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Рейтинговое голосование, также известное как голосование с ранжированным выбором или преимущественное голосование , представляет собой любую избирательную систему голосования, в которой избиратели используют ранжированное (или преимущественное) голосование для выбора более чем одного кандидата (или другой альтернативы, по которой проводится голосование) и ранжирования этих выборов в последовательность по порядковой шкале 1-го, 2-го, 3-го и т. д. Существует несколько способов подсчета рейтингов для определения того, какой кандидат или кандидаты (или другие результаты) избран или приняты (или приняты), и эти разные методы могут дать разные результаты для одного и того же набора бюллетеней. Рейтинговое голосование отличается от кардинального голосования , при котором кандидаты оцениваются независимо, а не ранжируются.[1]

Термин « голосование с ранжированным выбором » (RCV) используется американской организацией FairVote для обозначения использования рейтинговых бюллетеней с особыми методами подсчета: либо мгновенное голосование во втором туре для выборов с одним победителем, либо с одним передаваемым голосом для выборов с несколькими победителями. . В некоторых местах термин «преимущественное голосование» используется для обозначения этой комбинации типа бюллетеня и метода подсчета голосов, тогда как в других местах этот термин имеет различные более специализированные значения. [2]

Единое передаваемое голосование (STV) классифицируется специально как система голосования, чтобы напоминать пропорциональное представительство в нескольких округах, а не в одном. Поскольку и STV, и RCV используют аналогичные процессы, они обычно используются как взаимозаменяемые. Сторонники СТВ утверждают, что, поскольку в бюллетень могут быть внесены кандидаты от разных партий, а не от одной, все члены правительства могут быть избраны на основе их индивидуальных заслуг. [3] Избиратели также имеют возможность устанавливать связи с местными кандидатами в рамках STV, где округа могут охватывать меньшую территорию, создавая местную связь, предоставляя избирателям выбор представителей, с которыми они могут связаться. [4]

Система ранжированного голосования собирает больше информации от избирателей, чем бюллетени с единственной отметкой, используемые в настоящее время на большинстве правительственных выборов, многие из которых используют системы пропорционального голосования по принципу « первый прошедший» и с участием смешанных членов .

Существует много типов рейтингового голосования, некоторые из которых используются на государственных выборах. Мгновенное голосование во втором туре используется на выборах в штатах и ​​на федеральном уровне в Австралии, в Ирландии на выборах президента, а также в некоторых юрисдикциях в США , Великобритании и Новой Зеландии. Тип и классификация рейтингового голосования называется единым передаваемым голосом , который используется для национальных выборов в Ирландии и на Мальте, в Сенат Австралии, для региональных и местных выборов в Северной Ирландии, для всех местных выборов в Шотландии и для некоторых местных выборов. в Новой Зеландии и США. Подсчет Борда используется в Словении [5] и Науру . Условное голосованиеи дополнительное голосование также используется в нескольких местах. Методы Кондорсе используются частными организациями и небольшими партиями , но в настоящее время не используются на государственных выборах.

Теорема Эрроу и теорема Гиббарда доказать , что все системы голосования должны сделать компромисс между желаемыми свойствами, такими как предпочтения между двумя кандидатами не поддаваясь влиянию популярности третьего кандидата. [6] [7] Соответственно, среди ученых или государственных служащих нет единого мнения относительно «лучшей» избирательной системы. [8]

В последнее время все большее число авторов, в том числе Дэвид Фаррелл , Ян Макаллистер и Юрий Топлак , рассматривают предпочтительность как одну из характеристик, по которой можно оценивать избирательные системы. [2] [9] Согласно этой точке зрения, все избирательные методы являются предпочтительными, но в разной степени и могут даже классифицироваться в зависимости от их предпочтительности. [2] Согласно этой логике, основные методы голосования, такие как голосование по очкам или голосование STAR , также являются «предпочтительными».

Types[edit]

There are different preferential voting systems, so it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between them.

