]
Legal since 2016[252]
Stepchild adoption since 2014;[253] joint adoption since 2015[254]
Since 1999[47]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[255]
Since 2015, transgender persons can change their legal gender and name manifesting their solemn will before a notar, no surgeries or judicial order required[256]
Ecuador
Legal since 1997 + UN decl. sign.[47]
De facto unions since 2009[257][258]
Legal since 2019[259]
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[260]
[261]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[262] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2014
Since 2016, transgender persons are allowed to change their birth name and gender identity; no surgeries or judicial order required[263][264][265]
Falkland Islands (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Legal since 1989 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Civil partnerships since 2017[266]
Legal since 2017[266]
Legal since 2017
UK responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[267]
French Guiana (Overseas department of France)
Legal since 1791 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Civil solidarity pact since 1999[159]
Legal since 2013[160]
Legal since 2013[161]
France responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[66]
Under French law[162]
Guyana
Illegal Penalty: Up to life imprisonment (Not enforced).[47]
[268]
[269]
Paraguay
Legal since 1880; Age of consent discrepancy + UN decl. sign.[47]
Constitutional ban since 1992[270]
Constitutional ban since 1992[271]
[272]
Peru
Legal since 1924 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Proposed[273]
Proposed
Since 2009[274]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[275][276][277][278][279]
Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without the need for the completion of medical intervention since 2016. Judicial order required.[280][281]
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Legal since 2001 + UN decl. sign.
Legal since 2014[282]
Legal since 2014[282]
UK responsible for defence
Suriname
Legal since 1869 (as Dutch Guiana); Age of consent discrepancy
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[283]
Court decision pending[284][285]
Uruguay
Legal since 1934 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Concubinage union since 2008[286]
Legal since 2013[287]
Legal since 2009[288]
Since 2009[289]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[290] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2017
Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial order required since 2009.[291] Self-determination since 2018.
Venezuela
Legal since 1997 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Constitutional ban on de facto unions since 1999; Proposed
Constitutional ban since 1999; court decision pending[292]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[47]
Asia
List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Asia
This table:
view
talk
edit
Central Asia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Afghanistan
Illegal Penalty: Long imprisonment or death penalty (No known cases of death sentences have been handed out for same-sex sexual activity after the end of Taliban rule).[47]
Kazakhstan
Legal since 1998[47]
[293]
Kyrgyzstan
Legal since 1998[47]
Constitutional ban since 2016[294]
Requires sex reassignment surgery[295][296]
Tajikistan
Legal since 1998[47]
Requires sex reassignment surgery[297][296]
Turkmenistan
Male illegal Penalty: up to 2 years imprisonment. Female always legal[47]
Uzbekistan
Male illegal Penalty: up to 3 years imprisonment. Female always legal[47] Legalization proposed
Eurasia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Abkhazia (Disputed territory)
Legal after 1991
Akrotiri and Dhekelia (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Civil partnerships since 2005
Legal since 2014
UK responsible for defence
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[298]
Armenia
Legal since 2003 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Constitutional ban since 2015[299][300]
[301]
Artsakh (Disputed territory)
Legal since 2000
Constitutional ban since 2006[302]
Azerbaijan
Legal since 2000[47]
Cyprus
Legal since 1998 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Civil unions since 2015
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[303]
/ Gender identity and expression is protected from discrimination. Right to change legal gender proposed.
Georgia
Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Constitutional ban passed but yet to take effect
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[304]
Requires sterilization and sex reassignment surgery for change[305]
Kazakhstan
Legal since 1998[47]
[306]
Requires sex reassignment surgery, sterilization, hormone therapy and medical examinations[296]
Northern Cyprus (Disputed territory)
Legal since 2014[307][308][47]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[307][308]
Russia
Male legal since 1993 Female always legal[309][47] Illegal in practice in Chechnya, where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation.
Constitutional ban since July 2020[citation needed]
[citation needed]
Requires sterilization and sex reassignment surgery for change[305]
South Ossetia (Disputed territory)
Legal after 1991
Turkey
Legal since 1858[47]
Proposed[310][failed verification]
Proposed[310]
Requires sterilisation and sex reassignment surgery for change[311]
West Asia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Bahrain
Legal since 1976[47]
Sex change surgeries allowed since 2014, but no legal recognition.[312]
Iran
Illegal Penalty: 74 lashes for immature men and death penalty for mature men (although there are recorded cases of minors who were executed because of their sexual orientation).[313] For women, 50 lashes for women of mature sound mind and if consenting. Death penalty offense after fourth conviction.[47]
Legal gender recognition legal if accompanied by a medical intervention[314]
Iraq
Yes Generally legal since 2003 / No Stays punishable under paragraph 401 of public indecency law (Penalty: Up to 6 months imprisonment and a fine, or vigilante or Sharia court-imposed executions, beatings or tortures)[315]
Israel
Legal since 1963 (de facto), 1988 (de jure)[316] + UN decl. sign.[47][317]
Unregistered cohabitation since 1994.
/ Foreign same-sex marriages are recognized and recorded in the population registry
Since 2008[318]
Since 1993; Includes transgender people[319]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[320][321][322]
Almost full recognition of gender's ID without a surgery or medical intervention (Excluding changing gender and name in birth certificate) ;[323] equal employment opportunity law bars discrimination based on gender identity[324][325][326]
Jordan
Legal since 1951[47]
Allowed since 2014[327]
Kuwait
Male illegal Penalty: Fines or up to 6-year prison sentence. Female always legal[47][328]
Laws against forms of gender expression
Lebanon
/ Technically legal since 2017. Illegal under Article 534 of the Penal Code. Some judges have ruled not to prosecute individuals based on the law, however, this has not been settled by the Supreme Court and thus homosexuality is still illegal.[329] However, a 2017 court ruling claims that it is legal, but the law against it is still in place.[330]
Legal gender change allowed, but sex reassignment surgery required[331]
Oman
Illegal Penalty: Fines and prison sentence up to 3 years (Only enforced when dealing with "public scandal").[47]
Laws against forms of gender expression.
Palestine (Disputed territory)
West Bank: Legal since 1951 (As part of Jordan)[47] Gaza: Male illegal Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment. Female always legal[47]
Qatar
Illegal Penalty: Fines, up to 7 years imprisonment[47]
Saudi Arabia
Illegal Penalty: Prison sentences of several months to life, fines and/or whipping/flogging, castration, torture or death can be sentenced on first conviction. A second conviction merits execution.[47]
Laws against forms of gender expression.
Syria
Illegal Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment (Law de facto suspended)[332][47]
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender
United Arab Emirates
Imprisonment, fines, flogging, execution,[dubious – discuss] and deportation;[333][334][335][336][337][338][339]
In September 2016, the Government passed Federal Decree No 4, a series of changes to reduce doctors' criminal liability. The new law allows doctors to perform medical intervention on intersex people so as to "correct" their sex, effectively removing either the male or female genitalia. Sex reassignment surgery remains illegal. [340][341][342] Laws used to criminalize gender expression.
Yemen
Illegal Penalty: Unmarried men punished with 100 lashes of the whip or a maximum of one year of imprisonment, stoning for adultery is not enforced. Women punished up to three years of imprisonment; where the offense has been committed under duress, the punishment is up to seven years detention.[47]
South Asia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Bangladesh
Legal for females Illegal for males Penalty: 10 years to life imprisonment (Not enforced).[47]
A third gender option (hijra) besides male and female is available[343]
Bhutan
Legal since 2021.[344][345]
Proposed
British Indian Ocean Territory (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Legal since 2001 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Civil partnerships since 2005
Legal since 2014
UK responsible for defense
India
Legal since 2018[346]
Unregistered Cohabitation since 2020
Proposed
Proposed
Proposed[347]
Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity is constitutionally prohibited.[348]
A third gender option (hijra) besides male and female is available; transgender people have a constitutional right to change gender[349]
Maldives
Illegal Penalty: Up to 8 years imprisonment, house arrest, lashings and fines[350]
Nepal
Legal since 2007 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Proposed
Proposed
Proposed
Since 2007[citation needed]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Gender change legal since 2007[351]
Pakistan
Illegal Penalty: 2 years to life sentence (Not enforced).[47]
Transphobia illegal
Homophobia/biphobia is not illegal
Right to change gender; transgender and intersex citizens have legal protections from all discrimination and harassment[352]
Sri Lanka
(Ruled unenforcable by the Supreme Court, various outlets report it as decriminalized under the Sri Lankan legal system)[353][354]
[355][356]
Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention[357][358]
East Asia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of relationships
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
China
Legal since 1997[47]
/ "Legal guardianship" since 2017
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery
Hong Kong
Legal since 1991[47]
/ Same-sex marriages registered overseas for government benefits and taxation, and limited recognition of local cohabiting partners
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[359]
The central government of China is responsible for the defense of Hong Kong.[360]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination (government discrimination only)
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery
Japan
Legal since 1880 + UN decl. sign.[47]
* Symbolic recognition in some jurisdictions.
The Japan Self-Defense Forces allow gay people to enlist.[361]
/ No nationwide protections, but some cities ban some anti-gay discrimination[47]
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery
Macau
Legal since 1996
The central government of China is responsible for the defence of Macau.
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Mongolia
Legal since 1961 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but only after sex reassignment surgery
North Korea
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in North Korea)[47]
Unknown, although there are heavily obeyed gender roles for both male and female. See also: Let's trim our hair in accordance with the socialist lifestyle
South Korea
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in South Korea) + UN decl. sign.[47] But same-sex sexual in the military occasion is illegal.
/ Protection from discrimination varies by jurisdiction in some areas, including Seoul
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but usually requires sex reassignment surgery
Taiwan
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country)[362]
[363]
Legal since 2019[364][365][366]
/ Stepchild adoption only; joint adoption pending
Constitutionally bans all anti-gay discrimination
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but only after sex reassignment surgery[367]
Southeast Asia
LGBT rights in
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of relationships
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Brunei
Illegal Penalty: Death penalty (in abeyance), imprisonment and 100 lashes for men. Caning and 10 years prison for women.[368]
Laws prohibit forms of gender expression.
Cambodia
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[47]
/ Partnerships recognized in certain cities
There has been at least one recorded case of a legally registered and recognized same-sex marriage; constitutional ban
/ Officially banned, but numerous same-sex adoptions have taken place
East Timor
Legal since 1975 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Indonesia
Legal nationwide, except; Illegal in the provinces of Aceh, South Sumatra, and the city of Palembang (Applies only to Muslims);[369][370][47] Age of consent discrepancy
[371]
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. Aceh Province criminalizes forms of gender expression.