Selection of the Condorcet winner is generally considered by psephologists as the ideal election outcome for a ranked system,[10] so "Condorcet efficiency" is important when evaluating different methods of preferential voting.[11] The Condorcet winner is the one that would win every two-way contest against every other alternative.[6]

Another criterion used to gauge the effectiveness of a preferential voting system is its ability to withstand manipulative voting strategies, when voters cast ballots that do not reflect their preferences in the hope of electing their first choice. This can be rated on at least two dimensions—the number of voters needed to game the system, and the sophistication of the strategy necessary.[11]

Instant-runoff voting[edit]

Sample ballot of ranked voting using column marks
Main article: Instant-runoff voting

This system simulates a series of runoff elections. Voters may ranked all candidates as their 1st choice, 2nd choice, 3rd choice, and so on rather than indicating support for only one candidate.[12] A candidate with the majority (more than 50%) of first choice votes (the number one spot on the ballot) wins the election outright.[13] If no candidate is the first choice of more than half of the voters, then all votes cast for the candidate with the fewest first choices are redistributed to the remaining candidates based on who is ranked next on each ballot. If this does not result in any candidate receiving a majority, further rounds of redistribution occur.[14][13]

This method is thought to be resistant to manipulative voting as the only strategies that work against it require voters to highly rank choices they actually want to see lose. At the same time, this system fails Condorcet criterion, meaning a candidate can win even if the voters preferred a different candidate, and fails the monotonicity criterion, where ranking a candidate higher can lessen the chances he or she will be elected and vice versa. Additionally, instant-runoff voting has a lower Condorcet efficiency than similar systems when there are more than four choices.[11]

Contingent Vote[edit]

Main article: Contingent vote

With the contingent vote, all candidates other than the two receiving the most first-choice votes are eliminated at once, and choices are reallocated to one of those two.

Single transferable vote[edit]

Sample ballot of ranked voting using written names
Main article: Single transferable vote

This method is used for electing multi-member constituencies. Any candidates that achieve the number of votes required for election (the quota) are elected and their surplus votes above the quota are redistributed to voters' next choice candidate(s). Once this is done, if not all seats have been filled then the candidate with the lowest number of votes is eliminated, and their votes are also redistributed to the voter's next choice. This whole process is repeated until all seats are filled. This method is also called the Hare-Clark system, and its outcome should be proportional to the electorate.[15] Voters can also vote for members of different political parties on the same ballot, rather than of just one party.[16]

When single transferable vote is used for single-winner elections, it becomes equivalent to instant-runoff voting.[17] Both methods may be known as ranked-choice voting in the US.

Condorcet method[edit]

Main article: Condorcet method

Positional voting[edit]

Main article: Positional voting

Positional voting is a ranked voting electoral system in which the options receive points based on their rank position on each ballot and the option with the most points overall wins.[18] Plurality, anti-plurality, and Borda count are the three different methods in a positional voting. A candidate will receive a certain number of points based on the voter's ranking.[19]

Borda count[edit]

Main article: Borda count

Borda is a positional system in which ballots are counted by assigning a point value to each place in each voter's ranking of the candidates, and the choice with the largest number of points overall is elected. This method is named after its inventor, French mathematician Jean-Charles de Borda.[6] Instead of selecting a Condorcet winner, this system may select a choice that reflects an average of the preferences of the constituency.[citation needed]

The Borda count does not exhibit independence of irrelevant alternatives[6] or independence of clones meaning the outcome it selects is dependent on the other choices present. In large scale elections, the Borda Count is only weakly manipulated by adding candidates, called clones, whose views are similar to the preferred candidate's, but in a small committee election it can more easily manipulated. An example of this strategy can be seen in Kiribati's 1991 presidential nomination contest.[20]

Path Voting (Schulze Method)[edit]

Main article: Path Voting

Examples[edit]

Some examples of RCV elections are shown below. The first table shows the process of RCV and the second demonstrates how Instant Runoff Voting plays a role in these elections. These examples have been taken from Ballotpedia and represents hypothetical situations to demonstrate a process and clarify a concept.[21]

Example 1[edit]

Raw first-preference vote in political race
CandidateFirst-Preference VotesPercent outcome
Candidate A47546.34%
Candidate B30029.27%
Candidate C17517.07%
Candidate D757.32%

Hypothetically speaking, there are four candidates running for a political election, the figure above shows the first preference votes based on each candidate and the accompanied percentages of total votes.

According to the results of the first election, no candidate received an outright majority, with the largest being candidate A with 46.34%. Based on Instant Runoff Election strategy, the candidate with the lowest total votes is to be eliminated, so in this case, candidate D is eliminated. As follows, the first-preference votes for the eliminated candidate are given to voter back-ups. For the sake of the example, assume that of the total 75 votes Candidate D received, Candidate A was listed as their second choice by 50 voters, and Candidate B was listed as a second preference by 25 of the voters.[22]

Example 2[edit]

The second example will demonstrate how the concept of Instant Runoff is used to achieve a winner in a RCV system in the case that a majority is not initially secured.