Laos
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country)[47]
Malaysia
Illegal Penalty: fines, prison sentence (2-20 years), or whippings.[47][372]
Generally no way to change gender. However, a 2016 court ruling recognizes gender changes as fundamental constitutional rights[373] Forms of gender expression are criminalized.
Myanmar
Illegal Penalty: Up to life sentence (Not enforced).[47]
Philippines
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country)[374][47][375]
Pending[374]
Pending[376]
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[377]
Since 2009
/ In certain cities and provinces,[378] including Cebu City,[379] Quezon City, and Davao City;[380][381] National bill pending
[382]
Singapore
Male illegal Penalty: up to 2 years prison sentence (Not enforced since 1999); Female legal since 2007[47]
/ Due to conscription, but gays are not allowed to go to command school or serve in sensitive units
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery
Thailand
Legal since 1956 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Pending[383]
Pending[384]
Since 2005
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Bill pending to allow transgender people to legally change gender after sex reassignment surgery.[385]
Anti-discrimination protections for gender expression.[372]
Vietnam
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country)[47] + UN decl. sign.[47]
Irrespective of one's sexual orientation
Gender changes recognized and officially practised since 2017;[386][387] previously, gender changes were only allowed for persons of congenital sex defects and unidentifiable sex
Europe
List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Europe
Tables:
view
talk
edit
European Union
Main article: LGBT rights in the European Union
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
European Union
Legal in all 27 member states[388]
/ Legal in 22/27 member states
/ Legal in 14/27 member states
/ Stepchild adoption legal in 18/27 member states; joint adoption legal in 13/27 member states
Legal in all member states
Membership requires a state to ban anti-gay discrimination in employment. 2/27 states ban some anti-gay discrimination. 25/27 states ban all anti-gay discrimination
/ Legal in 26/27 member states[389]
Central Europe
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Austria
Legal since 1971[47] + UN decl. sign.
Registered partnerships since 2010[390]
Legal since 2019[391]
Stepchild adoption since 2013; joint adoption since 2016[392][393][394]
Includes transgender people[395]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
Transgender people allowed to change gender without undergoing surgery[305]
Croatia
Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia) + UN decl. sign.[47]
Life partnerships since 2014[397]
Constitutional ban since 2013[398]
Partner-guardianship since 2014 (parental responsibility and a permanent next-of-kins relationship between a life partner and their partner's child which is registered in the child's birth certificate), Joint adoption since 2021
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396][399]
Act on the elimination of discrimination bans all discrimination based on both gender identity and gender expression. Gender change is regulated by special policy issued by Ministry of Health.[400]
Czech Republic
Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia) + UN decl. sign.[47]
Registered partnerships since 2006[401]
Pending[402]
LGBT individuals in a registered partnership may adopt;[403] stepchild and joint adoption pending[404]
Includes transgender people[405]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
Legal recognition after sex reassignment surgery (with mandatory sterilisation)[406]
Germany
Legal in East Germany since 1968 Legal in West Germany since 1969 + UN decl. sign.[47][407]
Registered life partnerships from 2001 to 2017 (existing partnerships and new foreign partnerships still recognised)[408][409]
Legal since 2017[410]
Stepchild adoption since 2005; successive adoption since 2013; joint adoption legal since 2017[410]
Includes transgender people[411]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[412]
Gender change is legal; surgery not required[413]
Hungary
Legal since 1962 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Registered partnerships since 2009[414]
Constitutional ban since 2012[415][416][417][418]
Constitutional ban since 2020[419][416]
[citation needed]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
Transgender people are not allowed to change gender since 2020.[420] Gender identity is protected from discrimination.
Liechtenstein
Legal since 1989 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Registered partnerships since 2011[421]
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[422]
Has no military
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
Gender change is not legal[406]
Poland
Legal since 1932 + UN decl. sign.[47]
/ Unregistered cohabitation since 2012; registered partnership proposed 2019
Constitutional ban since 1997[423] (Article 18 of the Constitution is generally interpreted as limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples[424][425][426][427][428][429])[b]
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[431]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[396]
Transgender people allowed to change gender but require undergoing medical treatment such as HRT or surgery. No provisions for nonbinary people.
Slovakia
Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia) + UN decl. sign.[47]
/ some limited rights for unregistered cohabiting same-sex couples since 2018; Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018
Constitutional ban since 2014[432]
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[433]
[citation needed]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[434][435]
Requires sterilisation for change[406]
Slovenia
Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia) + UN decl. sign.[47]
Registered partnerships since 2006[436]; Registered cohabitation since 2017[437]
/ Stepchild adoption since 2011[438]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
Gender change is legal[439]
Switzerland
Legal nationwide since 1942 Legal in the cantons of Geneva (as part of France), Ticino, Valais, and Vaud since 1798 + UN decl. sign.[47][440]
Registered partnerships in Geneva (2001),[441] Zürich (2003),[442] Neuchâtel (2004)[443] and Fribourg (2005)[443] Nationwide since 2007[444]
Approved by Parliament. (Awaiting prospective referendum.)[445]
/ Stepchild adoption since 2018[446] Joint adoption approved by Parliament. (Awaiting prospective referendum.)