Adjusted Vote in a political race
CandidateAdjusted first-preference votesPercentage
Candidate A52551.22%
Candidate B32531.71%
Candidate C17517.07%

According to the figure in example two, Candidate A received 51.22% of the votes among the second tally, therefore, winning the election. The process of Instant runoff as demonstrated above would hypothetically continue until a Candidate receives a majority of the voter population, regardless of the number of recounts it would take.

Pros and Cons of RCV[edit]

Pros[edit]

Advocates of ranked choice voting (instant run-off and single transferable vote) argue that RCV promotes majority support: the voting process continues until the winner is selected using a majority of votes, thus gaining support and favor over a greater majority of people.[23] Subsequently, RCV provides more choice for voters over candidates they choose, potentially, minimizing tactical voting whereby a voter would support another candidate more strongly than their honest preference, for the purpose to prevent an undesirable outcome.[24] Candidates that run a negative campaign strategy may see a decline in support as first or second choices. Compared to running primary elections, in order to decrease the number of candidates running for a particular position, a ranked choice voting system may cost less to run due to the requirement of only one election, rather than multiple primaries or run-off elections to narrow down the field.[25]

Cons[edit]

Critics of a ranked choice voting system argue that the concept is new and a subset of voters dislike change, possibly causing them to dislike the system and not participate. Among other arguments is the fear that the ballots and counting processes will be more expensive and prone to user error. Counting RCV ballots by hand is more complex but can be done quickly with a computerized counting system. While utilizing a computerized counting system, critics of ranked voting argue it is still necessary to hold on to the paper ballots so that election recounts can still be performed, minimizing error and holding a greater validity of results.[26] Concurrently, new, diverse voices will emerge by providing candidates a starting ground for those with a lack of name recognition. Critics add that previously, it would be difficult for women and people of color to share their voice because of this lack of name recognition that their challengers may have, providing a more equal and fair competition ground for all.[27] Some critics find that a single-election implementation of ranked voting makes it harder to vet and critique candidates without a primary election that winnows the candidate field.

Uniqueness of votes[edit]

If there are a large number of candidates, which is quite common in single transferable vote elections, then it is likely that many preference voting patterns will be unique to individual voters.[28][29] For example, in the 2002 Irish general election, the electronic votes were published for the Dublin North constituency.[30] There were 12 candidates and almost 44,000 votes cast. The most common pattern (for the three candidates from one party in a particular order) was chosen by only 800 voters, and more than 16,000 patterns were chosen by just one voter each.

The number of possible complete rankings with no ties is the factorial of the number of candidates, N; but if ties are allowed freely, it is equal to the corresponding ordered Bell number and is asymptotic to

[31]

In the case common to instant-runoff voting in which no ties are allowed, except for unranked candidates who are tied for last place on a ballot, the number of possible rankings for N candidates is precisely

[32]

Use by politics[edit]

Countries and regions[edit]

CountryYears in useTypeNotes
Australia1918–present[33][34]Single transferable vote, instant-runoff votingFrom 1949, the single transferable vote method has been used for upper house legislative elections.[35] Instant-runoff voting is used for lower house elections.[36]
CanadaInstant-runoff votingUsed in whole or in part to elect the leaders of the three largest federal political parties in Canada: the Liberal Party of Canada,[37] the Conservative Party of Canada, and the New Democratic Party, albeit the New Democratic Party uses a mixture of IRV and exhaustive voting, allowing each member to choose one format or the other for their vote.
Estonia1990–c. 2001Single transferable voteAs of 2001, single transferable vote had been in use since 1990 to decide legislative elections.[35] This is no longer the case.[38]
Fiji1998–presentInstant-runoff voting[39]
Hong Kong1998–present[40]Instant-runoff voting[41]Instant-runoff voting is only used in the 4 smallest of Hong Kong's 29 functional constituencies.[42] Officially called preferential elimination voting, the system is identical to the instant-runoff voting.[41]
Ireland1922–presentSingle transferable vote[43]Single transferable vote is prescribed by Constitution or statute for all public elections.[43] In single-winner cases (presidential, most Dáil by-elections) this reduces to instant-runoff voting. Referendums to abolish STV for Dáil elections failed in 1958 and 1968.[43]
Malta1921–presentSingle transferable vote[35]
Nauru1968–present[35]Borda countNauru uses the Dowdall system, a variant of the Borda count that behaves more like FPTP.[44][45]
New Zealand2004–present[46]Single transferable vote[47]Instant-runoff voting is used in only some single-seat elections, such as district health boards as well as some city and district councils.[47]
Northern Ireland1973–present[35]Single transferable vote[48]Used for local government, European Parliament and the regional legislature, but not elections to Westminster.
Papua New Guinea2007–present[49]Instant-runoff voting[11]Between 1964 and 1975, Papua New Guinea used a system that allowed voters the option of ranking candidates.[35] Currently, voters can rank only their top three choices.[50]
Slovenia2000–present[51]Borda countOnly two seats, which are reserved for Hungarian and Italian minorities, are decided using a Borda count.[52]
Sri Lanka1978–presentContingent vote and open listContingent vote is used for presidential elections,[35] and open list for legislative elections.[53]
United States2020Limited instant-runoff votingIn their 2020 primaries, several states used a form of instant run-off in Democratic Party primaries.
See also: Ranked-choice voting in the United States
Zimbabwe[54]1979–1985Instant-runoff votingWas only used for white candidates