Includes transgender people[447]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination [448]
Legal documents can be issued based on a person's new gender identity. Sterilisation is technically required but has not been enforced since 2012. A registered partnership can become a marriage between the new opposite-sex couple.[449]
Eastern Europe
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Abkhazia (Disputed territory)
Legal after 1991
Armenia
Legal since 2003 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Constitutional ban since 2015[450][451]
[452]
Artsakh (Disputed territory)
Legal since 2000
Constitutional ban since 2006[453]
Azerbaijan
Legal since 2000[47]
Belarus
Legal since 1994[47]
Constitutional ban since 1994[454]
/ Banned from military service during peacetime, but during wartime homosexuals are permitted to enlist as partially able[455]
Georgia
Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Constitutional ban since 2018
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[456]
Requires sterilisation and surgery for change[406]
Moldova
Legal since 1995 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Constitutional ban since 1994[457]
[citation needed]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[396]
No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2017[406]
Romania
Legal since 1996 + UN decl. sign.[47]
/ Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018;[458] Civil unions proposed[459]
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[460]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
Legal recognition after sex reassignment surgery (sterilisation mandatory)[406]
Russia
Male legal since 1993 Female always legal[461][47] Illegal in practice in Chechnya, where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation.
Constitutional ban since 2020
Requires sex reassignment surgery to legally change gender.
South Ossetia (Disputed territory)
Legal after 1991
Transnistria (Disputed territory)
Legal since 2002[462]
Ukraine
Legal since 1991 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Constitutional ban since 1996[463]
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[464]
[465][failed verification]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[466]
No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2016
Northern Europe
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Denmark
Legal since 1933 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Registered partnerships from 1989 to 2012 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[467]
Legal since 2012[468][469]
Stepchild adoption since 1999; joint adoption since 2010[470][471]
Includes transgender people[472]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy[473]
Estonia
Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Cohabitation agreement since 2016[474]
Marriage performed abroad was recognized between 2016 and 2019[475]
/ Stepchild adoption since 2016; couples where both partners are infertile may also jointly adopt non-biological children since 2016
[citation needed] Includes transgender people[476]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
Gender reassignment legal; surgery not required[406]
Faroe Islands (Autonomous Territory within the Kingdom of Denmark)
Legal since 1933 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Legal since 2017[477][478]
Legal since 2017
The Kingdom of Denmark responsible for defence
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[479][480]
[481]
Finland (includes Åland Islands)
Legal since 1971 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Registered partnerships from 2002 to 2017 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[482]
Legal since 2017[483]
Stepchild adoption since 2009; joint adoption since 2017
Includes transgender people[484]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
Legal change and recognition is possible only with sterilisation[485]
Iceland
Legal since 1940 (As part of Denmark) + UN decl. sign.[47]
Registered cohabitation since 2006;[486] Registered partnerships from 1996 to 2010 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[487]
Legal since 2010[488][489]
Legal since 2006[490][491]
No standing army
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
Documents can be amended to the recognised gender, sterilisation not required[492][406]
Latvia
Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Constitutional ban since 2006[493]
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples, incl. stepchild adoption[494]
[citation needed]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[495]
Legal change allowed[496] but requires "full" transition and doctor's or court's approval.[497] Sterilization required.[498]
Lithuania
Legal since 1993 + UN decl. sign.[47]
/ Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018; Cohabitation agreement pending [499]
Constitutional ban since 1992[500]
Only married couples can adopt[501]
[citation needed]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
Gender change legal; surgery required[502]
Norway
Legal since 1972 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Registered partnerships from 1993 to 2009 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[503]
Legal since 2009[504][505]
Stepchild adoption since 2002; joint adoption since 2009[506][507]
Includes transgender people[508]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
All documents can be amended to the recognised gender[305]
Sweden
Legal since 1944 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Registered partnerships from 1995 to 2009 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[509]
Legal since 2009[510]
Legal since 2003[511][512]
[513] Includes transgender people[514]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
[515]
Southern Europe
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Akrotiri and Dhekelia (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.[47][516][517]
Since 2005, for members of the British Armed Forces[518]
Since 2014, for members of the British Armed Forces[519]
UK responsible for defence
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[520]
Albania
Legal since 1995 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
No legal recognition[406]
Andorra
Legal since 1990 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Stable unions since 2005[521]; Civil unions since 2014[522]
(pending)
Legal since 2014[523][522][524]
Has no military
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
No legal recognition[406]
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Legal since 1996 in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Republika Srpska since 1998, and in Brčko District since 2003 + UN decl. sign.[47]
[citation needed]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
Requires surgery for change[525]
Bulgaria
Legal since 1968 + UN decl. sign.[47]
/ Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018
Constitutional ban since 1991[526]
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[527]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
Requires sterilisation and surgery for change[528][529]
Cyprus
Legal since 1998 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Civil cohabitation since 2015[530]
[531]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.[532]
Gender change is not legal.
Gibraltar (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Legal since 1993 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Civil partnerships since 2014[533]
Legal since 2016[534]
Legal since 2014
UK responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[535]
Forbids discrimination on the grounds of gender reassignment[535]
Greece
Legal since 1951 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Cohabitation agreements since 2015[536]
Same-sex couples in a civil partnership may become foster parents;[537] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
Under the Legal Gender Recognition Act 2017[538][539]
Italy
Legal since 1890 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Civil unions since 2016[540]
/ One same-sex marriage was recognized in 2017[541]
/ Stepchild adoption admitted by the Court of Cassation since 2016[542][543]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[396]
Legal recognition and documents can be amended to the recognised gender, sterilisation not required[544][545]
Kosovo (Disputed territory)
Legal since 1994 (as part of Yugoslavia)[47]
[546]
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[547][548]
[citation needed]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[549]
No legal recognition[406]
Malta
Legal since 1973 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Civil unions since 2014[550]
Legal since 2017
Legal since 2014
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2016
Transgender people allowed to change gender; surgery not required since 2015[551]
Montenegro
Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia) + UN decl. sign.[47]
Life partnership from July 2021[552]
Constitutional ban since 2007[553][554]
[citation needed]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
Requires sterilisation and surgery for change[305][406]
North Macedonia
Legal since 1996 + UN decl. sign.[47]
[citation needed]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
Northern Cyprus (Disputed territory)
Legal since 2014[555][556][47]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[555][556]
Legal, requires surgery for change[557]
Portugal
Legal since 1983 + UN decl. sign.[47]
De facto unions since 2001[558][559]
Legal since 2010[560]
Legal since 2016[561][562][563]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
All documents can be amended to the recognised gender since 2011[564]
San Marino
Legal since 1865 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Civil unions since 2019
/ Stepchild adoption legal since 2019
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
No legal recognition[305]
Serbia
Legal from 1858, when nominally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire to 1860,[565] and again since 1994 (As part of Yugoslavia) + UN decl. sign.[47]
Constitutional ban since 2006[566]
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
Legal after 1 year of hormone therapy, surgery no longer required since 2019[567]
Spain
Legal since 1979 + UN decl. sign.[47]
De facto unions in Catalonia (1998),[568] Aragon (1999),[568] Navarre (2000),[568] Castile-La Mancha (2000),[568] Valencia (2001),[569] the Balearic Islands (2001),[570] Madrid (2001),[568] Asturias (2002),[571] Castile and León (2002),[572] Andalusia (2002),[568] the Canary Islands (2003),[568] Extremadura (2003),[568] Basque Country (2003),[568] Cantabria (2005),[573] Galicia (2008)[574] La Rioja (2010),[575] and Murcia (2018),[576][577] and in both autonomous cities; Ceuta (1998)[578] and Melilla (2008).[579]
Legal since 2005[580]
Legal since 2005[581][582]
Includes transgender people[583]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal in Andalusia, Madrid, Murcia and Valencia
Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender[584]
Turkey
Legal since 1858[47]
Legal since 1988, requires sterilisation and surgery for change[585]
Vatican City
Legal since 1890 (As part of Italy)[47]
Has no military
Western Europe
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belgium
Legal nationwide since 1795 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Legal cohabitation since 2000[586]
Legal since 2003[587][588][589]
Legal since 2006[590][591]
Includes transgender people[592]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
Since 2018, sex changes do not require sterilisation and surgery[593]
France
Legal nationwide since 1791 Legal in Savoy since 1792 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Civil solidarity pact since 1999[594]
Legal since 2013[595]
Legal since 2013[596]
Includes transgender people[597]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[396]
Since 2017, sex changes no longer requires sterilisation and surgery[598]
Guernsey (Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom)
Legal since 1983 + UN decl. sign.[599][600][47]
Civil partnerships performed in the UK abroad recognised for succession purposes in inheritance and other matters respecting interests in property since 2012[601][602][603] Legal cohabitation since 2017[604]
Legal since 2017 in Guernsey, since 2018 in Alderney, and since 2020 in Sark[605] [606]
Legal since 2017[607]
UK responsible for defence
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[608]
Legal gender changes since 2007[609][610]
Ireland
Male legal since 1993 Female always legal + UN decl. sign.[47]
Civil partnerships from 2011 to 2015 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[611]
Legal since 2015 after a constitutional referendum[612]
Legal since 2017[613][614][615][616][617][618]
Includes transgender people[619]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[620][621][622]
Under the Gender Recognition Act 2015[623]
Isle of Man (Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom)
Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Civil partnerships since 2011[624]
Legal since 2016[625]
Legal since 2011
UK responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[626]
Transgender people are allowed to change their legal gender and to have their new gender recognised as a result of the Gender Recognition Act 2009 (c.11)[627][628]
Jersey (Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom)
Legal since 1990 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Civil partnerships since 2012[629]
Legal since 2018[630][631]
Legal since 2012
UK responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[632]
Under the Gender Recognition (Jersey) Law 2010[633]
Luxembourg
Legal since 1795 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Registered partnerships since 2004[634]
Legal since 2015[635][636]
Legal since 2015[637]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[638]
No divorce, sterilization and/or surgery legally required since September 2018 for change of gender[639][406]
Monaco
Legal since 1793 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Cohabitation agreements since 2020
France responsible for defence
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[47]
Netherlands
Legal since 1811 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Registered partnership since 1998[640]
Legal since 2001[641]
Legal since 2001[642][643]
Includes transgender people[644]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[645]
Since 2014, sex changes do not require sterilisation and surgery[646][647]
United Kingdom
Female always legal. Male legal in England and Wales since 1967, in Scotland since 1981, and in Northern Ireland since 1982
+ UN decl. sign.[47]
Civil partnerships since 2005[648]