Federal provinces or states[edit]

Province/stateCountryYears in useTypeNotes
Alaska[55]United States2022Instant-runoff votingApproved by Alaska voters in 2020 via ballot measure.
Alberta[35]Canada1952–1954Instant-runoff voting
Australian Capital Territory[35]Australia1993–presentSingle transferable vote
British Columbia[35]Canada1926–1955Instant-runoff voting
Maine[56]United States2018–presentInstant-runoff votingOriginally approved by Maine voters as a 2016 ballot referendum to replace the First Past The Post system statewide, a 2017 state law sought to delay implementation of ranked-choice voting until 2021, to allow time for amending the state constitution. Supporters overrode the delay with a 2018 people's veto referendum that received a majority of votes, ensuring that ranked-choice voting would be used for future primary and federal elections.
Manitoba[35]Canada1927–1936Instant-runoff voting
New South Wales[35]Australia1918–presentSingle transferable vote (1918–1926, 1978–present), contingent vote (1926–1928), instant-runoff voting (1929–present)Since 1978, NSW has used the single transferable vote method to decide upper house legislative elections only. Full preferential voting for lower house since 1981.
North Carolina[57]United States2006–2013Instant-runoff votingA state law in 2006 established instant-runoff voting for certain judicial elections, until a 2013 law repealed the practice.
Northern Territory[35]Australia1980 only
OntarioCanada2018–presentInstant-runoff voting (municipal elections only)In 2016, the provincial government passed Bill 181, the Municipal Elections Modernization Act, which permitted municipalities to adopt ranked balloting in municipal elections.[58] In the 2018 elections, the first ones conducted under the new legislation, the city of London used ranked balloting,[59] while the cities of Kingston and Cambridge held referendums on whether to adopt ranked ballots for the next municipal elections in 2022.[60]
Queensland[35]Australia1892–1942, 1962–presentContingent vote (1892–1942), instant-runoff voting (1962–present)Full preferential voting used 1962–1992 and since 2016.
South Australia[35]Australia1929–present, 1982–presentInstant-runoff voting (1929–present), single transferable vote (1982–present)Instant runoff for the lower house, single transferable for the upper house.
Tasmania[35]Australia1907–presentSingle transferable vote (1907–present), instant-runoff voting (1909–present)Single transferable for the lower house, instant runoff for the upper house.
Victoria[35]Australia1911–presentInstant-runoff voting (1911–present), single transferable vote (2006–present)Prior to 1916, Victoria did not use any preferential voting method to decide upper house legislative elections. Instant runoff for the lower house, single transferable for the upper house. Full preferential voting for lower house since 1916.
Western Australia[35]Australia1907–presentInstant-runoff voting (1907–present), single transferable vote (1989–present)Instant runoff for the lower house, single transferable for the upper house. Full preferential voting for lower house since 1912.

Municipalities[edit]