Legal in England and Wales, and Scotland since 2014, and Northern Ireland since 2020[649][649]
Legal in England and Wales since 2005, in Scotland since 2009 and Northern Ireland since 2013[650][651][652]
Since 2000; Includes transgender people[653]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[654][47][655]
Under the Gender Recognition Act 2004
Oceania
List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Oceania
Tables:
view
talk
edit
Australasia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Australia (including territories of Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Legal in some states and territories since 1975, nationwide since 1997. Tasmania was the last state to legalise homosexuality + UN decl. sign.[47]
Unregistered cohabitation nationally since 2009; Domestic partnerships in Tasmania (2004),[656] South Australia (2007),[657] Victoria (2008),[658] New South Wales (2010),[659] and Queensland (2012);[660] Civil unions in the Australian Capital Territory (2012)[661]
Legal since 2017[662]
Legal nationwide since 2018
Gay men and lesbians since 1992[663]; Transgender and intersex people since 2010[664]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[665]
(However both NSW and QLD legally require sex reassignment surgery to change sex on a birth certificate).[666][667][665]
New Zealand
Legal since 1986 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Unregistered cohabitation since 2002; Civil unions since 2005
Legal since 2013[668]
Legal since 2013[668]
Since 1993; Includes transgender people[669]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Covered under the "sex discrimination" provision of the Human Rights Act 1993
Norfolk Island (External territory of Australia)
Legal since 2014.[670][671]
Australia responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Melanesia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Fiji
Legal since 2010 + UN decl. sign.[672][47]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[47] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2010
New Caledonia (Special collectivity of France)
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the collectivity) + UN decl. sign.[47]
Civil solidarity pact since 2009[673]
Legal since 2013
Legal since 2013
France responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Under French law
Papua New Guinea
Male illegal Penalty: 3 to 14 years imprisonment (Not enforced). Female always legal[47]
Solomon Islands
Illegal Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment (Not enforced).[47]
Has no military
[674]
Vanuatu
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed since independence[675]) + UN decl. sign.[47]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Micronesia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Guam (Unincorporated territory of the United States)
Legal since 1978
Since 2015
Legal since 2015
Legal since 2002
United States responsible for defense[676][677]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Allowed to legally change gender, but requires sex reassignment surgery
Micronesia
Legal + UN decl. sign.[47]
Has no military
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[678]
Kiribati
Male illegal Penalty: 5-14 years imprisonment (Not enforced). Female legal[47]
Has no military
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Marshall Islands
Legal since 2005 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Has no military
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[679]
Nauru
Legal since 2016[680][681] + UN decl. sign.
Has no military
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2016
Northern Mariana Islands (Unincorporated territory of the United States)
Legal since 1983
Since 2015
Legal since 2015
Legal since 2015
United States responsible for defense[676][677]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[682][683]
Under the Vital Statistics Act of 2006
Palau
Legal since 2014 + UN decl. sign.[684]
Constitutional ban since 2008
Has no military
United States Minor Outlying Islands (Unincorporated territories of the United States)
Legal
Legal
Legal
United States responsible for defense[676][677]
Polynesia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
American Samoa (Unincorporated territory of the United States)[685]
Legal since 1980
[686]
United States responsible for defense[676][677]
[687]
Easter Island (Special territory of Chile)
Legal since 1999; Age of consent discrepancy + UN decl. sign.[47]
Civil unions since 2015
Pending
Pending
Chile responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2021
Since 2007
Cook Islands (Part of the Realm of New Zealand)
Male illegal Penalty: 5-14 years imprisonment (Not enforced). Legalization pending[688] Female legal + UN decl. sign.[47]
New Zealand responsible for defence
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[689]
French Polynesia (Overseas collectivity of France)
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the collectivity) + UN decl. sign.[47]
Since 2013
Legal since 2013
Legal since 2013
France responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Under French law
Hawaii (Constituent state of the United States)
Since 1972
Since 1997
Since 2013
Since 2012
United States responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Niue (Part of the Realm of New Zealand)
Male illegal Penalty: 5-10 years imprisonment.[690] Female legal + UN decl. sign.[47]
New Zealand responsible for defence
Pitcairn Islands (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Legal since 2001 + UN decl. sign.[47]
Since 2015
Legal since 2015[691]
Legal since 2015[692]
UK responsible for defence
Constitutional ban on all anti-gay discrimination[693]
Samoa
Male illegal Penalty: 5-7 years imprisonment (Not enforced). Female always legal + UN decl. sign.[47]
Has no military
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[694] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2007
Samoa has a large transgender or "third-gender" community called the fa'afafine. They are a recognized part of traditional Samoan customs.
Tokelau (Part of the Realm of New Zealand)
Legal since 2003[695] + UN decl. sign.[47]
New Zealand responsible for defence
Tonga
Male illegal Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment (Not enforced). Female always legal[47]
Tuvalu
Male illegal Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment (Not enforced). Female legal + UN decl. sign.[47]
Has no military
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Wallis and Futuna (Overseas collectivity of France)
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the collectivity) + UN decl. sign.[47]
Civil solidarity pact since 2009
Legal since 2013
Legal since 2013
France responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Under French law
See also
LGBT portal
Geography portal
Buggery
Civil union
Heterosexism
Homophobia
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
Intersex human rights
LGBT people in prison
List of human rights articles by country
List of LGBT rights articles by region
List of transgender-rights organizations
Movements for civil rights
Religion and homosexuality
Right of asylum: protected grounds
Same-sex marriage
Sexual revolution
Socialism and LGBT rights
Societal attitudes toward homosexuality
Status of same-sex marriage
Transphobia
Violence against LGBT people
Yogyakarta Principles
Notes
^Legal nationwide, except the provinces of Aceh and for Muslims in the city of Palembang in South Sumatra.