City/townYears in useTypeNotes
Ann Arbor, MI[61]1975 onlyInstant-runoff voting
Aspen, CO[62]2009 onlyInstant-runoff voting
Berkeley, CA[63]2010–presentInstant-runoff voting
Burlington, VT[64][65][66]2005–2010; 2021–presentInstant-runoff votingRepealed for mayoral elections after the 2009 election; in 2021 a referendum reinstated it for the city council elections.
Cambridge, MA[67]1941–presentSingle transferable vote
Hendersonville, NC[68]2007–2013Instant-runoff votingpart of a statewide pilot program,[69] deauthorized in 2013[70]
London2000–present[71]Supplementary vote[72]
London, Ontario[73]2018 – presentInstant-runoff voting
Memphis, TN[14]2011–presentInstant-runoff voting
Minneapolis, MN[74]2009–presentInstant-runoff voting
New York City, NY[75][76]2021–presentInstant-runoff votingOnly applies to primaries and special elections for municipal offices
Oakland, CA[63]2010–presentInstant-runoff voting
Portland, ME[14]2011–presentInstant-runoff voting
San Francisco, CA2004–present[77]Instant-runoff voting[14]
San Leandro, CA[63]2010–presentInstant-runoff voting
Santa Fe, NM2018–presentInstant-runoff voting
St. Paul, MN2011–present[78]Instant-runoff voting[79]
Takoma Park, MD[80]2006–presentInstant-runoff voting
Telluride, CO[81]2011–presentInstant-runoff voting

International organizations[edit]

OrganizationYears in useTypeNotes
European Union[82]option to use single transferable voteMember countries can use either party-list proportional representation (not a type of preferential voting)[citation needed] or single transferable vote to elect MEPs

Use outside of politics[edit]

The winner of the Eurovision Song Contest is selected by a positional voting system. The most recent system was implemented in the 2016 contest, and sees each participating country award two sets of 12, 10, 8–1 points to their 10 favourite songs: one set from their professional jury and the other from tele-voting.[83]

See also[edit]

  • Comparison of electoral systems
  • Donkey vote
  • FairVote
  • Implicit utilitarian voting
  • weighted voting

References[edit]

  1. ^ Riker, William Harrison (1982). Liberalism against populism: a confrontation between the theory of democracy and the theory of social choice. Waveland Pr. pp. 29–30. ISBN 0881333670. OCLC 316034736. Ordinal utility is a measure of preferences in terms of rank orders—that is, first, second, etc. ... Cardinal utility is a measure of preferences on a scale of cardinal numbers, such as the scale from zero to one or the scale from one to ten.
  2. ^ a b c Toplak, Jurij (2017). "Preferential Voting: Definition and Classification". Lex Localis – Journal of Local Self-Government. 15 (4): 737–761. doi:10.4335/15.4.737-761(2017).
  3. ^ "Single Transferable Vote". www.electoral-reform.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  4. ^ "How to conduct an election by the Single Transferable Vote 3rd Edition". www.electoral-reform.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  5. ^ Toplak, Jurij (2006). "The parliamentary election in Slovenia, October 2004". Electoral Studies. 25 (4): 825–831. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2005.12.006.
  6. ^ a b c d Mankiw, Gregory (2012). Principles of Microeconomics (6th ed.). South-Western Cengage Learning. pp. 475–479. ISBN 978-0538453042.
  7. ^ Hamlin, Aaron (October 6, 2012). "Interview with Dr. Kenneth Arrow". The Center for Election Science. Center for Election Science. CES: you mention that your theorem applies to preferential systems or ranking systems. ... But the system that you're just referring to, Approval Voting, falls within a class called cardinal systems. ... Dr. Arrow: And as I said, that in effect implies more information. ... I’m a little inclined to think that score systems where you categorize in maybe three or four classes probably (in spite of what I said about manipulation) is probably the best.
  8. ^ "Electoral Systems in Europe: An Overview". Brussels: European Centre for Parliamentary Research and Documentation. October 2000. Retrieved November 7, 2019.
  9. ^ Farrell, David M.; McAllister, Ian (2004-02-20). "Voter Satisfaction and Electoral Systems: Does Preferential Voting in Candidate-Centered Systems Make A Difference". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ^ Saari, Donald (1995). Basic Geometry of Voting. Springer. p. 46. ISBN 9783540600640.
  11. ^ a b c d Grofman, Bernard; Feld, Scott L. (2004). "If you like the alternative vote (a.k.a. the instant runoff), then you ought to know about the Coombs rule" (PDF). Electoral Studies. 23 (4): 641–659. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2003.08.001.
  12. ^ FairVote.org. "Ranked Choice Voting / Instant Runoff". FairVote. Retrieved 2020-10-20.
  13. ^ a b "Ranked-choice voting (RCV)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2020-10-20.
  14. ^ a b c d Bialik, Carl (May 14, 2011). "Latest Issue on the Ballot: How to Hold a Vote". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  15. ^ "Glossary". ElectionGuide. International Foundation for Electoral Systems. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012.
  16. ^ Affairs, The Department of Internal. "STV Information". www.stv.govt.nz. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  17. ^ "Q&A: Electoral reform and proportional representation". BBC. 2010-05-11. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
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