^In January 2019, a lower administrative court in Warsaw ruled that the language in Article 18 of the Constitution does not explicitly ban same-sex marriage.[430]
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^"The Constitution of the Republic of Poland". Sejm RP. Retrieved 5 May 2015. Marriage, being a union of a man and a woman, as well as the family, motherhood and parenthood, shall be placed under the protection and care of the Republic of Poland.
^Judgment of the Supreme Court of 7 July 2004, II KK 176/04, W dotychczasowym orzecznictwie Sądu Najwyższego, wypracowanym i ugruntowanym zarówno w okresie obowiązywania poprzedniego, jak i obecnego Kodeksu postępowania karnego, a także w doktrynie (por. wypowiedzi W. Woltera, A. Zolla, A. Wąska), pojęcie "wspólne pożycie" odnoszone jest wyłącznie do konkubinatu, a w szczególności do związku osób o różnej płci, odpowiadającego od strony faktycznej stosunkowi małżeństwa (którym w myśl art. 18 Konstytucji jest wyłącznie związek osób różnej płci). Tego rodzaju interpretację Sąd Najwyższy, orzekający w niniejszej sprawie, w pełni podziela i nie znajduje podstaw do uznania za przekonywujące tych wypowiedzi pojawiających się w piśmiennictwie, w których podejmowane są próby kwestionowania takiej interpretacji omawianego pojęcia i sprowadzania go wyłącznie do konkubinatu (M. Płachta, K. Łojewski, A.M. Liberkowski). Rozumiejąc bowiem dążenia do rozszerzającej interpretacji pojęcia "wspólne pożycie", użytego w art. 115 § 11 k.k., należy jednak wskazać na całkowity brak w tym względzie dostatecznie precyzyjnych kryteriów.
^"Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 11 May 2005, K 18/04". Polska Konstytucja określa bowiem małżeństwo jako związek wyłącznie kobiety i mężczyzny. A contrario nie dopuszcza więc związków jednopłciowych. [...] Małżeństwo (jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny) uzyskało w prawie krajowym RP odrębny status konstytucyjny zdeterminowany postanowieniami art. 18 Konstytucji. Zmiana tego statusu byłaby możliwa jedynie przy zachowaniu rygorów trybu zmiany Konstytucji, określonych w art. 235 tego aktu.
^"Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 9 November 2010, SK 10/08". W doktrynie prawa konstytucyjnego wskazuje się nadto, że jedyny element normatywny, dający się odkodować z art. 18 Konstytucji, to ustalenie zasady heteroseksualności małżeństwa.
^"Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 25 October 2016, II GSK 866/15". Ustawa o świadczeniach zdrowotnych finansowanych ze środków publicznych nie wyjaśnia, co prawda, kto jest małżonkiem. Pojęcie to zostało jednak dostatecznie i jasno określone we wspomnianym art. 18 Konstytucji RP, w którym jest mowa o małżeństwie jako o związku kobiety i mężczyzny. W piśmiennictwie podkreśla się, że art. 18 Konstytucji ustala zasadę heteroseksualności małżeństwa, będącą nie tyle zasadą ustroju, co normą prawną, która zakazuje ustawodawcy zwykłemu nadawania charakteru małżeństwa związkom pomiędzy osobami jednej płci (vide: L. Garlicki Komentarz do art. 18 Konstytucji, s. 2-3 [w:] Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Komentarz, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, Warszawa 2003). Jest wobec tego oczywiste, że małżeństwem w świetle Konstytucji i co za tym idzie – w świetle polskiego prawa, może być i jest wyłącznie związek heteroseksualny, a więc w związku małżeńskim małżonkami nie mogą być osoby tej samej płci.
^"Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 28 February 2018, II OSK 1112/16". art. 18 Konstytucji RP, który definiuje małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny, a tym samym wynika z niego zasada nakazująca jako małżeństwo traktować w Polsce jedynie związek heteroseksualny.
^* Gallo D; Paladini L; Pustorino P, eds. (2014). Same-Sex Couples before National, Supranational and International Jurisdictions. Berlin: Springer. p. 215. ISBN 978-3-642-35434-2. the drafters of the 1997 Polish Constitution included a legal definition of a marriage as the union of a woman and a man in the text of the constitution in order to ensure that the introduction of same-sex marriage would not be passed without a constitutional amendment.
Marek Safjan; Leszek Bosek, eds. (2016). Konstytucja RP. Tom I. Komentarz do art. 1-86. Warszawa: C.H. Beck Wydawnictwo Polska. ISBN 9788325573652. Z przeprowadzonej powyżej analizy prac nad Konstytucją RP wynika jednoznacznie, że zamieszczenie w art. 18 Konstytucji RP zwrotu definicyjnego "związek kobiety i mężczyzny" stanowiło reakcję na fakt pojawienia się w państwach obcych regulacji poddającej związki osób tej samej płci regulacji zbliżonej lub zbieżnej z instytucją małżeństwa. Uzupełniony tym zwrotem przepis konstytucyjny "miał pełnić rolę instrumentu zapobiegającego wprowadzeniu takiej regulacji do prawa polskiego" (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772). Innego motywu jego wprowadzenia do Konstytucji RP nie da się wskazać (szeroko w tym zakresie B. Banaszkiewicz, "Małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny", s. 640 i n.; zob. też Z. Strus, Znaczenie artykułu 18 Konstytucji, s. 236 i n.). Jak zauważa A. Mączyński istotą tej regulacji było normatywne przesądzenie nie tylko o niemożliwości unormowania w prawie polskim "małżeństw pomiędzy osobami tej samej płci", lecz również innych związków, które mimo tego, że nie zostałyby określone jako małżeństwo miałyby spełniać funkcje do niego podobną (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772; tenże, Konstytucyjne i międzynarodowe uwarunkowania, s. 91; podobnie L. Garlicki, Artykuł 18, w: Garlicki, Konstytucja, t. 3, uw. 4, s. 2, który zauważa, że w tym zakresie art. 18 nabiera "charakteru normy prawnej").
Scherpe JM, ed. (2016). European Family Law Volume III: Family Law in a European Perspective Family. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78536-304-7. Constitutional bans on same-sex marriage are now applicable in ten European countries: Article 32, Belarus Constitution; Article 46 Bulgarian Constitution; Article L Hungarian Constitution, Article 110, Latvian Constitution; Article 38.3 Lithuanian Constitution; Article 48 Moldovan Constitution; Article 71 Montenegrin Constitution; Article 18 Polish Constitution; Article 62 Serbian Constitution; and Article 51 Ukrainian Constitution.
Stewart J, Lloyd KC (2016). "Marriage Equality in Europe". Family Advocate. 38 (4): 37–40. Article 18 of the Polish Constitution limits the institution of marriage to opposite-sex couples.
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External links
International Lesbian and Gay Association
State-sponsored Homophobia report (2015 edition)
Lesbian and Gay Rights in the World map (2015 edition)
Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual: Law at Curlie
Amnesty International USA: LGBT legal status around the world – interactive map
Pride Legal – information by country
Human Rights Watch on LGBT Rights
International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission resource links – for researching legal information
International Commission of Jurists, Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Justice – A Comparative Law Casebook
United Nations Human Rights Council, Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity, an annual report
The United Nations, Living Free and Equal: What States Are Doing to Tackle Violence and Discrimination against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex People, November 2016
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LGBT+ rights overview
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Gay
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General
LGBT rights at the United Nations
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By regions (list)
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Ideological
Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights
Socialism and LGBT rights
LGBT rights under communism
LGBT rights opposition
Category
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Criminalization of homosexuality
Death penalty
Afghanistan
Iran
Mauritania
Saudi Arabia
Yemen
Active
British colonies (Section 377, 1860–)
Singapore (Section 377A, 1938–)
Uganda (1894–)
Invalidated
India (Section 377, 1861–)
Sri Lanka (Article 365, 1883–)
United States
Repealed
Australia (1975/1997)
Brazil (1533–1830)
Canada (?–1969)
Cyprus (Section 171, 1929–1998)
Germany (Paragraph 175, 1871–1969/1994)
New Zealand (1840–1986)
Norway (Section 213, ?–1972)
Romania (Article 200, 1968–1996/2001)
Russia (1832–1917, 1933–1993)
South Africa (Section 20A, –2007)
United Kingdom (1533–1967/1982)
Related articles
Sodomy law
LGBT rights
Sharia law
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e
Lists of countries by laws and law enforcement
rankings
Age of
Consent
Legal candidacy for political office
Criminal responsibility
Legal drinking
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Majority
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School-leaving age
Legal smoking (in the US)
Voting
Suffrage
Youth suffrage
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Drug and precursor laws by country or territory
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Amanita mushroom
Legality
Ayahuasca
Legality
Cannabis
Legality
annual use
lifetime use
Ibogaine
Legality
LSD
Legality
Psilocybin mushroom
Legality
Salvia divinorum
Legality
Other
Alcohol
Alcohol consumption
Alcohol law
Bath salts
Legal status of Mephedrone
Legal status of MPDV
Legal status of Methylone
Cocaine use
Legality
Methamphetamine
Legality
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Legality of euthanasia
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by decade
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by country
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by country
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prisoner abuse
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separation of church and state
Sharia
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World Justice Project
List of international rankings
List of top international rankings by country
Lists by country
v
t
e Substantive human rights
Please note: What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights
Civil and political
Cannabis rights
Equality before the law
Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention
Freedom of assembly
Freedom of association
Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment
Freedom from discrimination
Freedom of information
Freedom of movement
Freedom of religion
Freedom from slavery
Freedom of speech
Freedom of thought
Freedom from torture
Legal aid
LGBT rights
Liberty
Nationality
Personhood
Presumption of innocence
Right of asylum
Right to die
Right to a fair trial
Right to family life
Right to keep and bear arms
Right to life
Right to petition
Right to privacy
Right to protest
Right to refuse medical treatment
Right of self-defense
Right to truth
Security of person
Suffrage
Economic, socialand cultural
Digital rights
Equal pay for equal work
Fair remuneration
Labor rights
Right to an adequate standard of living
Right to clothing
Right to development
Right to education
Right to food
Right to health
Right to a healthy environment
Right to housing
Right to Internet access
Right to property
Right to public participation
Right of reply
Right to rest and leisure
Right of return
Right to science and culture
Right to social security
Right to water
Right to work
Trade union membership
Sexual andreproductive
Abortion
Family planning
Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation